- •Міністерство освіти і науки України Черкаський державний технологічний університет
- •Затверджено на
- •1. Read and translate the text:
- •2. Look through the text again and decide which of the following ideas are not expressed in the passage:
- •3. Answer the following questions:
- •4. Match the words in column a with their definitions in column b:
- •5. Using a dictionary give the plural form of the following Latin words and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •1. Read and translate the text:
- •6. Using chemical terms given below complete the following sentences in the text:
- •7. Translate the following text into English:
- •2. Choose the most suitable title to the text out of the given ones:
- •3. Say if the following statements are true (t) or false (f):
- •8. Fill in the form with the information about d. I. Mendeleyev:
- •10. Be ready to give personal information about a well-known scientist in the field of chemistry
- •1. Read and translate the text about the early days of chemistry and find out what alchemists’ contribution to the development of the science was:
- •2. Find in the text sentences describing
- •3. Answer the following questions:
- •4. Match the English words, word combinations and chemical terms in a with their Ukrainian equivalents in b:
- •5. Match the synonyms in columns a and b:
- •6. Write out of the text all irregular verbs and give their infinitives.
- •Ask all kinds of questions to the following sentences:
- •8. Read the text of another author on alchemy, compare it with the first one and say what information they have in common and what is different. Share your ideas with your fellow students.
- •1. Read and translate the text:
- •Choose the most suitable word in each of the pairs enclosed in brackets. Explain the difference in their usage:
- •1. Read and translate the text:
- •2. Look through the text again and find the sentences where the author describes the following facts:
- •3. Answer the following questions choosing the correct answer out of the given ones:
- •4. Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following words, word combinations and chemical terms from the text:
- •5. Match the synonyms in ex. 4 and ex. 5:
- •6. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
- •1. Read and translate the text:
- •1. Read and translate the text:
- •7. Complete the following sentences using modal verbs:
- •1. Read and translate the text:
- •2. Work in pairs and make up a dialogue out of the text below. Act your dialogue in front of your fellow students. There are some possible situations where your dialogue could take place:
- •4. Give your answer to the following question; add other characteristics of the element.
- •5. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •1. Read and translate the text:
- •1. Read and translate the text:
- •2. Give the answers to these questions using the text and your knowledge of chemistry:
- •3. Change the given questions to the order of events in the text:
- •4. Look through the text and find all the definitions connected with air. Discuss these definitions with your fellow-students.
- •5. Complete the sentences using chemical terms from the list below. Some of them can't be used in the given sentences, while the others can be used several times:
- •7. Translate the following text into English paying attention to the italicized parts of the sentences:
- •1. Read and translate the text:
- •2. State which of the following statements are true (t), false (f) or not mentioned (nm) in the text:
- •3. Divide the text into logical parts and entitle them thus making a plan. Write out the sentences expressing the main ideas of the text.
- •4. Complete the following sentences using the words from the list below. Some of the words can be used more than once.
- •5. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •1. Read and translate the text:
- •2. Find in the text sentences stating that:
- •3. Answer the following questions to the text using your knowledge of chemistry or an encyclopedia as well.
- •4. Choose a word in the columns (a) or (b) that has nearly the same meaning as the italicized word:
- •5. Translate the following text into English:
- •1. Read and translate the text:
- •3. Write out of the text all the sentences expressing the main idea(s) of each logical part.
- •4. Write a summary of the text in your own words using Ex. 2 and Ex. 3.
- •5. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
- •6. Give the answers to the given questions. Use the sentences of Ex. 5 and your knowledge of chemistry.
- •1. Read and translate the text:
- •3. Write out of the text the sentences expressing the main idea(s) of each logical part.
- •4. Write a summary of the text in your own words omitting all unnecessary details.
- •5. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •1. Read and translate the text:
- •3. Write a summary of the text in your own words omitting all unnecessary details.
- •4. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •5. Translate the following text into English:
- •1. Read and translate the text:
- •2. Put the numbers of the given plan in the order of events they occur in the text:
- •3. Answer the following questions:
- •4. Give chemical terms to the following definitions:
- •5. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
- •1. Read and translate the text:
- •1. Read and translate the text:
- •1. Read and translate the text:
- •8. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
- •1. Read and translate the following text:
1. Read and translate the text:
What is chemistry? All definitions of chemistry include the study of matter. Matter is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space. All matter is arranged and organized. The way it is arranged is called its structure. The parts of the structure and the ratio in which they are organized are called its composition. In addition, all matter has characteristics or properties. That is, each substance has a set of properties that are characteristic of that substance and give it a unique or special identity. These physical or chemical properties are the personality traits of that substance. In brief, chemists study the properties, the composition, and the structure of matter. They also study changes in the composition and the structure as well as the reactions of matter, especially of atomic and molecular systems. Basically, chemistry is a science that deals with the composition and properties of substances and with the reactions by which substances are produced from, or converted into, other substances.
People have practiced chemistry since ancient times. The Egyptian, Arabic, Greek, and Roman cultures each contributed significant developments to chemistry. These early developments were empirical. That is, they were achieved by trial and error and were not based on any valid theory of matter. The alchemists (500-1600 A.D.) whose practical goal was to change base metals into gold and to prolong life, also contributed to the development of chemistry. However, it was not until the 17th and 18th centuries that modern chemistry began to develop through systematic experimentation rather than trial and error. In fact, this systematic experimentation, called the scientific method, is usually credited with being the most important single factor in the development of chemistry and its application to technology.
Chemistry is related to physics, another basic branch of science. It is also related to biology, the science of life, because life itself is basically a complicated system of interrelated chemical processes.
The range, or scope, of chemistry is very wide. In fact, it includes the whole universe and every animate (living) and inanimate (nonliving) thing in it. Chemistry may be broadly classified into two main branches: organic chemistry (the chemistry of living things) and inorganic chemistry (the chemistry of nonliving things). Through the study of chemistry we try to learn and understand the principles and laws that control the activity of all matter.
Chemists may try to observe and to explain natural situations, or phenomena, or they may invent experiments that will show the composition and structure of complex substances. They may look at methods to improve natural processes or, sometimes, create or combine substances that are unknown in nature.
Even though the total of chemical knowledge is so enormous that no one could learn all of it in one's lifetime, the basic concepts are not difficult. In fact, these fundamental concepts in chemistry have become part of the education required for many professionals in a wide variety of fields and they have contributed to the rapid growth of technology.