It ousted(вытиснил) the word deer in this meaning, and deer began to denote a conkrete spisies.

Than the latin word animal ousted the word beast in the meaning of oll animals.

and the word beast now has the meaning mammal(млекопитающее).

Other linguistic courses are "ellipsis"(in a phrase made ap of 2 words one of this is ammited and it's meaning is transfered to it's partner.

fe.g daily newspaper(the word news paper is ammoted) so a ellipsis and a.

when one of the synonims develops a new meaning. other synonims equie a new meaning too.

f.eg when the word catsh develop the meaning understand it's synonims grass, get developped this meaning too.

The nature of semantic change.

All cases of change of meaning are based on some assosiation.

the proces of change of meaning is termed transference.

ther are 2 types of transference 1 transference, based on semilevity and the 2 transforance based on contiguity(смежность) means real connection between the 2objects.

the 1st type of transference is colled linguistic methaphor

f.eg neck(шея)of the human and nack of a bottle.

the 2ed type is nown as linguistic meonymy.

f.eg hands leams of human body and hands in cense of a worker.

metaphor is build on different type of similarity.

similarity of shape.

f.eg tongue of a bell.

function f.eg lag of the table.

similarity of posotion f.eg food of a page or foot of a mountain.

similarity of sharacter of motion.

f.eg snail(ползет как улитка)

By means of metapohric transferece proper names may become common names.(имена собств. могут стать нариц,)

f.eg Дон жуан,Othello.

metophor of the type time is mony is colled structural metpahor.

one concept is structured in terms of the other.

a mithonemy is a word of phrase that is used to stand in for another word.

f.eg the Wite House we use it in plase of the presedent or others work there.

the Wite House will be announsing.the desision around ...today.

we have always remaind loual to the crown

the word crown he stands to symbolised the king, of a particular country.

He is a men of clothes this only mens to say that the man who the sentense is talking about is a man who belongs to a religious sect.

cloth signifise that robes worn by raligious man (т.е чкдлвек пренадлежит к религиозной секте).

the cattle is boiling - it means the leqweed in the cattle is boiling not the cattle itself.

Dave drank the glasses. it means he dramk the liqued of the glas

the difference between metaphor and metonimy is that metaphor creates relation between it's ojects.

while methonemy pressuposes that relation..

methonemy and metaphor olso have fundamentally difgerent functions. Metonimy is about referring it meens a method of naming or identifuing something by mentioning something else whis is a component part or symbollucally linked.

In contrast metaphor is aboud undestending and interpritation.It is a means to understand

or explain one phenomena by discribing it in terms of another

The use of proper names for common names is alsoa tupe of methonemy

f.eg names of inventors or geografical namesare often used to denote the objects.

the word wolt the unit of electromotor force.resived it's name from Alexandro Volto.

who made the discovery.

The ford sandwish goes back to Lord Sandwish who ordered the butler to serve his guest cut. .. tith sliced veel in between 2 slices of bread.

so rat htey could eat them during the game without soiling the cuts.

other examples are. a Ford, a Picasso.

semantic change may result in the change of the range or meaning in the peroces of vocabulary development some words develop narrowe of brode(узкие и широкие)

meanings then those they used to have.

the 1st process is colled narrowing or spesialization of mening.

f.eg the old eglish word "fugol" meanet any bird, now it came to denote a domestic bird "fowl" (значение слова сузилось)

the word girl meant a child of either saex, but gradually, developed the meaning a fimale child.

in Old Eng. the word "mete" refered the food in genetal. today it refers to only one kind of food - meet.

the word exedent means an unintended injurious or disaster event.

its original meaning was just eny event espesially one that was unforessen.

the english werd "stave" was spesialize in it's mening after the scandinavian word "die" was borrowed into English.

"die" became the general verb with this meaning.

starve got the meaning to die of hunger.

the 2ed proces is termeb generalisation.

The word ready orriginally meant prepare for a ride.

the word "picture" meant sometning painted.

the word unkle meant mothers brother.

an example of generalization is the word business, whish origennaly meant the state of being busy or enxious. and was brodent to encompass oall kinds of work.all ocupations.

Qite a number of words have undergone semantic brodening in the hisrtory of english.

The modern english word"dog" f.eg derives from the earlier word "dogge" whish was ortiginally a particulary powerfull breed of dog.

that originated in England.

The word "bird"derives from the earlier word "bridde" whish orriginally referred only to a young bird while still in the nest.

but it has now been semantically brodent to refer to any birds at all.

The word" jeurney " was borrowed from french with the meaning oneday treep. now it means a tree of any duration.