- •Английский язык для студентов энергетического факультета учебное пособие
- •Introduction
- •Words and word combinations:
- •C ontinuous, or analog signal
- •Discontinuous, or digital signals
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Telephone lines
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Unsheathed copper wires – не обшитые медные провода
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •The development of cables
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •The Atlantic telegraph cable
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •The spread of telephone cables
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text. Text 7 Recent developments
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Retell the text.
- •Types of cables
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Conductors – проводники
- •Interference occurs when a conductor picks up stray electricity from other conductors or from the air. Insulation is made from such multiconductor materials as plastic and paper pulp.
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Coaxial cables
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Coaxial cables – коаксиальный кабель
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 10
- •Fiber optics
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 11
- •Asynchronous and Synchronous
- •Transmission
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Asynchronous Transmission
- •Synchronous Data Transmission
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 12
- •Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Traffic
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 13
- •Data Transmission Media
- •Words and word combinations:
- •To get from here to there – доставлять от сюда туда
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 14
- •Microwave Systems
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 15
- •Satellite System
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 16
- •Data communications Hardware
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Modems Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 17
- •Multiplexers, Concentrators, and Controllers
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Transmission without multiplexer
- •Transmission with multiplexer
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 18
- •Front-End Processors
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Protocol and Protocol Converters
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 19
- •Communications Networks: Connectivity
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 20
- •Network configurations
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 21
- •Star Network
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Bus network
- •Ring Network Words and word combinations:
- •Ring network
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 23
- •Token Ring Network
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •Token ring network
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text. Text 24 Communications Services,
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •3. Retell the text.
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary
- •1.Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •3.Give the definitions.
- •4. Put questions to the following sentences
- •Text 2 Electric Charge
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •3. Give the definitions.
- •4. Put questions to the following sentences
- •Vocabulary.
- •Exercises
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •3. Give the definitions.
- •4. Put questions to the following sentences
- •Exercises
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •3.Give the definitions.
- •4. Put questions to the following sentences
- •Exercises
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •3.Give the definitions.
- •4. Put questions to the following sentences
- •Exercises
- •1 .Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •3. Put questions to the following sentences.
- •Exercises
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •3. Put questions to the following sentences.
- •Text 8 Light. How Light Works
- •Vocabulary.
- •Exercises:
- •Text 9 Ways of Thinking about Light
- •Exercises:
- •Text 10 What is Light?
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •3. Put questions to the following sentences.
- •Text 11 Frequencie
- •Vocabulary
- •So light waves come in a continuous variety of sizes, frequencies and energies. We refer to this continuum as the electromagnetic spectrum. Exercises:
- •Text 12
- •Exercises:
- •Text 13 Electrical network Design methods
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Complete the sentences.
- •3. Put questions to the following sentences.
- •4. Give the Definitions.
- •5. Retell the text. Text 14 Electrical laws
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Complete the sentences.
- •3. Put questions to the following sentences.
- •4. Retell the text. Text 15 Network simulation software
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •2. Complete the sentences.
- •4. Retell the text. Text 16 Electrical conduction. Solids
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •2. Complete the sentences.
- •3. Put questions to the following sentences.
- •4. Give the definitions.
- •5. Retell the text. Text 17 Metals
- •Vocabulary.
- •Exercises
- •Text 18 Semiconductors. Superconductors
- •Text 19 Electrolytes
- •1.Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •3.Put questions to the following sentences.
- •4.Retell the text. Text 20 Gases and plasmas
- •Vocabulary.
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •3. Put questions to the following sentences.
- •4.Retell the text. Text 21: Vacuum.
- •Vocabulary
- •1.Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •3.Put questions to the following sentences.
- •4.Give the definitions.
- •5.Retell the text.
- •Grammar reference
- •Participle II.
