Indirect object

The indirect object precedes the direct object. A sentence may have a direct object and an indirect object. An indirect ob­ject indicates to whom or for whom or to which or for which the action of the verb is being performed.

We wrote them a letter, or We wrote a letter to them.

COMPLIMENT

Compliments name or describe the subject. They also ap­pear in the predicate. Compliments that follow linking verbs are

predicate nouns or predicate adjectives; these are often called subject compliments. The compliments complete the meaning intended by the verbs.

He is a personnel manager.

Sam and Mary took a shortcut across the empty field.

MODIFIERS

Modifiers describe or limit other parts of speech.

Everyone agreed the new project would be an exciting

challenge.

Your advice is very helpful.

Practice

7. Identify each of the sentences below according to their structure.

1) Close the window.

2) The house is on fire!

3) Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota.

4) Have you read any books by Jack London?

5) What a funny cartoon it is!

6) Please stand by!

7) I'm going on an excursion on Saturday.

8) Do you like travelling by train?

9) She met him at the party.

10) Let's go for a walk.

2. Arrange these groups of words in the right order. Add (.),(?) or ( ! ). Describe each sentence as a state­ment, question, command or exclamation.

1) the coffee/don't spill

2) today's papers / have you seen

3) to meet you / how nice

4) my umbrella / where did you put

5) arrived / the train / fifteen minutes late

6) on time/the plane / won't arrive

7) for me / please / open the door

8) the bill / can't pay /1 / he cried

3. Read the story and arrange the words in each sentence in the right order. Add capital letters and (,),(.),(!), or (?) in the right places. Retell the story.

A quiet sort of place!

My car / I parked / in the centre of the village - / parked my car in the centre of the village.

1. near a bus stop / an old man /1 saw

2. "beautiful village / what a " /1 exclaimed

3. "live here / how many people"

4. "seventeen people / there are" / the old man said

5. "here / have you lived / how long"

6. "all my life /1 have lived here"

7. "isn't it / it's a quiet sort of place"

8. "here / a quiet life / we live

9. a cinema / we don't have / or a theatre

10. our school / five years ago / was closed

11. only one shop / we have

12. calls / a bus / once a day

13. here / in 55 B.C. / came / the Romans

14. since then / has happened / nothing"

4. ("Yes/no" - questions): ask your partner questions about his / her food habits and then speak about them.

1. Are you a good eater? Do you have a substantial break­fast in the morning? Do you normally drink coffee for breakfast?

2. Have you ever been to the Chinese restaurant? Is it very expensive to dine there?

3. Are you a vegetarian? Do you ever eat meat?

4. Do you care for fish? Are you good at cooking fish yourself?

5. Have you ever eaten asparagus? Does it taste good?

6. Are you a good cook? What is your specialty? Is it fish dish?

7. Are you on a slimming diet now?

5. ("Wh" - questions): match the questions and answers.

1. What's the longest word in the dictionary?

2. Where does Thursday come before Friday?

3. Which is easier to spell, seventeen or eighteen?

4. What begins with "t", ends with "t", and has "t" in it?

5. Why is an island like the letter "t"?

6. How should you dress on a cold day?

7. Why is the letter "e" lazy?

8. Why is there plenty of food in the desert?

a) Because of all the sandwiches (sand which is) there.

b) In a dictionary.

c) A teapot.

d) Because it's always in bed.

e) Smiles - because it's a mile from beginning to end.

f) Seventeen because it's spelt with more ease, (more "e" s)

g) Because it's in the middle of water, h) As quickly as possible.

6. Choose the most suitable words in each sentence.

a) Let's go to London next weekend, shall we / won't we?

b) You shouldn't have told me, did you / should you?

c) Jim hasn't been waiting long, was he / has he?

d) You won't tell anyone about this, do you / will you?

e) You are not doing what I told you, do you / are you?

f) Answer the phone for me, will you / do you?

g) George can't have noticed, can he / has he?

h) You've got to leave now, don't you / haven't you?

i) Pam and Tim got married last year, didn't they / ha­ven't they?

j) I don't think John's very friendly, does he / is he?

7. Supply the missing tag questions in the dialogue. The first sentences are done for you. Act the dialogue out.

(Speakers: Peter and Sue.)

- Come on, Sue! The taxi's waiting! We're going to miss the train!

- All right! I'm coming! But the taxi's early, isn't it? You ordered it for 10 o'clock, didn't you?

- Well, it doesn't matter, does it? You know I can't stand

being late for trains,......? You've got everything now,......?

Or shall I have another quick look?

- Oh! You haven't said goodbye to the neighbours,......?

-Hell! No!

- And you won't forget to give Mrs Williams the key,......?

- Mrs Williams said she'd water the plants,......?

(In the taxi on the way to the station.)

- Oh! What about the newspapers? You did cancel them, ... ...?

- And the milkman already knows we're going away,......?

- Well, I told him last week. He should remember,......?

- Er ... I wonder if I turned the radio off .... But I must have done,......?

- And I can't have left the coffee-maker on,......?

- Oh, dear! And there is enough food for Mrs Williams to feed the cat,......?

- Well, if there isn't, Mrs Williams can buy some.......?

- Damn! I didn't leave the train tickets in my other jacket, ... ...? Sue! Tell the driver to turn round! It ... er ... would probably be better to drive back home and get the next train,......?

8. Analyse the ways of expressing the subject in the following

sentences.

1. Many great men in England have been buried in West­minster Abbey. 2. Everyone is ready to help him. 3. Our cos­monauts have spent hundreds of hours in outer space. 4. One needn't go to a post-office to send a letter. 5. To send letters

from one community to another was necessary even in ancient times. 6. There is a railway road connecting these two towns. 1. It is autumn. 8. He was late for the train. 9. It has been raining for two days. 10. He began to prepare for exams. 11. She stopped crying and looked at me hopefully. 12. He is considered to be a clever man. 13. His work is interesting and important. 14. Jack has to take a taxi.

9. Choose the form in parentheses that agrees with the subject.

1. Neither the children nor their father (know, knows) the time of Tom's arrival.

2. Neither Mike nor his friends (support, supports) this baseball team.

3. Everyone (was, were) excited.

4. A number of graduates (have, has) received scholar­ships from this department.

5. The winner of the award (is, are) to be chosen.

6. Those scissors (was, were) mine.

7. The police (is, are) on the alert for the escaped convict.

8. Most of our furniture (is, are) in storage.

9. All of the money (was, were) stolen.

10. Tom and his cousins (belong, belongs) to the club.

11. A pile of newspapers (was, were) stored in there.

12. My handwriting and spelling (has, have) improved.

Sentence length

Sentence length varies; it depends on the type of sentence. The types of sentences include the simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence, and compound - complex sentence.

SIMPLE SENTENCE

A simple sentence is a complete thought with a subject and a predicate.

She is typing now.

COMPOUND SENTENCE

A compound sentence involves two or more independent clauses linked by coordinate conjunction such as and, but/yet, or, so, for.

I'm an old man and I'm sick.

My son has a car but he doesn't take me for a drive. He knew there were excuses for his father, yet he felt sick at heart.

COMPLEX SENTENCE

A complex sentence involves an independent clause or clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Subordinate conjunctions link them.

When Mr Brown returns from the meeting, I will give him your message.

I have come here because I want you to help me. I don't like the man who does the gardening here.

Main clause +		Subject clause
		Predicative clause
		Object clause
		Attributive clause
		Adverbial clause
Kind of clause	Usual conjunctions		Example
Subject clause	Who, which, what, where, when, how, why, etc.		What is done cannot be undone.
Predicate clause	That, if, whether, as if		The truth was that he didn 't love her.
Object clause	who, which, what		I don 't know what happened yesterday.
Attributive clause	Who, whose, which as, where, when		He is the customer whose address I lost.

There are different types of adverbial clauses. They are as follows:

Kind of an adverbial clause	Usual conjunctions	Examples
Time clauses	when, before, after, since, while, as soon as, once	When he had gone, she sighed. I'll call you as soon as you come home.
Conditional clauses	if, unless	What will I do if he doesn 't come? I'll go to the country unless it rains.
Purpose clauses	in order to, so that	The police locked the door so (that) no one could get in.
Reason clauses	because, since, as	Since it was Sunday, he stayed in bed.
Result clauses	so that	She got such a shock that she fainted.
Concessive clauses	although, though, while	Though he is French, he speaks English well.
Place clauses	where, wherever	He said he was happy where he was.

