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Lecture 11-12 (2:00). Subject: Publication of scientific and educational research

The invention can be considered a technical solution in any field of science and technology, if it is new, involves an inventive step and is industrially applicable. As the present invention may be protected by a technical device, substance or method.

The invention is considered to be new and to be patentable if it is not known from the information available in the world on the subject.

The invention involves an inventive step and is patentable if a person skilled in the art, it is not obvious.

A useful model can be considered a technical solution, which is a device if it is new and industrially applicable.

Inventions and utility models are considered capable of industrial application if it can be used in industry, agriculture, health, and other sectors of the economy or in the social sphere.

The technical solution is recognized and protected as an invention or utility model subject to state registration, by which the federal executive authority on intellectual property (Rospatent) grants a patent for invention or utility model.

The invention and utility model has a limited term of protection. Subject to compliance with applicable law, the validity of a patent is twenty years and the term of the patent for utility model - ten years.

Can not be protected as inventions and utility models:

 - Discovery, ie establishment of previously unknown objectively existing laws, properties and phenomena of the material world, making a fundamental change in the level of knowledge

- Scientific theories and mathematical methods;

- Decisions concerning only the appearance of products, and to meet the aesthetic requirements;

- The rules and methods of games, intellectual or economic activities;

- Applications for the PC;

- Decisions to be only for information.

The invention and utility model as solution

One of the problems of patenting inventions, utility models, industrial designs is to determine is this or that development of a technical solution. To succeed in patenting procedure it is important to present to the examination materials contained just a technical solution that is relating to science and technology, describes the objective technical effect when used.

It is not all that a man-made, can be recognized as an invention or utility model. For example, a new dance musical style or a new way of organizing the financing of enterprises, although meets the novelty, but can not be considered a technical solution. Also not recognized technical result if it is only in receipt of certain information by the use of mathematical methods, programs for the electronic computer or the application of its algorithm.

The technical solution is recognized as such, if decided in the use of the contradiction between the prior art and the needs of society with the objective of the technical result, which can be repeated several times, and regardless of the subject.

Thus, for example. will not be recognized technical solution, and therefore will not be registered as an invention or utility model, the log containing information blocks, each of which is made with references to other pieces of information magazine. "As a result of the description, it was stated that such performance information blocks magazine provides an additional interest in the reader, because each block contains information that supplements the information of another block, and the information contained in the log can not be perceived in series and in the manner reader with selected references.

Description of the reader, as given in the application, confirms that the result depends on the subjective decision reader - to read data blocks sequentially or focus on the semantic content of reference, located in the information box and move in accordance with the references to the other block, supplementing the previous one. This result is not of a technical nature, as due exclusively to the peculiarities of human perception of the semantic content of the information provided in some form on the media, and in a particular order when taking action on the basis of the rules. "

Publication of the research results

Abstracts of reports, presentations, research papers

The most common type of publications are abstracts and presentations. This is set out in summary form the original scientific ideas on the selected applicant topic.

The main advantage of abstracts and basic requirements for them - brevity. The volume of the publication of abstracts is usually 2-5 pages printed text on the computer (on a standard sheet of A4, font size 14). The second requirement - informative. For clarity, points can be equipped with digital material, graphs, tables. The main provisions of the study should be set out clearly and concisely.

More significant scientific results, you need to deploy arguments, published in the form of a scientific article. Research paper - is a complete and logically integral work on specific issues which are pertinent issues related to the theme of the thesis.

Scientific article must comply with the following principles:

- Title of the article reflects the basic idea of ​​its contents.

- The title of the article in the first corner of the first sheet are written the initials and surname of the author, and sometimes specify the city or university, where he works.

- Bibliography, graphs and other illustrations, citations, etc. are made by the same rules as in the text of the thesis.

- Papers must be completed clearly by their findings.

Guidelines and programs of training courses

The main results can be reflected in the methodological recommendations on a particular issue. Statistics show that about 32% of scientific publications - this guideline.

