Test IV

1. Skim the text and say whether the statements that follow are true or false.

Parts of territory

Territorial sovereignty extends principally over land territory. States also exercise jurisdiction over appurtenances of land territory, including: • the subsoil beneath the state's territory is considered a part of land territory, e.g., a subsoil rich in minerals is under state jurisdiction; • the airspace above state territory, e.g., planes flying over State X's territory are considered to be in State X; and • the territorial sea: the belt of sea adjacent to the coast is a part of state territory too. The state also exercises its sovereignty over the airspace and subsoil of the territorial sea.

Some territories cannot be subject to the sovereignty of any state. The high seas, the outer space, and Antarctica are areas outside the sovereignty of any state and open to the common enjoyment of all states according to international regimes organized by several multilateral treaties. The general principle ruling the high seas, for example, is that every state, whether coastal or landlocked, may enjoy the "four freedoms of the seas" including: freedom of navigation, freedom of fishing (according specific regulation on conservation and management of the living resources), freedom to lay submarine pipelines and cables, and freedom to fly over the high seas. These freedoms should be exercised by all states with reasonable regard to the interests of other states. To the same extent, the exploration and use of outer space, the moon and celestial bodies are to be carried for the benefit and in the interests of all countries." The 1959 Antarctica Treaty was adopted to ensure that this territory was used only for peaceful purposes and opened to free scientific exploration. Are expressly prohibited under the terms of the treaty: any activity of military nature, nuclear explosions, disposal of radio-active waste material, and claims to territorial sovereignty.

True / False statements:

1. Only land territory is under the jurisdiction of a state.

2. State’s appurtenances include the territorial sea, airspace above the territory and subsoil beneath the land territory.

3. The sovereignty over the airspace above the territorial sea is exercised by the state adjacent to it.

4. International treaties organize the common enjoyment of the high seas and outer space.

5. The capacity of a state to lay cables on the sea-bed is not included into the ‘four freedoms of the seas’.

6. The exploration and use of outer space may be exercised according to bilateral agreements.

7. The 1959 Antarctica Treaty ensured free scientific exploration of Antarctica and outer space.

8. The territories with international regime are open to acquisition by any state and states can claim sovereignty over them.

2. Suggest Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations from the text.

Appurtenances, subsoil beneath the territory, adjacent to the coast, the outer space, open to the common enjoyment, the high seas, coastal or landlocked state, the living resources, celestial bodies, disposal of radio-active waste material, claims to territorial sovereignty.

3. Complete the following passage, using suitable forms of the words below.

A boundary is usually described as the 1) ….. line on the surface of earth separating the territory of one state from another. There is no general rule for determining boundaries. State 2) ….. boundaries are usually determined by express or 3) ……… consent with states neighbours on a case by case basis. Boundaries are not necessarily defined with certainty; many states are still 4) ….. on the precise line of their boundaries and boundaries remain one of the most disputed 5) ….. in international law. Some legal writers establish a 6) …… distinction between natural and artificial boundaries. Natural boundaries would of mountains, 7) …… , the seashore, lakes and deserts. In the author's opinion, most (if not all) international boundaries are artificial. The 8) ….. of natural boundaries is a concept which is arbitrary, and is frequently put forward by states when they think their territory should be extended 9) ….. of other states. Mountains, rivers and deserts do not constitute an obligatory line separating 10) ….. . Many populations live on both sides of a range of mountains, e.g. Basques in the Pyrenees or Tibetans in the Himalayas or a river, e.g. 11) …. , Euphrates.

land, at the expense, firm, tacit, notion, the Nile, disputing, imaginary, rivers, people, issues

4. Make the following microtexts complete by translating the words and phrases in brackets. Then entitle each of the texts and translate them in written form.

State (границы), not only across land but both upwards into the airspace and downwards into the earth, are most often (определяются) by agreements between the parties, rather than being dictated by principles of international law.

There are separate sets of treaties and agree­ments (в отношении) airspace versus (космического пространства).

(общая точка зрения) is that a state has complete and exclusive (право) over the airspace above its territory.

The (доминирующий) theory in the field of outer space is that every state may (исследовать) and use outer space, free of national (присвоение) by another state.

International rivers may flow (по) a state's territory but not be (подпадать) to the absolute authority of the state. An international river has the following(черты): it is (судоходный); it flows into the sea; it flows through the territory of two or more states or forms the boundary between them; and an international act (объявлять) it to be an international river.

The sea is divided into several zones: (внутренний) waters, the territorial sea, the (прилежащий) zone, the continental shelf, the (исключительный) economic zone and high seas.

5. Comment on the following quotations in writing. Make a list of arguments for and against them.