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

A compound-complex sentence contains a dependent clause linked to two or more independent clauses.

Please let me know if my flight arrangements have been confirmed; if they have, contact the hotel to make a reservation.

Practice

1. Read the story and choose the correct conjunction in brackets. (Not so) Merry - Go Round!

The customers at the funfair were leaving (and / but) the lights were going out. The last two people on dodgem cars paid (and / so) left. The big wheel stopped (for / and) the merry-go-

round stopped (as well / not only). The stalls closed down (so / and) the stall - owners went home. At 2 a. m. four night watch­men walked round the funfair, (but / so) there was no one to be seen. "I'm fed up walking round, one of them said, (yet / and) and what can we do? We can (or / either) play cards (either / or) sit and talk". They were bored, (so / for) there was nothing to do. "We can have a ride on the merry-go-round!" one of them cried. "That'll be fun!" Three of them jumped on merry-go-round horses (yet / and) the forth started the motor. Then he jumped on too (and / but) round they went. They were having the time of their lives, (but / so) suddenly realized there was no one to stop the machine. They were not rescued till morning (and / but) by then they felt very sick indeed!

2. Find and identify the subordinate clauses in these sentences.

1. A bee performs a special dance, when it has found food, to inform the others about it.

2. Most people will be happy if the law to reduce taxes is passed.

3. The house where Shakespeare lived has been visited by many people.

4. Many people came to California in the 1860s believ­ing that they would find gold.

5. All the offices are closed because it's Sunday.

6. Mother's Day, which is celebrated in May, has been observed since 1914.

7. Benjamin Franklin, who was a famous statesman, was also a scientist and an author.

8. Although we call them shooting stars, meteorites are bits of matter from other planets entering the earth's atmosphere.

3. Fill in the blanks with one of the words from (A), (B), (C) or (D).

1. It looked dark and heavy ... it was going to rain.

(A) although

(B) unless

(C) as if

(D) whereas

2. I get your car, I will leave.

(A) as soon as

(B) as though

(C) by the time

(D) now that

3. ... he had read the instructions several times, he knew what to do.

(A) whereas

(B) after

(C) until

(D) while

4. ... he cannot afford a car, he rides a bicycle.

(A) unless

(B) whereas

(C) though

(D) because

5. ... the cities do not provide better and cheaper mass transportation, the traffic problem will get worse.

(A) so that

(B) even though

(C) if

(D) before

6. ... you go to Canada, you should visit Toronto.

(A) when

(B) as

(C) since

(D) unless

7. ... riding a bicycle is good leg exercise, it does not use a lot of calories.

(A) as

(B) although

(C) because

(D) so that

8. She turned off the cassette player ... she could study.

(A) now that

(B) even if

(C) so that

(D) in case

4. Use a subordinating conjunction to combine the following sentences.

1. The boy walked quickly. He was late.

2. I know a woman. She writes detective stories.

3. The horses were frightened. The wind howled.

4. The photographer went to Loch Ness. She wanted to photograph the monster.

5. The storm continued four days. The snow was deep.

6. Two persons told the reporter. They saw UFO's.

7. I'll tell you a ghost story. You promise not to laugh.

8. We were driving down Central Avenue. We heard a siren.

5. Rewrite the paragraph below by making compound and complex sentence where possible.

We went to the balloon races. They were held in France. Each huge, crumpled balloon was filled with hot air. It grew large and light. Two people climbed into the basket. A basket was attached to each balloon. Sand was in the basket. The sand was thrown out by handfuls. The crowd cheered with delight. The balloons rose in the air. The people in the balloon waved to the people. The balloons rose higher and higher. The young man and woman in the blue-and-green balloon were from the United States. They were entering the race. It was their first time. We wished them luck.

The Noun

The noun is a word expressing substance in the widest sense of the word.

Nouns fall under two classes:

1. Proper nouns: Mary, London, Nelson, France, Mr Manson, Mrs Bush.

2. Common nouns: dog, woman, man, wind, table, snow, beauty, etc.

There are three groups of common nouns: Class nouns: a shop - shops, a forest - forests, a house -

houses, a boy - boys. Collective nouns: money, police, crowd, linen, furniture, team,

staff, etc.

Nouns of material and abstract nouns: gold, water, courage, fear, etc.

Nouns can be countable and uncountable. Countable nouns (that can be counted) have two numbers: the singular and the plural:

a girl - girls, a river - rivers, a son - sons, etc. Before countable nouns we can say a I an / the I some I any I many I a lot of I few I a few I this I these I my I his, etc.

He decided to take his way to Paris for their anniversary. He got on a train and found a seat and stared out of the window.

Uncountable nouns (that we cannot count) are always singular and are not used with a I an (music, blood). Before uncountable

nouns we can say: some I any / no I much I a lot of I little / a little/this /his, etc. Also: a bit ofla slice of/apiece of, etc. a bit of news a piece of advice a bar of chocolate a cake of soap a sheet of paper a slice of bread

I don't want (any) advice or help. Music enriches our life.

Many nouns can be used as countable or uncountable nouns. Usually there is a difference in meaning:

She had beautiful hair. There is a hair in my soup.

I bought some paper. I bought a paper.

We drink wine. but: We enjoy a good wine.

The Singular and the Plural

The general rule for forming the plural is by adding the end­ing -s (-es) to the singular:

a flower - flowers [z], a hat - hats [s], a bridge - bridges [iz] If the noun ends in -s, -ss, -x, -sh, -ch, -tch, the plural is formed by adding -es to the singular.

bus - buses box - boxes bench - benches

glass - glasses brush - brushes match - matches

If the noun ends in -o preceded by a consonant, the plural is generally formed by adding -es.

hero - heroes piano - pianos

potato - potatoes but: photo - photos

volcano - volcanoes stereo - stereos

tomato - tomatoes kilo - kilos

echo - echoes radio - radios

If the noun ends in -y preceded by a consonant, -y is changed into i before -es.

army - armies but: day - days In proper names:

lady - ladies boy - boys Mary - Marys

The nouns ending in -f (in some cases followed by a mute e) change it into -ves.

thief-thieves wife-wives roof-roofs serf-serfs

leaf-leaves shelf-shelves belief - beliefs safe-safes

knife - knives wolf-wolves but: chief-chiefs handkerchief -life-lives half-halves proof-proofs handkerchiefs

NOTE: The nouns scarf, hoof, wharf take either -s or -ves in the plural.

Some words borrowed from Latin or Greek keep their original plural forms:

datum - data phenomenon - phenomena

basis - bases formula - formulae / formulas

crisis - crises memorandum - memoranda / memoran-

thesis - theses dums criterion - criteria

There are seven nouns which form the plural by changing the root vowel and two nouns in the plural end in -en. man - men goose - geese ox - oxen

woman - women mouse - mice child - children

foot - feet louse - lice

tooth - teeth

In some nouns the plural form does not differ from the sin­gular.

deer - deer fruit - fruit (fruits = kinds of fruit)

sheep - sheep fish - fish (fishes = kinds of fish)

swine - swine salmon - salmon

aircraft - aircraft cod - cod

Other nouns add -s: crabs, herrings, sardines, sharks, lob­sters, eels.

We can say: one fish, two fish; one deer, two deer; Also: All the fishes in the sea (-the different varieties offish) This is a fine cheese. (- a fine variety or type) These cheeses are produced in Italy. (= these types)

Some uncountable nouns are used only in the singular:

linen money progress food chaos

furniture business traffic sugar machinery

knowledge information hair beef behaviour

advice trouble scenery music failure

luggage accommodation wood bread fear

permission luck weather spaghetti

death equipment sand macaroni

The following nouns ending in -s are usually treated as singular:

the word: news the subjects: economics, mathematics / maths, physics, statistics

the games: billiards, dominoes, darts, bowls the activities: gymnastics, athletics the words: politics, tactics, optics the illness: measles, mumps, rickets, shingles

Mathematics is an exact science. The news is interesting.

