Vocabulary

source of energy – источник энергии

to generate power – вырабатывать энергию fossil fuel – ископаемое топливо nuclear power station – атомная электростанция

renewable – восстановимый, возобновляемый to emit – излучать, испускать, выделять

to contribute (to) – содействовать, способствовать; вносить вклад

to damage the environment – наносить вред окружающей среде to be reliable – быть надѐжным

gadget – приспособление, устройство warehouse – склад, хранилище

available – доступный, имеющийся в наличии to capture – захватывать, улавливать

windmill – 1. ветряная мельница; 2. ветряк, ветродви-гатель; ветроэнергетическая установка

blade – зд. лопатка, лопасть, крыло hydropower – гидроэнергетика

solar power – солнечная энергия, гелиоэнергетика wind power – энергия ветра

grain mill – зерновая мельница saw mill – лесопильный завод to flood – заливать, затоплять

Before you start

1. Look at the list of where we get our energy from today. Which of these are mostly used in your country? Which of these are renewable and which non-renewable?

wood оil gas coal wind sun water

34

2. Match the words with their definitions.

1. source 2. power 3. damage 4. environment 5. to create 6. to store

a. harm caused to smth, making it less attrac-tive, useful or valuable b. to cause smth to exist; to make smth new or original c. a place from which smth comes or is ob-tained d. to collect and keep smth for future use e. the natural conditions, e.g. land, air and water, in which people, animals and plants live f. energy that can be gathered and used for operating smth

Reading

3. Read the text and write S (for solar energy), W (for wind power) and H (for hydropower)next to each use. Then, make up sentences as in the ex-ample.

run small gadgets …S….

create electricity for whole cities ……. power grain mills and sawmills ……. heat water …….

run homes and communities ……. heat and cool factories ……. power batteries …….

pump water …….

e.g. We can use solar energy to run small gadgets.

NEW SOURCES OF ENERGY

Our planet faces serious energy crisis! We are desperately in need of a new form of energy which will be capable of generating enough power to see our homes, businesses and industries into the twenty-first century.

At the moment, the main part of world‟s energy needs are met by burn-ing fossil fuels or generated in nuclear power stations. Unfortunately, these are not renewable sources of energy, and once they have run out. Moreover they emit harmful greenhouse gases, which contribute to global warming and climate change.

35

How can we produce enough energy to power the entire world without damaging the environment? We can use alternative reliable forms of ener-gy, which will generate as much power as fossil fuels and nuclear energy: solar power, wind power and hydropower.

Solar power is safe and clean. It does not pollute the environment and it is a very powerful, cheap renewable resource. Solar power has always given us light and heat but now, thanks to solar technology, we are finding ways to store this power and use it as an alternative source of energy. So-lar energy can be turned into electricity and used to run small gadgets like calculators. It is also used to heat water and to heat and cool factories, warehouses and other large buildings. Solar power batteries are also avail-able. They capture and store the sun‟s energy so that it can be used when needed.

Wind mills have been used for hundreds of years to pump water so this form of energy is nothing new. However, today we are using wind turbines to turn this energy into electricity. The wind turbines have large blades which catch the wind. These blades are connected to a generator which pro-duces electricity. Wind factories or farms are used to create enough electric-ity to run homes and communities. Unfortunately, areas which don‟t get enough wind have to use other sources of power as well.

Hydropower is another natural source of energy. Fast moving streams or rivers have been used for hundreds of years to power grain and saw mills. Now they are used to create electricity. They can even create electricity for whole cities .By building dams across bodies of water we can redirect the flow through hydroelectric power plants and can even store the power to be used later. Hydropower is safe and natural way to produce electricity as long as care is taken not to flood the surrounding areas or interfere too much with the natural flow of the water.

So, these three kinds of power offer a solution to all our energy prob-lems by being renewable, clean and safe sources of energy which are easy to live and work with.

4. Explain underlined words and give synonyms for the words in bald.

Speaking

5. Read the text again and underline the advantages of solar, wind and hydropower. Think about the disadvantages and name them. Discuss the usage of these three sources of energy in your country.

36

Writing

6. Find the information about some unusual sources of energy in the In-ternet and write the essay about its usage.

Grammar focus: the Complex Subject.

