- •Неличные формы глагола
- •Предисловие
- •Part I. The non-finite forms of the verb (the verbals)
- •§ 2. The characteristic traits of the verbals are as follows:
- •The participle
- •§ 3. The participle is a non-finite form of the verb which has a verbal and an adjectival or an adverbial character.
- •§ 5. The tense distinctions of the participle.
- •§ 6. The voice distinctions of the participle.
- •§ 7. The functions of Participle I in the sentence.
- •§ 8. The functions of Participle II in the sentence.
- •§ 9. Predicative constructions with the participle.
- •§ 10. The Objective Participial Construction.
- •§ 11. The Subjective Participial Construction.
- •§ 12. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction.
- •§ 13. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction.
- •§ 14. Absolute constructions without a participle.
- •§ 15. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction and the Nominative Absolute Construction are separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma or a semicolon.
- •The gerund
- •§ 16. The gerund developed from the verbal noun, which in course of time became verbalized preserving at the same time its nominal character.
- •§ 17. The double nature of the gerund.
- •§ 18. The tense distinctions of the gerund.
- •§ 19. The voice distinctions of the gerund.
- •§ 20. Predicative constructions with the gerund.
- •§ 21. The use of the gerund.
- •§ 22. The gerund and the infinitive.
- •§ 23. The functions of the gerund in the sentence.
- •§ 24. The gerund and the participle.
- •§ 25. The gerund and the verbal noun.
- •The infinitive
- •§ 27. The tense and aspect distinctions of the infinitive.
- •§ 28. The voice distinctions of the infinitive.
- •§ 29. The use of the infinitive without the particle to (the bare infinitive).
- •§ 30. The functions of the infinitive in the sentence.
- •§ 31. Infinitive constructions.
- •§ 32. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction.
- •The use of the objective-with-the-infinitive construction
- •§ 33. The Subjective Infinitive Construction.
- •The use of the subjective infinitive construction
- •§ 34. The for-to-Infinitive Construction.
- •Attribute.
- •§ 35. With the expressions to be sorry, to be glad the infinitive is used only if the subject of the sentence represents at the same time the doer of the action expressed by the infinitive.
- •Part II exercises in the non-finite forms of the verb participle I
- •Predicative Constructions with Participle I
- •Participle II
- •Dialogue
- •Revision (the participle)
- •Dialogue
- •The gerund
- •As subject or predicative:
- •As a part of a compound verbal predicate:
- •As a prepositional object:
- •As an attribute:
- •As an adverbial modifier:
- •Predicative Constructions (Complexes) with the Gerund
- •Revision (the gerund)
- •Dialogue
- •The infinitive
- •Predicative Constructions with the Infinitive
- •Revision (the infinitive)
- •Dialogue
- •General revision
- •Dialogue
- •Contents
§ 5. The tense distinctions of the participle.
Like the tense distinctions of all the verbals, those of the participle are not absolute but relative.
Participle I Indefinite Active and Passive usually denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb; depending on the tense-form of the finite verb it may refer to the present, past, or future.
When reading The Pickwick Papers, one can't help laughing.
When reading The Pickwick Papers, I couldn't help laughing.
When reading The Pickwick Papers, you will roar with laughter.
He looked at the carpet while waiting for her answer. (Galsworthy)
Он смотрел на ковер, ожидая ее ответа.
Не returned to the hut, bringing in his arms a new-born lamb. (Hardy)
Он вернулся в хижину, неся на руках новорожденного ягненка.
Not being able to read, think, or work, Bathsheba asked Liddy to stay and breakfast with her. (Hardy)
Так как Батшеба не была в состоянии (не будучи в состоянии) ни читать, ни думать, ни работать, она попросила Лидди остаться позавтракать с ней.
Being left alone, Pauline and I kept silence for some time. (Ch. Bronte)
Оставшись одни, мы с Полиной некоторое время молчали.
She did not speak, being filled with the sense of silent confidence. (Eliot)
Она не сказала ни слова; ее переполняло чувство доверия, не нуждавшееся в словах.
Sometimes Participle I Indefinite denotes an action referring to no particular time.
The last turning had brought them into the high-road leading to Bath. (Hardy)
После последнего поворота они вышли на дорогу, ведущую (которая вела) в Бат.
Participle I Perfect Active and Passive denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb.
Mr. Bumble, having spread a handkerchief over his knees..., began to eat and drink. (Dickens)
Мистер Бамбл, разостлав платок на коленях..., стал есть и пить.
They were, indeed, old friends, having been at school together. (Walpole)
Они и в самом деле были старыми друзьями, так как вместе учились в школе.
Having already been informed that he always slept with a light in the room, I placed one of the two lighted candles on a little table at the head of the bed... (Collins)
Так как мне уже сообщили, что он всегда спит при свете, я поставил одну из двух зажженных свечей на столик у кровати.
It should be noted that a prior action is not always expressed by Participle I Perfect: with some verbs of sense perception and motion, such as to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to seize, to look, to turn and some others, Participle I Indefinite is used even when priority is meant.
Turning down an obscure street and entering an obscurer lane, he went up to a smith's shop. (Hardy)
Свернув на темную улицу и войдя в еще более темный переулок, он подошел к кузнице.
Hearing a footstep below he rose and went to the top of the stairs. (Hardy)
Услышав шаги внизу, он встал и вышел на лестницу.
Participle II has no tense distinctions; it has only one form which can express both an action simultaneous with, and prior to, the action expressed by the finite verb; the latter case is more frequent.
His sister's eyes fixed on him with a certain astonishment, obliged him at last to look at Fleur. (Galsworthy)
Взгляд сестры, устремленный на него с некоторым недоумением, заставил его, наконец, взглянуть на Флер.
I was reminded of a portrait seen in a gallery. (Du Maurier)
Мне вспомнился портрет, который я видела в картинной галерее.
In some cases Participle II denotes an action referring to no particular time.
He is a man loved and admired by everybody.