Words for drinks are usually uncountable. This means we use no article or we use some/any. Is there any coffee ? Will you have some tea ?

However, when we are ordering or offering drinks we nor­mally treat them as countable nouns.

I'd like a coffee, please. or I'd like a cup of coffee.

Two teas, please. Two teas and a glass of

milk, please.

Some nouns are uncountable when they refer to material and substances, but they are countable when they refer to single items or to an object made from that material.

Would you like some chicken ? We ate a whole chicken!

Glass is made from sand and lime. I've broken a glass.

The following collective nouns are usually singular: family crowd congress majority'

team jury government minority

group public committee audience

staff army media company

But in some cases these nouns are plural if the sentence in­dicates that the individual members are acting separately (when we think of them as members of a group ("they"), not as a sin­gle unit ("it").

The government wants (want is also possible) to reduce taxes. Majority believes that we are in no danger. The majority of the students have passed the exams well.

Some nouns are used only in the plural:

sights contents spectacles congratulations

goods customs opera-glasses surroundings

sweets savings binoculars clothes

arms outskirts lodgings trousers

holidays slums poultry jeans

riches wages gentry shorts

people stairs cattle tights

police scissors jury

These clothes are expensive.

Where are the scissors? - They are on the table.

NOTE: We cannot use a/an or a number with a pair noun (a

thing made of two parts). We use some or a pair of... .

I need some jeans, or: / need a pair of jeans.

She bought a pair of jeans and two pairs of tights.

In the expression a pair of + a pair noun the verb is singu­lar if it is in the same clause; and plural if it is in a relative clause.

This pair of trousers is expensive. I'll buy a pair of trousers which are cheaper.

If the word majority is used alone it is usually singular, if it is followed by a plural noun, it is plural.

As singular and plural may be used the nouns: means a means of transport - various means of transport

series a television series - many television series

species a species of birds - different species of birds

works/factory The steel works has/have closed down

Sometimes we use a plural noun with a singular verb. We often do it when we talk about a sum of money, a period of time, a distance, etc.

Five thousand pounds (=it) was stolen in the robbery. Three years (=it) is a long time to be without work.

Compound nouns form their plural in different ways. As a rule a compound noun forms the plural by adding -s to the head­word. If there is no noun-stem in the compound, -s is added to the last element.

brother-in-law - brothers-in-law

forget-me-not - forget-me-nots

merry-go-round - merry-go-rounds

But: man (woman)-driver - men (women)-drivers

Case

Nouns denoting living beings: people and animals (and some nouns denoting lifeless things), have two cases: an unin-flected form called the common case (pen, student, etc.) and the possessive case ... 's (apostrophe 's).

the singular: the plural:

Man's dream the children's toys

the girl's name the girls' names

the butcher's (shop) the eagles' nests

Dickens's novels or Dickens'novels

After a singular noun we use 's. After a plural noun we use only an apostrophe (').

The possessive case expresses possession and answers the question whose? The syntactic function of the nouns used in the possessive case is that of an attribute.

Besides nouns denoting living beings we can use 's when a first noun is:

1) an organization (=a group of people), ships and boats; names of people to mean's house:

the government's decision the ship's captain

the company's success We met at Bill's

2) the place: town, city, country, river, ocean, world, names of the countries:

the city's new center the world's population

Britain's government Russia's exports

3) time and distance:

an hour's rest month's holiday

two hours' drive night's sleep

five minutes' walk in two years' time

4) time words:

tomorrow's meeting yesterday's talks

today's newspaper Sunday's dinner

We can say: ten minutes' break or a ten-minute break.

Also with the nouns: the sun, the moon, the earth, the ship; and 's can be used after more than one noun. The possessive sign is put to the latter.

Jack and Jill's wedding. William and Mary's reign.

Proper names are generally used in the possessive case: Jane's hobby is drawing. This is Tim's car.

NOTE: You can use 's without the following noun:

a / the baker's / butcher's / chemist's, etc. It means a / the

baker's shop, etc.

Tom's report is much more interesting than Ann's. It can also be used after the initials and the names of the owners of some businesses:

the PM's secretary, the MP's briefcase. Self ridge's, Claridge's, Sotheby's (some names drop the apostrophe: Harrods, Foyles).

In compounds and names consisting of several words the last word takes apostrophe 's:

My sister-in-law's guitar. My father-in-law's son. Henry the Eight's wives. The Prince of Wale's plane.

NOTE: When the possessive case is used, the article before the person or thing "possessed" disappears: the question of the teacher - the teacher's question. of + noun is used for:

1) things, ideas, etc.:

the roof of the house, the title of the book, the owner of the cafe.

We can say: the daughter of the politician or the politi­cian's daughter, the plays of Shakespeare or Shake­speare's plays.

We normally use of with the beginning I end I top I bot­tom I front I back, etc.

the back of the car, the beginning of the year, in the mid­dle of the room

2) We can use o/or 's after an organization:

the decision of the government or the government's decision

3) 0/is used:

a) when the possessor noun is followed by a phrase or clause / took the advice of the policeman I met at the station.

b) with the words denoting quantity: part, piece, slice, bit, etc.

a piece of cake, a slice of bread, a pound of butter, a bit of news

NOTES:

a) However, we often prefer to use a compound noun instead of of- phrase: the river bank, the car keys, the town parks, etc.

b) British nouns render the meaning of Russian cases by means of the prepositions of, to, for, by, with, about with the nouns in the common case and the word order in the sentence:

What caused the explosion at the station ? What was the cause of the explosion ?

Give these papers to the secretary, please. Mrs Green often makes cakes for her children. The program was watched by millions of people. The door was opened with a key. We talked about the entrance examinations.

Gender

In Modern English there is no grammatical category of gender.

But according to their lexical meaning all nouns denoting living beings are of either the male or female sex: man -woman, poet-poetess, etc.

The nouns that denote male beings are considered of the masculine gender.

The nouns that denote female beings are of the feminine gender.

Names of lifeless things and abstract notions are of the neu­ter gender: a book, a pen, a room, kindness, friendship.

A ship is always spoken as she.

Collective nouns are also considered to be of neuter gender.

There are three ways of forming the feminine of nouns:

1) by using an entirely different words, as father - mother, sister — brother, bull — cow, king — queen, etc.

2) by adding the syllable (-ess, -ine, -a, etc.): actor - ac­tress, hero—heroine, heir— heiress, signor — signora, tzar — tza-rina, etc.

3) by placing a word before or after, as: man-servant -maid-servant; land lord - land lady.

Functions:

The main syntactical functions of the noun in the sentence are those of the subject and the object; they may be also used in the functions of a predicative, an attribute and an adverbial modifier.

Grammar is the art of putting the right words in the right places. King George VI was the ruler of Great Britain before Queen Elizabeth II.

According to the morphological composition we distinguish simple (room, house), derivative (which have prefixes or suf­fixes: misunderstanding, inexperience) and compound(built from one or more stems or words: noun + noun: sunglasses, time-table, bus stop) nouns.

adjective + noun: fast food, first aid, youth hostel verb + preposition: checkout, breakup three words: ready-made meal, air traffic control gerund + noun: swimming pool, driving license noun + gerund: coal-mining, weight-lifting

NOTE: There are no exact rules about weather we join the words or not (if you are not sure, it is usually safe to write two separate words).

Noun-forming suffixes and prefixes:

a) - er, or teacher, actor - ism heroism

- ist scientist, artist - ant assistant

- ess actress, hostess - ence conference

- ment movement - ty cruelty

- ance importance, distance - ing building

- (t)ion translation - dom freedom

- ity majority, complexity - ion discussion

- y difficulty, energy - sion revision

- ian musician, politician - ness happiness

- hood childhood - ure pressure

- ship friendship, leadership - ness backwardness

- age marriage, passage

b) re - reconstruction in - information

co - coexistence im - impossibility

dis - disarmament un - unemployment

mis - misunderstanding il - illiteracy

Practice

/. Analyze the nouns in the following dialogue.

The Jones's House

Mr Brown: Excuse me. Do you know where the Jones's house is?

Passerby: Yes, it's over that mountain along the railway. It's a red brick house surrounded with a stone wall.

Mr Brown: Oh. Is it outside the town?

Passerby: Yes. It's south of the town. You go past the town park, turn to the right and take any bus in that direction. The Jones's house has large windows and there are beauti­ful flower-beds with yellow roses growing around. It's a real pleasure to be the owner of such a house!

2. Form abstract nouns from the following:

a) adjectives: b) verbs: c) common nouns:

young wise live protect child man

true high know discover author friend

free poor hate move hero patriot

good just punish die agent coward

wide strong think advise owner mother

3. State the number of the following nouns and write down the corresponding singular or plural, if any.

money clothes man means thesis ship

news goods woman species datum berry

hair police child series family valley

advice riches foot deer life editor in chief

knowledge trousers mouse sheep roof phenomenon

4. Join two nouns using apostrophe (') or of-phrase.

1) the newspaper/today, 2) the birthday/my father, 3) the manager/the company, 4) the economic policy/the government, 5) the garden/Mr Brown, 6) the new headmaster/the school, 7) the dean/the Law faculty, 8) the camera/the boy, 9) the top/the page, 10) the name/the street, 11) the house/my uncle and aunt, 12) the toys/the children, 13) the author/the book, 14) the children/Ann.

5. Use the possessive case if possible.

\) the crown of the queen 8) the success of the firm

2) the house of Mr and Mrs Green 9) the clothes of the children

3) the wedding of Jack and Jane 10) the hats of men

4) the favourite of the boss 11) the owner of the cafe

5) the title of the book 12) the distance in a mile

6) the beginning of the performance 13) the health of my mother

7) the decision of the President 14) the present of my parents

6. Write a new sentence using 's with underlined words.

1) The meeting tomorrow has been cancelled.

2) The storm last week caused a lot of damage in our town.

3) The only cinema in the town has been closed down.

4) Exports from Britain to the USA have fallen recently.

5) Tourism is the main industry in the region.

6) There will be a big crowd at the football match this evening.

7) The son of my elder brother Peter is a doctor.

8) I usually buy bread at the bakery not far from my house.

9) I'm looking forward to spending my holiday in the house of my aunt near the sea.

10) Russia has the largest deposits of oil in the world.

11) The crew of the ship stood on the deck.

12) There are a lot of interesting books in the libraries of the city.

7. Give the feminine gender of the following nouns:

king poet host grand-father

uncle actor landlord milk-man

sir hero cook-sparrow salesman

cook Czar man-servant gentlemen

son Sultan Prince boyfriend

husband steward lion tiger

8. Put the information before the noun: number + noun + noun. Model: a sixteen-year-old girl, a ten-hour-flight

1) a note that is worth 10 pounds

2) a language course that lasts four weeks

3) a drive that takes three hours

4) a meal that consists of three courses

5) a holiday that lasts two weeks

6) a house that was built two hundred years ago

7) a delay in the airport that went on for two hours

8) a letter that goes on for ten pages

9) a university course that takes three years

10) a prison sentence of ten years

11) a hotel with five stars

12) a speed limit of 40 miles an hour

9. Write a new sentence according to the model.

Model: a) Our holiday lasted three weeks. It was a three-week holiday.

b) The girls were 15 years old. They were 15 year-old girls.

1) The woman was 27. She was a ....

2) The flight lasted three hours. It was a ....

3) The strike lasted four days. It was a ....

4) The book has 200 pages. It is a ....

5) The boys were 10 years old. They were ....

6) The television series has 10 parts. It is ....

7) The bottle holds 2 liters. It is ....

8) Each of the tickets cost 10 pounds. They were ....

9) The building has 10 floors. It is ....

10) This bag of potatoes weights 5 kilos. It is ....

11) We walked for 5 miles. It was ....

10. Which part of these sentences is right?

Model: She was very helpful. She gave me some good ad­vice/advises, ("advice" is right.)

1) Margaret has got very long black hair/hairs.

2) We had a very good weather/very good weather when we were on holiday.

3) Sorry I'm late. I had trouble/troubles with the car this morning.

4) I want something to read. I'm going to buy a/some paper.

5) I want to write some letters. I need a/some paper.

6) It's very difficult to find work/job at the moment. Most people prefer a job/work which is near home.

7) Bad news don't/doesn't make people happy.

8) Our travel/journey from London to Istanbul by train was very interesting.

9) The flat is empty. We haven't got any furniture/furnitures yet.

10) When the fire alarm rang there was a complete chaos/ complete chaos.

11)1 had to buy a/some bread because I wanted to make some

sandwiches.

12) They will give you plenty of information/informations here.

11. Complete each sentence with a noun formed from a word given in the list, ending as shown.

art astonish great free explain employ agree

short ' politics music teach neighbour play paint shy science invite equal partner smoke save

1. I don't want to be a slave. I demand my ... dom.

2. My friend plays the guitar, but he isn't a very good ... ian.

3. This school has closed because there is a ... age of... ers.

4. A small country can still achieve ... ness.

5. Imagine my ... ment when the dog started to speak.

6. Perhaps I should give you an ... tion for my choice.

7. My parents have just moved into a new ... hood.

8. My new ... er is paying me a much higher salary.

9. He is a terrible card ... er. He is really hopeless.

10. Mr Manson works in ... ship with two other architects.

11. Most people say that they believe in the ... ity of men and women.

12. Doctors have proved that... ing is harmful.

13. Mr Smith regrets that he is unable to accept your ... tion.

14. ... ists are hopeful that a cure for this disease will be found.

15. Most countries have signed an international ... ment banning whaling.

16. ... ings by this ... ist have been sold for million of pounds.

17. Mr Smith never wanted to be ... dan. First of all, he suffered from terrible ... ness and blushed violently when he had to make a speech.

18. We^are going to spend all our ... ings on a new car.

12. Choose the correct form, singular or plural.

1) The trousers you bought doesn't/don't fit you. They are/It is too short for you.

2) Physics was/were my best subject at school. - Really? But I think mathematics is/are much easier than physics.

3) Fortunately the news wasn't/weren't as bad as we had expected.

4) The police want/wants to interview me about the robbery.

5) Three days isn't/aren't long enough for a good holiday.

6) Where does/do your family live? - All my family live/lives with me.

7) England has/have lost all the football matches this season.

8) Does/do the police know about the stolen money?

9) Can I borrow your scissors? Mine isn't/aren't sharp enough.

10) I'm going to take a taxi. Six miles is/are too far for me to walk.

11) The danger of the forests fires is/are very serious for the environment.

12) The fear of the murder and robbery has/have caused many people to leave big cities.

13) The effects of that crime was/were very devastating for the city.

14) Fifty dollars is/are too much to pay for these trousers.

15) Mr Smith accompanied by his wife and daughter is/are arriving tonight.

16) The doctor and his assistant have/has already finished their work today.

17) The majority of the people believe/believes him to be innocent.

18) Neither Bill nor Mary is/are going to the party tonight.

19) Neither Jane nor her parents was/were at home.

20) The mass media, TV and the press have/has enormous power in any society.

21) The police have /has weighed all the evidence and have/ has found the accused guilty.

22) When is/are the daily news on? - They are/It is on every hour on channel A.

23) Your advice was/were very useful. I usually use your advice/advices when I'm in trouble/troubles.

24) This book contains much/many useful informa­tion/informations.

25) Money isn't/aren't everything in my life but it is diffi­cult to live without it/them.

26) Fish/fishes travel long distances and different fish live/lives at different levels of water.

27) Coffee/a coffee or tea/a tea, please? - Two tea/teas and a coffee/coffee, please.

28) People/peoples eat more fruit/fruits now than they used to.

29) The fruits/fruit of nature belong to all mankind.

30) Too much/many knowledge/knowledges makes the head bold.

13. Choose the correct form.

Dear Polly,

Thank/thanks for your letter. Your news was/were interest­ing. We must talk soon. What about us? Well, we are living on the outskirt/outskirts of town, not far from the company head­quarter/headquarters where Bill works. We've spent nearly all our saving/savings on the house. That wouldn't matter so much if I hadn't crashed the car last week and done some dam­age/damages to the front of it. More bills! But at least I wasn't hurt. The house is nice actually, but the surroundings isn't/aren't very pleasant. We are on a very busy cross­road/crossroads.