The Complex Subject consists of a noun/pronoun ( in the nominative case ) and the Infinitive. It is considered to be the subject of the sentence, its Russian equivalent is in most cases a subordinate clause.

Laser is known to be widely used in medicine. Известно, что лазер широко используется и медицине.

The Complex Subject is used with:

1. the following groups of verbs in the Passive: denoting sense perception: to see, to hear, to notice, etc. denoting mental activity: to think, to consider, to be-lieve, to expect, to suppose, to know, etc. the verbs: to say, to report(сообщать), to or-der, to ask, to allow, to state(заявлять), to an-nounce(объявлять). 2. word groups: to be likely (ве-роятно), to be unlikely (мало-вероятно), to be certain/to be sure (несомненно, обяза-тельно, бесспорно). 3. pairs of synonyms: to seem/to appear (казаться, по-видимому), to prove/to turn out (оказывать-ся), to happen/chance (случать-ся) in the Active.

The car was seen to disappear in the distance. Видели, как машина скрылась вдали. He is considered to have been one of the most prominent scientists of his time. Считается, что он был одним из самых выдающихся учѐных своего времени. She is said to be working at this university. Говорят, что она сей-час работает в этом университе-те. He is sure to be asked about it. Его наверняка об этом спросят. The first experiment proved to be a success. Первый опыт оказался удачным.

37

7. Use the Passive Voice for the verbs in brackets. Translate the sen-tences paying attention to the Complex Subject.

1. These students (to consider) to conduct research rather well.

2. One of the students (to say) to be conducting a research work now. 3. That student (to suppose) to have conducted research last year.

4. This research (to suppose) to have been conducted by our best stu-dents.

5. These students (to believe) to have been conducting this research since last year.

6. All bodies (to know) to possess weight.

8. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Complex Subject. Model: It seemed that he knew the subject well.

He seemed to know the subject well.

1. It appears that his knowledge of English is improving.

2. It proved that this discovery was of special value for the development of electronics.

3. It seemed that the students answer satisfied the examiner. 4. It appears that this planet possesses tremendous humidity.

5. It happened that she met some of our students in the laboratory. 6. It proved that these students are very capable researchers.

9. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Infinitive Construc-tions.

1. To develop a new method of cutting metals was necessary. To devel-op a new method of cutting metals the engineers made some interesting ex-periments.

2. To discover the stress occurring requires careful figuring. To discover the stress occurring, we require careful figuring.

3. To design new machine-tools is the task of a mechanical engineer. To design new machine-tools a mechanical engineer must study a lot.

4. To be a good engineer means to have knowledge, to improve one‟s ability to analyze, synthesize and develop insight into one‟s field. To be an ideal engineer one is to have knowledge, to improve one‟s ability to ana-lyze, synthesize and develop insight into one‟s field.

38

10. Read and translate the following sentences. Compare the two con-structions – the Complex Object and the Complex Subject:

1. We suppose all energy people use to come from the Sun. 2. All ener-gy people use is supposed to come from the Sun. 3. Today we know atoms to be neither unchangeable nor indivisible. 4. Today atoms are known to be neither unchangeable nor indivisible. 5. We expect thermo-couples to be used instead of semiconductors in the solar battery. 6. Ther-mocouples are expected to be used instead of semiconductors in the solar battery.

11. Translate the following sentences into English using the substitution table below:

1. Мы хотим, чтобы вы рассказали нам о солнечной энергии. 2. Я хочу рассказать вам о солнечной энергии.

3. Он пришѐл сюда, чтобы рассказать о солнечной энергии. 4. Она показала мне эти проекты.

5. Мы знаем, что солнечные лучи приносят огромное количество энергии.

6. Я полагал, что этот учѐный уже провѐл такой опыт. 7. Мы видели, что она проводила опыт.

We I He She

showed know watched came saw believed want

you her me the sun‟s rays here this scientist

these designs. to tell us to tell you to bring a tre-mendous amount of energy. to have made such an experiment. making an experi-ment

about the solar energy.

12. Make presentations on the topics: – bioengineering

– nanotechnology

39

13. Read the following Russian sentences and find their English equiva-lents in the right column:

1. По-видимому, эти данные a. To investigate these data is были уже давно исследо- not difficult.

ваны.

2. Чтобы исследовать эти b. To investigate these data данные, надо применить one has to apply new tech-новые методы. niques.

3. Мы хотим исследовать эти c. We expect these new data данные. to be investigated very

4. Сообщают, что эти данные soon.

будут исследованы в крат- d. We want to investigate чайшие сроки. these data.

5. Исследование эти данных e. We have to investigate не сложно. these data.

6. Эти данные вряд ли будут f. These data are reported to исследованы скоро. be investigated in the

shortest time possible.

7. Мы должны исследовать g. These data are unlikely to эти данные. be investigated soon.

8. Эти данные, несомненно, h. These data proved to be re-будут исследованы в крат- liable.

чайшее время.

9. Эти данные оказались на- i. These data appear to have дежными. been investigated long ago.

10. Мы ожидаем, что эти но- j. These data are certain to be вые данные будут исследо- investigated in the shortest ваны очень скоро. time possible.

UNIT 4. MATERIALS

Focus: Materials and their properties. Grammar focus: The Participle.

Skills focus: Reading for specific information to know about mate-rials and their properties, learning basic vocabulary and developing speaking skills.

40

1.What materials have these properties?

1 soft 6 conductive

2 ductile 7 durable and hard 3 malleable 8 stiff and brittle

4 tough 9 corrosion-resistant 5 scratch-resistant 10 heat-resistant

Materials	Properties	Uses
1. Aluminium	Easy to shape, light, soft, highly conductive, corro-sion-resistant.	Aircraft, engine com-ponents, cooking foil, cooking utensils.
2. Copper	Very malleable, tough and ductile, highly con-ductive, corrosion-resis-tant.	Electric wiring, tub-ing.
3. Brass (65 % copper, 35 % zinc)	Very corrosion-resistant Casts well, easily ma-chined. Good conductor.	Valves, taps, castings, ship fittings, electrical contacts.
4. Mild steel (iron with 0.15 % to 0.3 % carbon)	High strength, ductile, tough, fairly malleable. Cannot be hardened. Low cost. Poor corrosion resistance.	General purpose.
5. High carbon steel (iron with 0.7 % to 1.4 % carbon)	Hardest of the carbon steels but less ductile and malleable. Can be har-dened.	Cutting tools such as drills, files, saws.
6. ABS	High impact strength and toughness, scratch-resistant, light and dura-ble. Easy to shape.	Safety helmets, car components, tele-phones, kitchenware.

41

7. Acrylic	Stiff, hard, very durable, can be polished easily, easy to shape.	Aircraft canopies, baths, double glazing.
8. Diamond	Hardest natural material, can cut glass and metal.	Industrial cutting and grinding.
9. Glass	Clear, hard, breaks easily	Windows, bottles.
10. Optical fibre	Carries light and coded messages.	Lighting, cable TV, telecommunications.

2. Scan the table to find:

1. a metal used to make aircraft

2. a material used to cut hard substances 3. steel which can be hardened

4. an alloy suitable for castings

5. a material which can carry signals more efficiently than copper cables 6. a material suitable for safety helmets

7. a metal suitable for salt-water environment

8. a metal for general construction use but which should be protected from corrosion

9. a material which is transparent and breaks easily

10. a thermoplastic which can be polished and formed easily.

3. What are the objects around you made of/from ? Use Passive Voice: to be + Past Participle.

Do not confuse “made of” and “made from”. “Made of X“ implies that the X is still (visibly) present.

4. Study these facts about aluminium: Aluminium is a light metal. Aluminium is used to make aircraft.

We can link these facts to make a definition of aluminium. Aluminium is a light metal which is used to make aircraft.

42

Make definitions of each of the materials in column A. Choose the cor-rect information in columns B and C to describe the materials in column A.

A	B	C
1. An alloy	a metal a material an alloy	allows heat or current to flow easily
2. Mild steel		consists of copper and zinc
3. A conductor		does not allow heat or cur-rent to flow easily
4. An insulator		contains iron and 0.7% to 1.4% carbon
5. High carbon steel		becomes plastic when heated
6. Brass		contains iron and 0.15 % to 0.3 % carbon
7. Optical fibres		formed by mixing other metals or elements
8. A thermoplastic		mixed with water (it) dries to a hard material
9. Cement		made from glass and are usually about 120 micro-metres in diameter

5. Read the text and answer the questions after it.

COMPOSITE MATERIALS