Getting the preparation of guidelines, one should proceed from the fact that they are designed for a particular destination - teachers, economists, engineers, business leaders, researchers, university teachers, etc. The structure of the guidelines might be:

- The introduction, where the reader is prepared to examining the specific learning materials and where the prospective user methodological developments;

- The bulk of which are disclosed in detail the proposed methodology, the ways and means to achieve the most significant results in some form of activity;

- The conclusion, where it is concluded by presenting the material;

- A list of literature that is literature based on which written guidelines and literature to help the user methodologies.

Published guidelines must meet the following requirements:

Discover new instructional techniques, forms and methods of training, production, or any other activity.

Confirm the effectiveness of the proposed methods of experimental work materials, illustrations, tables, graphs.

Handbook should be written in language accessible to the user. Foreign and obscure scientific terms should be explained in footnotes or in a glossary of terms and concepts.

Currently, often develop, are tested and published in separate fascicles original programming of any training or courses. The training course, special courses may have the following sections:

- Preface or introduction that explains the essence of the program, its main sections and directions to the user, the main part of the disclosure of the principal provisions of the course or elective course;

- Primary and secondary literature, computer programs or other necessary for better understanding of programming tools and knowledge sources for each section of the program or the program as a whole.

The manual, textbook

The results can be used in the tutorial (tutorial).

In contrast to all the above mentioned types of publications Tutorial (Tutorial) can not be reduced only to the presentation of the content of the study. This is a major work, which should be achieved in the full development of the training modules of questions.

Since textbook (textbook) is addressed to students of schools or students to colleges and universities, a statement of educational material should be available for independent work of students.

Volume textbook (textbook) should be commensurate with the role and place of the subject in the curriculum and meet the time available for its study.

Monograph

Monograph, as a rule, is a form of publication of scientific results of the thesis for the degree of Doctor of Science, and contains a systematic exposition of the main research findings. Monograph doctoral candidates should be written without the sponsors, and candidates for a degree may be co-authors. The volume of the monograph, as a rule, is from 3-5 Copyright sheets and more.

Deposition of scientific development. Scientific development of any author can be deposited. Deposit - this means the manuscript deposited in a special storage area - Central Institute of Scientific and Technical Information (CSTI) or the Central Scientific and Technical Information Center (TSNTITS). Usually deposit the research and development (monographs, articles, abstracts, etc.), the publication of which in large editions is impractical because they are designed for a narrow circle of specialists.

The essence of the deposit is: prepared for the publication of scientific development (article, abstracts or presentations, monographs, textbooks, etc.) to the relevant scientific information center (technical and scientific information and scientific information in the social sciences). Center takes the job to deposit transfers it deposited in their libraries and publishes special refereed journals or collections of information that the work came to the center of scientific information and may be required for review. Deposited work is published only after its publication in a scientific journal abstracts and abstract collections.

Co-authorship

In the case where the work is written by two authors or more, the form of their joint efforts is called co-authored. All the authors of this work in its future activities are entitled to use the materials contained in it, but be sure to indicate that a particular material developed in collaboration with scientists from such and such.

Quite often in co-writing monographs, textbooks, teaching aids. Usually in such cases, each author writes a title, chapter or section, and on the title page (if the authors of three or less) or at the back of the title page (if four or more authors) contain the names of all who have written.

Given the volume of published papers

To determine the amount of manuscripts prepared for publication and published scientific papers has a special scoring system, which was based on the author's list. In the opinion pages, typically set the volume of scientific output in a publishing contract.

Authors list (AL) - a unit of volume of the material created by the author, it is 40,000 characters (including spaces between words, punctuation, numbers, etc. As a rule, 1 AL - is 22-24 page text printed 2 intervals between lines on a typewriter or dialed using computer technology (Encyclopedia of books / Ed. Maisuradze Yu. M. Yurist, 1998. pp. 49-50).

In publishing uses the term "sheet". This is the surface area of ​​one side of a sheet of paper that takes ink from the printing form, ie half of the sheet standard size 60x90 cm, which is called conditional. To determine the amount of books in other formats introduced the so-called signatures. To calculate the volume of the book, using the conversion factor - the ratio of the area of ​​the physical printed sheet to the area of ​​conditional printing sheet 60x90 cm:

book format 60x84 cm - ratio 0.93, 70 x 100 - 1.29; 70x90 - 1.17; 70h108 - 1.40; 75h90 - 1.26; 84x108 - 1.68.

For example: the volume of the book format 60x84 cm - 5 pp; 5h0, 93 = 4.65 given printed page (Encyclopedia of books).

Accounting and publishing page - is the unit volume of material in the book, except for the advertising. To quantify the value of accounting and publishing list is different from the author list and count the same, but includes additional objects counting: folio (page number), publishing, abstract, table of contents, etc. Volume print edition to be specified in standard printed sheets and accounting publishing lists.

You should know that in the same printed sheet material can fit various sizes depending on the size of the font, and therefore the number of characters per line and the number of lines on the page, margins, etc.

How to write an article

Every scientific article should contain a brief but sufficient to understand research reports and objective discussion of its significance. The report must contain sufficient data and references to published sources of information to colleagues can be evaluated and checked by the job. Write a good article - means to achieve these goals.

To write a good article must comply with the standards of building the plan of scientific publishing and the requirements of the scientific style of speech. This provides an unambiguous perception and evaluation of data readers. The main features of scientific style: consistency, uniqueness, objectivity.

The main objective of these recommendations - practical help in writing and presentation of your research papers (articles, theses).

The paper should be concise and clear about the current state of the issue, the purpose of work, research methods, results and discussion of the data. This may be the results of our experimental research, compilation of work experience, as well as an analytical overview of the information in this area.

The article, as a rule, include:

- Annotation;

- Introduction;

- Methods of research;

- Key findings and discussion;

- Conclusion (conclusion);

- A list of cited sources.

Usually item includes "Abstract" and "Keywords" and the end of the article can also lead thanks.

Name (the name) - a very important part of the article. By name judge the whole work. Therefore, the title of the article should fully reflect its content. It is probably best if you start to work on the name after writing an article, when caught the very essence of the article, its main idea. Some authors prefer to work on the title of the article at the beginning of his work, but this is subject only experienced researchers. In any case, remember that successful job title - it's half the battle.

Abstract.

It serves as the extended title of the article and the story of the paper. Abstract shows that, in my opinion, the most valuable and applicable in the work done by him. A poorly written abstract can spoil the impression of a good article.

The introduction should be the urgency of the issue (what you are considering and why?) And novelty of the work, if it allows to specify the size of the paper can be the goal and objectives of research, and should result in a decision on the known methods and their limitations.

Hot topics - the degree of its importance at the time and in a given situation to solve the problem (task, problem). It is the ability of the results to be applicable to solve quite significant scientific and practical problems.

Novelty - this is what distinguishes the result of this work the results of other authors.

Aims and objectives of research. It is important when choosing a topic clearly understand the goals and objectives that the author has set his work. The work should provide some idea, a key idea, which, in fact, and is dedicated to the study itself. Statement of purpose of research - the next element of program development. In order to successfully and with a minimum of time to cope with the statement of purpose, you need to answer the question: "What do you want to create as a result of organized research?" This result can be: a new technique, classification, a new program or curriculum, the algorithm, the structure of the new variant known technology, methodical development, etc. Obviously, the goal of any work usually begins with a verb:

- To find out ...

- Identify ...

- Form ...

- To justify ...

- Check ...

- Define ...

- Create ...

- Build ...

Problem - it is usually concretized or private purposes. The goal, like a fan, deployed in a complex interrelated tasks. For example, if the goal of the research - to develop a methodology for the optimal organization of the educational process in a five-day week, this goal may involve the following tasks:

- To identify and support the best for each student group duration of employment;

- Perform an adjustment of educational programs in relation to the overall reduction of training time;

- Learn from the trainers to the intensification of training in 90, 85 - and 80-minute sessions;

- Reveal the dynamics of overloads students engaged in a mode of the five-day school week, and the dynamics of health and other characteristics of the main part includes the study itself, the results, practical recommendations.

From an independent researcher requires skill:

use of available resources to conduct research or make your own new tools.

understand the results and see what's new and useful given study.

In a paper devoted to the experimental (practical) research, the author is obliged to describe the methodology of experiments to assess the accuracy and reproducibility of the results. If this is not done, then the authenticity of the results is questionable. Reading this article is a waste of time.

The most important part of the work on this paper is to present the results and their physical explanation. Necessary to present the results in graphic form in the form of tables, graphs, and diagrams.

Most authors avoid mentioning the experiments with negative results. Meanwhile, such experiments, particularly in the area of ​​technology, sometimes instructive experiments with a positive outcome. Technology - the science, which, in contrast to mathematics, it so happens that the minus plus minus plus give. For example, the process has two major drawbacks, but, nevertheless, provides the necessary quality. If the problem is only one drawback, then, as a rule, the process will fail and there will be a marriage in the production.

The article of any workflow author should consider the types of marriage and the methods of its elimination. Technologist grows into specialist qualifications, if he examines the causes of defects in manufacturing and developing methods to eliminate it.

The conclusion provides a summary statement of the results obtained in the course of work. Finally, as a general rule, the author of the study summarizes the results of understanding topic, conclusions, generalizations and recommendations arising from its work, emphasizing their practical importance, and also defines the main directions for further research in this field of study.

Summary (instead of the conclusion) are usually written, if the article on the basis of experimental data and is the result of years of work. Conclusions can not be too numerous. Only three to five valuable for science and industry findings from the result of several years of work on the topic. Conclusions should be in the nature of theses. They can not be equated with the summary, they have different functions. Conclusions must show that you have received, and abstract - that is done.

References - a list of books, journals, articles, specifying the data (location and year, publisher, etc.).

Links in the article to the literature can be arranged in three ways: 1) to express in parentheses within the text (it can be a newspaper or magazine material), and 2) put it in the bottom of the page with the full output data, and 3) the enclosed source number and a page from the alphabetical list of references. Overall, the design of a study of literature should be considered highly responsible work.

Precedence on the list may be different:

- In alphabetical order of authors' names or the names of documents;

- At least the appearance of footnotes;

- Most important documents (regulations, documentary sources, monographs, articles, other literature);

- In chronological publication of documents, etc.

The main elements of the bibliographic description given in the following order: author's surname and initials, title of the book without the quotes, place of publication, publisher, year of publication, number (s) page.

Examples of bibliographic description of the source:

1. Law "On Education» № 319-III SAM from July 27, 2007

2. Verbitsky, AA The structure and content of the dissertation research / AA Verbitsky / / Pedagogy. - 1994. - № 3. - S. 71-78.

3. Skates, AA Guidelines for the organization of research work of students. Textbook / AA Skates. - Moscow: MII Tues 1988. - 48 p.

4. Government order 07.02.08g. № 116 "On approval of the rules for state grants to certain categories of students in educational institutions"

 

It is important to remember that in the administration of articles in major academic journal must comply with the general structure of a compilation of articles signing subtitle structure of the article. Some publishers, usually in conference materials, if the amount does not allow pages of articles, not focus on signing sections, ie Text is entirely separate paragraphs.

Citation rules

Quote is accurate, verbatim excerpt of a text included in your own text. Quotes are usually given only to confirm the argument or the author's description. When quoting most noteworthy contemporary literature and sources. Secondary literature should be cited as economical as possible, for example, to challenge some of the conclusions of the authors.

The material is Article

Must be submitted to your reader and to know in advance who the paper. The author should write so that others do not know that it is unknown, it became clear to the reader as much as his own. The author of the original work should be explained to the reader its most difficult passages. If it is a development of the already known works (and not only of the author), there is no reason to complicate the reader's retelling, and better address it to the original sources. It is important to show the author's attitude to the published material, especially now, because the extensive use of the Internet. Required analysis and synthesis, as well as criticism of the author to the existing materials in its possession.

Central to the presentation, as noted by Alexander Pushkin, are accuracy and brevity. "Words must be closely and thoughts spacious" (NA Nekrasov). Important elegance of presentation and the absence of logical gaps. The red line of the article should be the general course of the author's thoughts. Useful text divided into separate headings. This will facilitate the reader to find the required material. But are not to be unnecessarily small.

Terminology, the language of presentation

The author should strive to be understood clearly. To do this he must follow certain rules:

use only the clear and unambiguous terms;

not to use the word with two meanings, not to determine which of them it will be used;

not to use a word in two and in different words in one sense.

Should not abuse the foreign-language terms. As a rule, they are not synonymous native words, between them there are usually shades of meaning.

Scientific papers should be alive, figurative language, which always distinguished scientific work of non-such. Many important scientific papers are written so interesting that reads like a good detective novel.

Must ruthlessly destroy superfluous words in the text, "to" instead of "for", "editorial asks readers to send their comments" (the word "their" - too much), "the whole process as a whole", etc. It should also eliminate any "mysterious" terms. You should also avoid unnecessary return verbs. It should be used only when it comes to spontaneously occurring processes. For example, you say "use the method of vacuum deposition," and not "applied by vacuum deposition." This allows you to distinguish between "hot item" from "part is heated," which eliminates the ambiguity.

How to write?

The writers need to get used to the idea that the real work on the article begins immediately after the writing of the first version. We must ruthlessly edit out all unnecessary, pick the right of expression, to remove all the strange and has a double meaning. But three or four rework the text may not be enough.

Many authors adhere to the following process of writing a scientific article. First you need to write down everything that comes to mind at the moment. Let this be written poorly, it is important fresh impressions. After this draft is put on the table for a while and forget about it. And only then begin editing the author: tinkering, deletion, insertion of new material. And so a few times. This work does not end when the article has nothing to add, but when out of it can not be anything to throw. "Rashly" does not write any serious researcher. All have difficulty in describing.

In order to emphasize the direction of your thoughts when you write articles and make more visible its logical structure, you can use a variety of introductory words and phrases:

First, ...

Second, ...

Third ...

moreover

at last

then

again

further

moreover

At the same time

In addition to the above

In clarification to the above

also

At the same time

At the same time

respectively

similarly

therefore

In a similar manner

It follows

so

meanwhile

Nevertheless

but

On the other hand

In general,

Summing up

In conclusion

However, do not abuse the introductory phrase to start with them every sentence.

The technical side of an article

The regular work easier to read your article. There are some rules that must be observed:

- After the title (subtitle) located in the middle line, the point is not assigned. Also, keep underlining the title and in the words of the title transfers;

- Pages are numbered in an increasing order;

- Rules to reduce words and phrases.

There are generally accepted rules to reduce the words and expressions used in writing term papers, essays, dissertations and articles. It uses the following methods:

1. Write only the first letter of a word (such as "ch." - Chapter, "Holy." Saint, "Art." - Article).

2. Leaving only the first letter of the word (for example, the age - "at.", Year - "in").

3. Leave only the end of a word without the suffix (such as "par." - The paragraph, "owls." - Soviet).

4. Passed several letters in the middle of words, and instead put a hyphen (for example, a university - "University", publisher - "publishing house").

Care must be taken when using and these three types of cuts like letter abbreviations slozhnosokraschennye words, conventional geographical reduction from the initial letters of the words or parts of words.

These abbreviations easy to use, since they are made up of well-known word-formation (eg, "university", "union"). If you want to designate a complex term such acronym, in this case, it shall be reported as soon as this complex term. For example, "the media (the media)." Next, this abbreviation can be used without explanation.

When writing academic papers must comply with the general image reduction by initial letters of words or parts of words, "etc." (And so on), "etc." (And the like), "etc." (And others), "ie" (That is), "etc." (And other), "c." (Century), "gg." (Years), "BC" (AD), the "region." (Area), "g." (Citizen), "Ass." (Associate Professor), "Acad." (Academician). With footnotes and references to the sources used such cuts as "Articles" (Article), "see" (See), "Wed" (Cf), "for example." (For example), "Comrades" (Volumes).

Should also be borne in mind that in the actual proposals, words such as "other", "and the like", "and the other" not taken to reduce. Are not allowed to reduce the words "so-called" (so-called), "because" (as), "for example" (eg), "about" (c.), the "formula" (formula) .

Conclusion

 A well-made article is the logical culmination of the work done. Therefore, along with the improvement in research must always learn to write articles. Summarize. So how do you work on a story?

Decide if you are ready to start writing articles and whether it can be published in the press.

Make a detailed plan for the construction of the article.

Seek out all the necessary information (articles, books, patents, etc.) and analyze it.

Write an introduction specify the need for work and its main focus.

Work on the title.