I'm doing the course I told you about. Statistics is/are an easy subject, but economics give/gives me problems.

I am looking forward to seeing you soon.

With love. Rita

14. Use the nouns in the singular or plural. Retell the text.

Crime

(Thief) have been around for (century), probably for as long as (human), but armed (robbery) is a more recent (phenome-

non). Unfortunately (woman) always have been (victim) of rape and domestic violence. (Forgery) has been around ever since printing has been used to make (money) or produce (document). Rich people or their (child) are sometimes kidnapped and are not set free until a ransom has been paid.

The twentieth (century) saw the appearance of many orga­nized (crime) such as hijacking and drug-smuggling or drug-trafficking. Statistics show an alarming rise in the rate of violent (crime) and (crime) to do with the illegal sale of arms across the world. Perhaps the most recent crime of all is hacking (com­puter) to access (information) that helps (competitor) in indus­try. This increase in international (crime) makes one wonder whether it is still true to say "(Crime) doesn't pay!"

Task. Explain the meaning of the following nouns:

Crime - criminal - criminalist; fine, offence, killer - killing;

murder - murderer - murderess; burglar - burglary; thief -

theft; prison - prisoner - imprisonment; suspect - suspicion;

robber - robbery; shoplifter - shoplifting, kidnapper, hacker,

pickpocket, hijacker, blackmail.

75. Read the text. Explain whether the nouns used in it are proper or common, countable or uncountable, plural or singu­lar, in common or possessive case.

London Favourite Stores

Oxford Street is one of the biggest and most popular shop­ping centres in London. One of the largest department stores in Oxford Street is Selfridge's.

Big stores started in America and the idea was brought to Eng­land by Gordon Selfridge about one hundred years ago. Selfridge's is still one of the biggest stores in London as well as Harrods. It has about 235 different departments and it is a very expensive de­partment store, that's why most Londoners have prefer to go to cheaper shops: Marks & Spenser and Woolworth's.

Mark and Spencer is Britain's favorite store. Tourists love it too. It attracts a great variety of customers, from housewives to millionaires.

Last year it made a profit of 529 million pounds, which is more than 10 million pounds a week.

It all started 105 years ago, when a young Polish immigrant Michael Marks, had a stall in Leeds market. He didn't have many things to sell: some cotton, a little wool, lots of buttons and a few shoelaces. Above his stall he put the now famous no­tice: Don't ask how much - it's a penny.

Ten years later he met Tom Spencer. And together they started Penny Stalls in many towns in the north of England. To­day there are 564 branches of M&S all over the world - in USA, Canada, Spain, France, Belgium and Hungary.

Surprisingly, tastes in food and clothes are international. What sells well in Paris sells just as well in Newcastle. Their best-selling clothes are:

For women: jumpers and knickers, dresses and costumes. For men: shirts, socks, pyjamas and suits. For children: under­wear and socks. Best-sellers in food include: fresh chickens, bread, vegetables, sandwiches.

The store bases its business on three principles: good value, good quality and good service. Also, it changes with the times -once it was all jumpers and knickers. Now it is food, furniture and flowers as well. Top fashion designers advice on style of clothes.

But perhaps the most important key to its success is its happy, well-trained staff. Conditions of work are excellent. There are company doctors, dentists, hairdressers and even chi­ropodists to look after the staff and all the staff can have lunch for under 40 p.!

Most big stores have a tea-room, a restaurant and a post-office. You will also find here a room were you can rest if you are tired.

Oxford Street, Regent Street and Bond Street are rightly considered the shopping streets in London. Their nice shops and department stores attract people from all over the country and from foreign countries as well.

Task: Retell the text.

Speak on: The department stores you know: a) in London, b) in Moscow, c) in Minsk.

16. Give Russian equivalents to the following English proverbs. Use them in the situations of your own.

1. One man, no man.

2. A friend in need is a friend indeed.

3. Friends are thieves of time.

4. Life is not a bed of roses.

5. No news is good news.

6. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

7. Too much knowledge makes the head bald.

8. Clothes do not make the man.

9. Caesar's wife must be above suspicion.

10. Time is money.

11. Business is business.

12. Business is first, pleasure afterwards.

13. After death, the doctor.

14. The way to man's heart is through his stomach.

15. Speech is silver, but silence is gold.

16. Misfortunes never come singly.

The Article

The article is a structural part of speech used with nouns.

There are two articles in Modern English: the indefinite a/an article used only with nouns in the singular (a book, an apple) and the definite the article used with nouns both in the singular and in the plural (the sun, the children).

The indefinite article is used:

1) with countable nouns in the singular to show that the noun belongs to a certain class (has the meaning of "какой-то, один из, любой"). In the plural no article is used in this case.		Have you got a car? - Never. Give me a pen and a pencil, please.
2) with a countable noun mentioned for the first time.		I've bought a hat. It's expensive.
3) to talk about someone's job.		She is a doctor. He works as a pilot.
4) with a noun in general sense (has the meaning of every, any).		A drawing man catches at a straw.
5) in the meaning of "one".		Wait a minute!
6) after the construction: There is. . ./was. . ., and after: It is ... . This is ... .		There is a letter on the table. It is a book. This is a hotel.
7) after the words: such, rather. quite. What. . . ! (exclamations)		Ann is such a pretty girl. What a strange person!
8) with a noun modified by the adjective in the positive degree.		I've read an interesting book. Are you a good driver?
9) a/an + ordinal numeral has the meaning "ещё один ".	She gave me a second cup of coffee.
10) also with: a dozen, a hundred, a thousand, a million, a pound, a week, an hour, a mile, — in the meaning "one".	We have English classes twice a week.
11) in some expressions: a lot of, as a result, as a matter of fact, as a rule, it's a pity, it's a pleasure, in a hurry, to go for a walk	to have a good time/rest, to take a shower, to have a smoke, to give a call, for a while, to tell a lie, what a shame, in a week, a knife and fork, to catch (a) cold.

The definite article is used:

1) with a noun when it is clear in the situation which thing or person is meant, or with the noun mentioned before.		Can you turn off the light please? Will you pass me the salt, please? We stopped at a village. The village was very old but nice.
2) also: the police, the army, the fire brigade, the bank, the post-office, the doctor, the dentist.		The police are looking for the thief. John isn 't well. He has gone to the doctor.
3) when the noun is modified by a particularizing attribute (an of phrase or an attributive clause, always used in post position).		He knocked at the door of the nearest house. This is the flat that John bought. The apples I've bought weren 't ripe.
4) when the noun denotes a thing unique (the sun, the earth, the moon, the uni- verse) or a class, an inven- tion, musical instruments.		The earth goes round the sun. A. Bell invented the telephone. Can you play the piano ( the after play) But: They bought a piano.
5) with the nouns modified by the adjective in the superlative degree and the ordinal numbers. But: a most - in the meaning весьма, крайне.		This is the best day in my life. Major Yuri Gagarin was the first man to circle the Earth. It's a most interesting film!
6) with the adjectives: the following, next, last, same, very, only. But: next у ear/time, last week/year.		Answer the following questions. This is the only book on this problem. What is the next stop? But I saw him last week.
7) also: the sky, the sea, the ground, the country, the en vironment, the world, the cinema, the theatre, the radio (but: television), the weather, the government.			There are no stars in the sky tonight. Do you often go to the theatre ? I've heard this news on the radio. I have no time to watch television. But: Can you turn off the televi- sion, please?
8) the + adjective: the rich = rich people in general. These expressions are always plural.			The old, the poor, the sick, the blind, the unemployed, the young.
9) the + nationality words: the French = the French people.			The English, the Irish, the Welsh, the Scots.
10) with the names of the oceans, seas, rivers, canals, mountain chains, island groups, deserts, areas.			The Atlantic Ocean, the Thames, the British Isles, the Ontario (but: Lake Ontario), the Alps, the Sahara;
11) we say the with the names of the countries which include words like republic, union, kingdom, state, with plural names, regions.			The United Kingdom, the United States, the Republic of Belarus, the Philippines, the North, the South(of France), the East, the Westfof Russia). But: from East to West, from North to South.
12) also: the Crimea, the Caucasus, the Netherlands, (the) Ukraine, the Congo, the Sudan, the High Street, the Hague.
13) we say the before the names of the hotels, theatres, museums/galleries, cinemas, restaurants/pubs, newspapers.ships, also before the names with of.			The Hilton (Hotel), the British Museum, cinemas: the Odeon; the Classic; the Times, the Washington Post; ships: the Queen Elizabeth; the Tower of London, the Houses of Parliament;
But : a) many shop restaurants and banks are named after the people who started them. This names end in -s or 's. We do not use the with these names.			shops: Self ridge's, Harrods; hotels: Claridge's;
b) many names are two words. The first name is usually the name of the person or a place. We do not usually say the with these names. But we say: "The White House", "The Royal Palace", because "white" and "royal" are not names.	universities: Oxford University, Cambridge University, London University, but: the University of London London Zoo, Buckingham Palace, Westminster Abbey.
14) with the names denoting the whole family.	The Simons, The Smiths, The Nightingales.
15) with the noun in the singular used in the generic sense. But: a) We use "man" (= human beings in general) without "the". b) We do not use the with parts of the body. We use ту/his/her, etc.	The tragedy and the comedy first appeared in Greece. Man is the greatest creation of nature. He broke his leg. She hurt her arm.
16) with the date (in speech).	On the fifth of May/on May the fifth.
17) with organizations, official titles, documents, the whole species.	The United Nations (but: Parliament, Congress), the President, the Constitution, the dinosaurs.
18) in some expressions: at the same time, in the original, on the whole, the other day (refers to the past), the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, in the morning / afternoon / evening, at the seaside, on the train,	in the rain, at the weekend, in the 1990s, at the end of /in the end, in the singular, in the plural, in the past, in (the) future, by the way, just the same, to tell the truth, to tell the time, out of the question, in the dark, in the sun.

There is no article:

1) before the nouns modified by the pronouns: possessive: my, his, her, its, our, your, their, demonstrative: this, that, those, these; interrogative: what, which, whose and in­definite: some, any, each, every, many, much and no, and also by cardinal numerals.		My friend and I would like to spend our holidays in some quite place. I'd like to read this book. What question have you dis­cussed? Take any book you like. There is no theatre here. Platform 2, size 42, page 50, room 20;
2) before the names of a person, streets, squares, towns, villages; before the names of sciences and subjects; before airports, stations, parks, mountain peaks, bridges, single islands and the names of planets.		Oxford Street is one of the biggest and most popular shopping centers in London. Heathrow Airport, Hyde Park, Tower Bridge. He is fond of mathematics and physics. Elbrus, Madagascar, Venus;
3) before plural countable nouns in general sense.		Children learn a lot from playing. I like pets.
4) after the verbs: elect, appoint, turn, commence.		He was elected President of the country.
5) before the nouns of material and abstract nouns in general sense.		Life is impossible without water and air. What fine weather! But: The weather is fine today.
6) Note: many abstract nouns and nouns of material used with the indefinite article become countable. Usually there is a difference in meaning.		ice-cream - мороженое, an ice cream - порция мороженого; also: a help, a love of/a knowledge of, and a pity / shame / hope /fear of. Paper was invented in China. I bought a paper on the way home.
7) with the nouns denoting titles and ranks followed by the names of persons.		Mr Brown, Mrs Simmons, Dr. Fox, Pr. Kemp.
8) with the nouns expressing relationships: a) followed by names of persons, b) nouns expressing relationship not followed by a proper noun when used by the members of the family.		Aunt Polly is coining tonight. Uncle James lives in London. Tom, hasn 't Father come yet? Where is Mother? Winter is my favorite season.
9) with the names of months, days, seasons. But: when these names are modified by a particularizing attribute, the definite article is used.		The May of 1945 will always stay in the memory of people. The winter of 1941 was very cold.
10) with the names of the countries and continents; with official titles.	Europe, Asia, Great Britain, Belarus, Poland. Queen Elizabeth, President Bush.
11) with the names of meals: breakfast, lunch, dinner, sup- per. But: we say a meal; we also say я when there is an adjective before dinner, supper, and the when the situation makes the idea definite.	What time is lunch ? I have breakfast at 8. I had a meal at home. How did you like the dinner? Thank you, that was a nice dinner.
12) the nouns: school, college, bed, jail, prison, church are used without an article when they express the purpose for which the objects denoted by these nouns serve.	to go to school = to be a schoolboy, to be in prison -to be a prisoner, to go to university = to be a student. But: Where is the University?
13) with names of languages when they are not followed by the noun language are used without article.	Do you speak English ? But: The English language is spoken all over the world.
14) most + noun (without article) - the noun is used in general sense. Most + of+ the - definite objects are meant;	Most children like ice-cream. Most of the streets in London are not wide.
15) in some expressions: forages, at first, at first sight, at home, to go home, at school, at table, by chance, by heart, by name, by mistake, to go to bed, to go by bus (train, plane), to go out of town,	in/on time, to ask permission, to go to town, to fall in love, at/to work, on foot, in cash, in bad/fine weather, to be/go on holiday/on business, at/till night, by day, early morning, late evening, from morning till night, at Christinas, on Christmas Day, at Easter.

NOTES:

1. Articles are omitted in newspaper headings, telegrams, in stage directions.

2. Another means "какой-либо другой", "ещё один". The other means "определённый другой".

3. The last + noun is always used with the article, except in the expressions: last month, last year, last week, last winter, etc.

4. Next means "будущий" when referring to the time: next month, next week, etc.

Next time means "в следующий раз".

The next means "следующий": the next room, the next lesson.

5. A number means "many" - много, ряд. The number means "число, количество".

6. Few - "мало", a few - "несколько", the few - "те не­многие".

7. Little - "мало", a little - "некоторое количество", the little -"то небольшое количество".

8. Two - "два", the two - "оба, те два".

9. No article with the noun which expresses a post (occa­sionally the is used):

Mr Green, director (the director) of the company and Pr. Pet-rov, dean (the dean) of the English department left for London.

Practice

/. Read the following dialogue and analyze the articles used in it.

A Perfect Alibi

"At the time the murder was committed I was travelling on the 8 o'clock train to London", said the man.

"Do you always catch such an early train?" asked the inspector.

"Of course I do", answered the man. "I must be at work at 10 o'clock. My employer will confirm that I was there on time".

"Would a later train get you to work on time?" asked the in­spector.

"I suppose it would, but I never catch a later train".

"At what time did you arrive at the station?"

"At ten to eight. I bought a paper and waited for the train".

"And you didn't notice anything unusual?"

"Of course not".

"I suggest that you are not telling the truth. I think that you didn't catch the 8 o'clock train, but that you caught the 8.25, which would still get you to work on time. You see, on the

morning of the murder, the 8 o'clock train did not run at all. It broke down at Ferngreen station and was taken off the line".

2. Which is correct?

1. Pacific Ocean/The Pacific Ocean.

2. Station hotel/The station hotel.

3. National Gallery/The National Gallery.

4. River Seine/The river Seine.

5. Gobi desert/The Gobi desert.

6. United States of America/The United Sates of America.

7. Oxford Street/The Oxford Street.

8. South of France/The south of France.

9. Apollo Theatre/The Apollo Theatre.

10. Heathrow Airport/The Heathrow Airport.

11. Lake Erie/The Lake Erie.

12. Netherlands/The Netherlands.

13. Trafalgar Square/The Trafalgar Square.

14. North America/The North America.

3. Complete the following exclamations. What a/an ..! (countable singular) What..! (plural and uncountable)

1. ... lovely song! 5. ... horrible place prison is!

2. ... clever student you are! 6. ... interesting job you were offered!

3. ... nice flat you have got! 7. ... pleasure to see you here!

4. ... awful weather! 8. ... hard texts these are!

4. Which of the following nouns take the indefinite article: darkness, poem, eye, environment, means, police, people, sea, storm, poetry, help, music, apple, literature, truth, bread, for­eigner, moon, beauty, cheese, stupidity.

5. Answer the questions in the way shown.

Model: - Was it a good film?

- Yes, it was the best film I've ever seen.

1. Is it a big hotel? ... in the city.

2. Is he a rich man? ... I've ever met.

3. Was it a bad accident? ... I've ever seen.

4. Is it a cheap restaurant? ... you will find.

5. It's hot today, isn't it? ... day of the year.

6. Is Shakespeare a great playwright? ... in the world.

7. Is N. Baskov a popular singer? ... in Russia.

8. Is the screen version of "Gone with the Wind" an excit­ing film? ... I've ever seen.

9. Could you show me a short way to the station? - This is ....

10. Is there a large department store near here? - Sel-fridge's ....

6. Choose the correct form.

1. Life/the life indeed would be dull if there were no diffi­culties.

2. The vegetables/vegetables are good for health.

3. Women/the women are often better teachers than men/the men.

4. In Britain coffee/the coffee is more expensive than tea/the tea.

5. Most people/the most people still believe that mar­riage/the marriage and family life/the family life are the basis of our society.

6. Second World War/The Second World War ended in 1945.

7. Do you know people/the people who live next door/the next door?

8. Two of the biggest problems facing our society are crime/the crime and unemployment/the unemployment.

9. I hate violence/the violence and cruelty/the cruelty among people.

10. He followed a/the letter, but not a/the spirit of the law.

11. Language/the language is art/the art of concealing thoughts.

12. One of the most/most pleasant things in the world/ world is going to a/the journey.

13. -/the police searched a/the house of the/a suspect.

14. Most of-/the roads in this district are not suitable for-/the motorcars.

15. To love our country, to be interested in its concerns, is natural for all the/- men.

16. Truth/the truth is that I don't like to stay here any longer.

17. We are studying an/the/- architecture. We are studying - /the architecture of the/-/a Renaissance period.

18. Love/the love is blind, but at the same time it is a/-/the wonderful thing. It makes a/the world go round.

19. I'm going to a/the post-office. I want to post a/the parcel.

20. We are installing a/- solar heating. We want to save an/-/the energy.

7. Put a/an, the or nothing into each gap.

1. ... Beethoven whose music you have just listened to was one of ... world's greatest composers.

2. ... youth is full of ... pleasure and ... hope.

3. There are five students from ... Japan here, so we have ... good opportunity to practice ... Japanese.

4. We looked at ... cars standing near the store, ... first two were far expensive, but ... other ones were rea­sonably priced.

5. This morning I bought ... newspaper and ... magazine. ... newspaper is in my bag, but I don't know where ... magazine is.

6. I saw ... accident this morning. ... car crashed into ... wall. ... driver of ... car was not hurt, but ... car was badly damaged.

7. We live in ... old house in ... middle of the village. There is ... beautiful garden behind ... house. ... roof of ... house is in ... bad condition.

8. I'm looking for ... job. Did you get ... job you applied for?

9. Could you close ... door, please? They live ... next door.

10. We live in ... small flat near ... center of the city.

11. Did ... police find ... person who stole your car?

12. This morning I had ... boiled egg and toast for ... breakfast.

13. As I was walking along the street, I found ... 10 $ note on ... pavement.

14. Have you got ... car? - No, I've never had ... car in my life.

15. I went into ... shop and asked to speak to ... manager.

16. ... President of ... United States is elected for four years.

17. What ... beautiful garden! ... flowers growing here are beautiful too.

18. It's ... very interesting film. I advise you to see it.

19. You got into ... wrong train. Your train is at ... plat­form 5.

20. ... truth is that he is ... only man she obeys.

21. My cousin, ... young man of twenty-five, works as ... interpreter. He has ... wide range of ... interests and ... good knowledge of three foreign languages.

8. Complete the sentences.

a)

1. There were no chairs in the room so we had to sit on ....

2. As soon as we saw the fire, I called ....

3. We didn't have any stamps, so we had to go to ....

4. I had a toothache, so I made an appointment with ....

5. Ann had to catch a train, so I took her to ... .

6. When we found that someone had broken into our house, we called ....

7. Tom wasn't feeling well, so he went to ....

8. We didn't have any money, so we had to go to ....

9. The plain was delayed, so we had to wait at... for three hours.

10. Somebody robbed the bank, but he was caught by ....

b)

1. I was very tired and it was very late, so I went ... at nine o'clock.

2. My parents are not religious people. They never go ....

3. In Britain, children from the age of five have to go ....

4. There is a lot of traffic in the morning when everybody is going to ....

5. Mr Smith has just had an operation. He is still ....

6. When David leaves school, he wants to study econom­ics ....

7. My job is great. I don't have to be ... until nine o'clock.

8. My father doesn't like hospitals. He is going to stay ... in spite of being seriously ill.

9. I'll give you my telephone number. You can phone me

10. There was no bus, and I had to go ... on ....

9. Put in a/an, the or leave it blank.

1. Julius Caesar who was ... powerful Roman general came to ... Britain in 55 B.C. 2. ... English language was brought onto ... British Isles in ... middle of ... fifth century by ... An­gles, ... Saxons, ... Jutes who came there from ... North of ... Germany. 3. ... British Prime Minister lives in ... Downing Street 10. 4. One of ... nicest parks in London is ... St. Jame's Park which is very near ... Buckingham Palace. 5. Frank is ... student at... London University. 6. Mr Readdles reads ... Daily Telegraph but his wife reads ... Times. 7. ...Tower of London is situated within ... City. 8. ... London Underground (or Tube) is ... oldest and longest in ... Europe. 9. ... Regent's Park is ... largest, it is still one of ... most popular places of rest of ... Londoners on ... hot summer days. 10. ... oldest part of London is ... City, ... business center. But ... political center is ... Westminster which is in ... West End. 11. ... Londoners like to say, "When ... man is tired of London, he is tired of ... life". 12. Do you usually see films at ... Classic or at ... Odeon? 13. ... National Gallery and ... Tate Gallery are famous all over ... world. 14. Near ... British Museum you can see the tall building of... University of London. 15. ... London University was built in ... 19-th century. 16. ... West End is for ... rich - with ... theatres, ... smart restaurants and ... beautiful shops. 17. ... English Channel separates ... Great Britain from ... Continent.

1O. Insert the articles, if any.

1. ... Moon goes round ... Earth every 27 days. 2. ... Soviet Union was ... first country to send a man into ... space. 3. Did you see ... film on ... television or at ... cinema? 4. After ... lunch we went for ... walk by ... sea. 5. I'm not hungry. I had ... big breakfast not long ago. 6. ... Mother was ... only person I could talk about it. 7. It was ... beautiful day, ... sun was shining brightly in ... sky. 8. What is ... highest mountain in ... world? 9. We don't go to ... theatre very often these days. In fact, in ... town where we live there is no ... theatre. 10. Could you turn down ... television, please? It's a bit loud. 11. Do you listen to ... latest news over ... radio or ... television? 12. Mary plays ... piano very well, but she can't play ... violin. Can you play ... guitar? 13. ... giraffe is ... tallest of all animals. 14. What is your beautiful flower? - ... rose. 15. What is ... largest living bird? -... eagle. 16. Every English child knows ... story of Robin Hood. It is said that he robbed ... rich and gave the money to ... poor. 17. ... man must do everything possible to save ... environment and ... life on ... planet of ... Earth. 18. Those people with jobs have enough money, but life is not so easy for ... unemployed. 19. What do you call ... people of ... England? - ... English. 20. Jane is ... teacher. Her parents were ... teachers too. 21.1 would like to be ... economist. 22. ... indifference and pride look very much alike. 23. AH over the world, people are in ... prison be­cause of their political beliefs. 24. On ... way to London we passed through ... small village with ... old church. We stopped to visit ... church. It was ... beautiful building. 25. How many people go to ... university in your country? 26. Some children hate ... school. 27. Bill left ... university without doing his ex­aminations. 28. When will you go to ... hospital to visit your sick friend? - ... next week. 29.1 really hate ... people who chew ... gum all the time. 30. ... traffic is one of ... biggest problems in our cities.

1 ]. Insert the articles: a/an, the, -.

1. We want ... government to do something about ... problem of unemployment.

2. ... cities are usually exciting - in ... London, for exam­ple, you can have tea at ... Ritz and then go to ... thea­tre in ... evening.

3. I must go to ... bank and see ... bank manager. I want to borrow ... two hundred pounds.

4. She has two children, ... girl and ... boy. ... girl is five and ... boy is only one.

5. He goes to ... work in ... City by ... train every day. His office is in ... Baker street.

6. She never reads ... newspapers during the week, but she buys ... Observer every Sunday and she reads it in ... bed.

7. When you go to ... France, you must take ... boat on ... Seine when you are in ... Paris.

8. My uncle is ... shopkeeper. He has ... shop in ... small village by ... River Thames near ... Oxford.

9. ... shop sells almost everything from ... bread to ... newspapers.

10. ... children always stop to spend ... few pence on ... sweets or ... ice-cream on their way to and from ... school.

11. My uncle doesn't often leave ... village. He doesn't have ... car, so once ... month he goes by ... bus to ... Oxford and has ... lunch at... Grand Hotel.

12. He is one of ... happiest men I know.

13. ... Shakespeare, ... world's greatest dramatist was born in ... little cottage.

14. Neither life nor property was saved and ... poor and ... weak were oppressed by ... strong.

15. ...Venice which is in ... north of ... Italy stands on ... 118 islands.

16. ... London Underground which has 400 km of tunnels is... longest in ... world.

17. ... women live longer than ... men. They have ... aver­age life of 77 years.

18. I remember my first math's teacher was ... man. He had ... small beard and ... bright blue eyes. He usually wore ... dark-brown coat and ... light-green hat.

12. Supply the articles a/an, the if they are necessary.

1. ... Statue of Liberty was ... gift of friendship from ... France to ... United States.

2. Jason's father bought him ... bicycle that he had wanted for his birthday.

3. Rita is studying ... English and ... math this semester.

4. ... judge asked ... witness to tell ... truth.

5. Please give me ... cup of ... coffee with ... cream and ... sugar.

6. No one in ... Spanish class knew ... correct answer to ... Mrs Perez's question.

7. When you go to ... store, please buy ... bottle of ... chocolate milk and ... dozen of oranges.

8. There are only ... few seats left for ... tonight's musical at... university.

9. John and Marcy went to ... school yesterday and they studied in ... library before returning home.

10. ... Lake Erie is one of ... five Great Lakes in ... North America.

11. On our trip to ... Spain, we crossed ... Atlantic Ocean.

12. Louie played ... basketball and baseball at ... Boy's Club this year.

13. Phil can't go to ... movies tonight because he has to write ... essay.

14. David attended ... Princeton University.

15. Susan's grandmother is in ... hospital so we went to visit her ... last night.

16. ... Queen Elizabeth П is ... Monarch of... Great Britain.

17. Scientist hoped to send ... expedition to ... Mars during ... 1980s.

18. ... Civil War was fought in ... United States between 1861 and 1865.

19. ... Florida State University is smaller than ... Univer­sity of Florida.

20. ... Declaration of Independence was drawn up in 1776.

13. Choose and use: a/an, the or nothing.

1. On ... Sundays I stay in ... bed till ten o'clock, reading ... Sunday papers.

2. My mother goes to ... church in ... morning and in ... afternoon she visits her friends.

3. Like many women she loves ... tea parties and ... gossip.

4. She lives on ... top floor of ... old house. When wind blows, all ... windows rattle.

5. ... family hotels are ... hotels which welcome ...par­ents and children.

6. ... interference with ... nature often brings ... disaster.

7. Everywhere ... man has cut down ... forests in order to cultivate ... ground, or to use ... wood as ... fuel or as ... building material.

8. If you go by ... train you can have quite ... comfortable journey.

9. I'll pay one hundred ... week. It's not ... enormous sal­ary but after all, you are ... completely unskilled man.

10. Would you like to listen to ... story about ... English­man, ... Irishman, ... Scotsman? - No, I've heard sto­ries about ... Englishmen, ... Irishmen, ... Scotsmen before, and they are all ... same.

11. He was ... very tall man with ... dark hair and ... small beard.

12. Leave your coats in ... cloakroom, don't bring them into... theatre.

13. ... man I met on the train told me ... rather unusual story.

14. My car broke down near ... bus stop. There was ... man waiting for ... bus, so I asked him for ... advice.

15. We have ... flat on the top floor. We get... lovely view

from there.

16. We've just bought ... piano. - Who can play ... piano in you family?

17. ... life is very difficult for ... unemployed these days.

18. I bought my sister ... book and ... bottle of ... perfume for her birthday, but I don't think she liked ... perfume.

19. She is seriously ill. She has been in ... hospital for three weeks. We are going to ... hospital to visit her.

20. Is this ... first time you have been to ... Crimea? - No, I often spend my holidays on ... Crimean beaches.

21. When I left ... station I had to stand in ... queue for ... taxi for a long time.

22. ... happiness of the majority depends on ... hard work from everyone.

23. I'm staying in ... Hilton so you can leave me ... message.

24. It's ... long time since I met ... lovely person like you.

25. We took ... trip around ... London and saw ... Houses of Parliament, ... Tower Bridge, ... Hide Park, ... Tra­falgar Square and many other sights in ... West End.

26. We studied ... poetry at school, but I haven't read much since.

27. I cannot imagine my life without ... music, but ... mu­sic they play on the radio station is dreadful!

14. Complete the conversation.

1. How was your trip to ... coast?

Wonderful! ... sun was shining all day. We had ... great time.

2. Would you like ... cigarette?

No, thanks. I've given up smoking. It's ... bad habit.

3. What's your brother doing now? Has he got... good job? Yes. He is ... soldier. He is in ... army. He loves it. It's ... great life, he says.

4. Why were you late for ... meeting?

Well, first I had to go to ... hotel I'd booked into. I took ... taxi from ... airport, and ... driver got completely lost. It was ... terrible nuisance. ... man was rather ... strange person.

5. Is this ... book, you were telling me about? Yes, it's ... really interesting story.

What did you say it's about?

I knew you were not listening to me. It's ... science fic­tion story. It's about ... ruining of ... universe.

15. Put a/an/the/-. Role-play the conversation.

I'm so sorry!

... Sun King is ... cruise ship. It's sailing around ... Carib­bean. There are ... lot of tourists on ... ship. Most of them are from ... USA, but some of them are also from ... Canada and

South America. It's ... seventh day of ... cruise, and ... ship is sailing from ... Venezuela to ... Barbados. AH of ... passen­gers and most of ... crew are on deck for ... captain's party.

Hello. My name is Marianne Wilson. I'm from ... Montreal.

Hi, I'm Tom Grey. Nice to meet you.

Where do you come from?

I'm from ... Montgomery.

... Montgomery? Where is that?

It's in ... Alabama. Have you heard of ... Alabama?

Oh, yes. ... Alabama. It's in ... South. I've never been to ... South. I'm from ... Seattle. I work in ... bank. By ... way, what ... awful party!

Really? Do you think so? It's my party. I'm...cap­tain of this ship.

Oh my God! I'm so sorry!

That's O.K. No problem. I was glad to meet ... person who actually told me ... truth about ... party.

16. Put a/an/the/-. Retell the following texts.

Esop and his Fables

... ancient stories of Esop seem to fascinate many people.

... fable is ... short story that teaches ... lesson.

Esop was ... Greek slave who lived in ... 6^th century B.C. He wrote down over ... hundred fables; he was not ... author of all -.. fables; he collected them from many countries. ... most

famous ones are: "... Hare and ... Tortoise", "... Lion and ... Mouse", "... Wolf in Sheep's Clothing". Many fables have ... animals as their main characters. However, ... people are also ... main characters in some of ... Esop's fables.

The Farmer and his Sons

There was once ... old, dying farmer. Before he died he wanted to teach his three sons how to be ... good farmers. So he called them to him and said, "My boys, before I die I want you to know that there is ... great treasure buried in ... vine­yard. Promise me that you will look for it when I'm dead". ... sons promised and they began looking for ... treasure. They worked very hard in ... hot sun. In their minds they pictured ... boxes of ... gold coins, ... diamond necklaces and other things like that.

But they found not ... single penny. They were very upset. But then ... grapes started to appear on ... vines and their grapes were ... biggest and best in ... neighborhood and they sold them for ... lot of money. Now they understood everything and they lived happily and wealthy ever after.

... moral of ... story is:... hard work brings ... happiness and ... wealth.

... American Tourist in ... