Conversion is also colled ziro(0- sufficasion.)

The classification of verbs according to the meaning aqued.

the 1'st group.

Evrbs can have instrumental meanings. if they are formed fom nouns denoting parts of a human body.

f.ex: to eye, to finger.

Also when they are formed from nouns denoting tools, or instruments

f.ex to hammer, to nail.

the 2'ed groups

an action characteristics of the leaving beings, denoted by the nown, from whish they were formed.

to crowd-толпиться.

to woolf(пожирать с жадностью)

to ape(обезьянничать)

3'd group acquisition, addition and deprivation.

f.ex to peel(cнимать шкурку)

to paper

to butter.

the 4'th group.

an action be formed at the place denited by the nown from which they have been converted.

f.ex to park(парковаться)

to pocked

to corner(загончть в угол).

An action performed at the time denited by the nown, from which they have been converted.

f.ex to winter to wee end

6'th a type of activity if they are firmed from nouns denoting professions.

f.ex. to cook, to groom(ухаживать за лошадью).

Verbs can be formed from ajectives and in such accasions they denote the change of the state.

f.ex to tame(приручать)

to clean

to pale.

Verbs can also be converted from other parts of speech.

f.ex the adverb down to down

(interjection) pooh to pooh pooh.

Nouns can be formed by means of conversion from verbs.

Converred nouns can denote

the 1'st group Instant of an action(момент действия)

f.ex a jump a move.

the 2'ed group Process of state

f.ex a sleep,a walk

3'd group Agent of the action.

f.ex. a help,(помощник) a flirt

Abject of the action. result.

a find, a burn(oжег)a cutt.

Place of the action.

f.ex a drive, a stopp.

Abbriviation

In the process of communication words and word gruoups can be shortend.

an abbriviation is a shotter way to write a word or prace.

people use abbriviations for words that they write a lot.

The English languages often uses the apostrophy mark to show that a word is written in a shotter way.but some abbriviations don't use this mark.

Some examples of common Eng. abbriviations are: don't for do not, shouldn't for "should not". etc. for "et cetera"

Some new abbriviations have been created by scientists, by workers in companies and goverment, and by peple using the internet.

the word "radar"is an abbriviation for "radio detacton and ranging"

The name of the large computer company IBM comes from the words"

Intornstional business mashines"

The name of the part of the US goverments that sends rockets into out of space is NASA.

from the words National Aerounatics ansd space administration.

When people using the inet thing that something is very funny they sometimes write LOL(laughing out laud).(ржу не могу)

People sometimes write ASAP(as soon as possible)

Acronyms or also a type of abbriviation that can be pronounsed as avsingle word.

The differens between axronyms and abbriviations is this acronyms are properwords, created from the initial letter or 2 in the words in a phrace. and they are pronounsed like other words.

UNESKO.

By contrast abbrib. don't form proper words.

and so they are pronounsed as streengths of letters.

f.ex. U.S.A. M.P T.V.

Shortenning or clipping.

shortenning is the formation of a new word by cutting off part of the parent word.

f.ex examination exam. laboratory - lab. advertisment ads.

there are two types of shortenning

the 1 initial shortenikng or apheresis.

the begginig of the wkrd is cutt off.

f.ex telephone - phone.

the 2'ed medical shortennings or syncope.

the middle of the word is taken away. f.ex fantasy- fansy

spectacles-specs.

3'ed final shortenning.or apocoe.

the nd of the word is cutt off.

ef. advertisment- ad

3'ed mixed type.

the initial and final elements are cutt off.f.ex refregirator- fridge.

Blanding

it is the formation of a new word bycombining parts of 2 or more words.

it is not highly productive.

f.ex benny looks is formed from belgium+netherlands+luxemburg.

oxbrodge oxford+cambrige.

the results of blanding are colled blends.

Types lf blends

1'st additive.

blands of additive type can be transformed into refrase with a conjunction and.

f.ex smog and fog. smase smoke and hase.

2'ed type ristrictive.

blands of restrictive types can be trafansformed into refrase adjective nown.

f.ex madicare madical car.

posithrone positive electrone.

Sound immitation or onomatopoeia.

sound immitation is based on phonetic motivation.

these words can be subdivided into the 1'st group sound prodused py humans.hum(кхм)

2'еd type sound prodused by animals(miaow)

Backformation

Is the formation of a new word by cutting off a supposed suffixc from a word that is wrongly regarded as a derevative.the new word is morphologically simplier than the parent word.

f.eg baby siter, two typewrite, to vacuum clean.

Sound intershange.

Is the formation of the word by means of vowel intershange or consonant intershange.

or both vowel and consosnant interhange.

vowel i tershange food to feet.

consonant intershange. advice advise.

vowel and consonanst intershange.

laife to live

Stress intershange.

is the formation of a word by means of the shift of stress in the parent word.

f.ex Increase increase.

Import impOrt

Export expOrt

Word manifacturing.

a word or word combinations that aplears due tu some ofers

but it doesent name a new object or doesent express a new consept.

f.ex Im English and my Englishness is my vision.

....

Hromonemy 27.04

Нomonims(greek homos whish means the same and omona whish means a name.)

Are words whish are identical in sound and spelling or at least in one of this aspects, bwu different in their meaning.

f.ex bank noun means a shore and bank means an institution for rciving, landing exanging, and safeguardian money.

ball a sphere, any spherical body, and ball also a nown a large dancing party.

phonetic changes whish words undergow in the cource of theirhistirical development. f.ex. nignt and knight.

the 2ed scorce - borrowing.

A borrowed word may in the final stage ot its phonetic adaptation duplicate in form either a native word or another borrowing.

f.eg rite(n.)

to write (v.)

right(n.)

the 2ed and 3d words are of native origin whwrw is the 1st word is a latin borrowing.

3ed ccourse conversion.

f.eg com nown to comm(n)

pale(n) to pale(v)

Homonims of this type whish are the samein sound and spelling but refer to different categories of parts of speech are colled lexico grammatical hamonims.

4th ccorce shortening

f.ex that veteran and veterinarian

cab as cabinet, cab, as cabin, cab as cabbage.

words made by sound imitation can also form pairs of hormonims, with other words.

f.ex bang (nown) a loud sudden explosive noise, and bang also a nown a fringe of hair commed over the forehead.

Historical harmonims are those

whish result from the braking up of policemy.

then one policemantic word will splead up into 2 or more secret words.

to bear-терпеть, and to bear - родить

pupil -yченик, pupil - зрачок.

There are full homonens nad partial hamonems

rull or perfect homonems

ar words identical both in prononsiation and in spelling but different in meaning.

They belong to the same part of speech and coinside in all the forms.

f.ex match a game a contest and match a short pese of wood used for producing fire.

Partial hamonems may belong to different parts of speech. and fall into 3 groups homografs(words identical in spelling but different in sound form and meaning.

f.ex lead-вести lead - свенец.

Homophones.

words identical in sound form but different in spelling and meaning.f.ex son-сын, sone-солнце.

homoforms.

words quite different in meaning but indentical in some of their grammatical forms.

homoforma often belong to different parts of speesh.

f.ex to lay лежать, and lay прошедшее от лгать.

to found основать.

Homonemy and policemy are 2welknown semantic problems.

bank in river bank and bank of England are homonymous

they share now meaning what os ever.

the function as2 totally unrelared words.

river bad and hospital bad seem to be somehow semantically linked.