- •Причастие II
- •The Present Perfect tense Настоящее время группы Perfect
- •3.Употребление
- •The Past Perfect tense. Прошедшее совершенное время
- •Формы глагола в Past Perfect
- •Future Perfect tense. Будущее совершенное время
- •Формы глагола в Future Perfect tense
- •Complex Object. Конструкция ”сложное дополнение”
- •The Passive Voice Страдательный залог
- •Косвенный пассив
- •Предложный пассив
- •Infinitive of the Passive Voice Инфинитив страдательного залога
- •Sequence of Tenses (Согласование времен)
- •Reported speech. Косвенная речь.
- •Reported Questions Вопросы в косвенной речи
- •Subjunctive mood. Сослагательное наклонение
- •Образование форм сослагательного наклонения.
- •Употребление сослагательного наклонения.
- •Conditional sentences. Условные предложения
- •Interrogative sentences. Вопросительные предложения
- •Специальный вопрос.
- •Альтернативный вопрос.
- •Разделительный вопрос.
- •Linking words. (1) Слова – связки (1)
- •E.G.: I wake up at 7.00 and I switch on the radio.
- •Linking words (2) Слова – связки (2)
- •The Infinitive.
- •I heard him sing – я слышал, как он поет.
- •Инфинитивные формы времени и залога.
- •Употребление инфинитива.
- •Инфинитив как член предложения.
- •The Gerund. Герундий. Герундиальные формы времени и залога.
- •Употребление герундия.
- •Герундий как член предложения.
- •Irregular verbs
- •Bibliograhpy
The Past Perfect tense. Прошедшее совершенное время
Past Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в прошедшем времени (had) и третьей основной формы смыслового глагола. В вопросительном предложении вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим. В отрицательном предложении после вспомогательного глагола ставится отрицание not.
e.g.: He had asked. Он спросил
Had he asked? Спросил ли он?
He had not asked. Он не спросил
Формы глагола в Past Perfect
Число |
Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
Ед. и мн. число |
I (you, he, she, it, we, they) had asked |
Had I (you, he, she, it, we, they) asked? |
I (you, he, she, it, we, they)had not asked |
Past Perfect употребляется:
а)для выражения действия, завершившегося до какого-либо момента или другого действия в прошлом:
e.g.: He had read the book by 5 o’clock yesterday (by the time I came; when I came)
Форма ‘had read’ (прочел) обозначает действие, завершенное в прошлом до определенного момента или до другого действия:
‘by 5 o’clock’, ‘by the time I came’, ‘when I came’.
e.g.: By eleven Cathy had finished all the work.
When Montanelly awoke the next morning, Arthur had disappeared.
б) в предложениях, в которых одно действие завершилось до другого действия, длящегося в прошлом:
e.g.: He had read the book and was watching TV when I came.
Когда я пришел, он уже прочитал книгу и смотрел телевизор.
К этому времени (т.е. к моему приходу) действие, выраженное глаголом в past perfect ‘had read’ (прочитал), уже закончилось. А другое – ‘was watching’ (смотрел) – продолжалось, т.е. действие ‘had read’ завершилось до другого длящегося в прошлом действия ’was watching’. Когда он смотрел телевизор, он уже книгу не читал.
e.g.: Johann noticed Anna had stopped abruptly at the doorway to the hall and was looking back at him with wide eyes.
Йоганн заметил, что Анна вдруг остановилась у двери в прихожую и смотрела на него, широко раскрыв глаза.
Если в предложении представлена цепь последовательных действий, употребляется Past Indefinite.
e.g.: He closed the window and sat down in the armchair.
When (after) he closed the window he sat down in the armchair.
Но: He had closed the window and was sitting in the armchair when I entered the room.
Future Perfect tense. Будущее совершенное время
Future Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в будущем времени (shall / will have) и третьей основной формы смыслового глагола. В вопросительном предложении вспомогательный глагол shall или will ставится перед подлежащим. В отрицательном предложении после вспомогательного глагола shall или will ставится отрицание not
e.g.: He will have asked Он спросит
Will he have asked? Спросит ли он?
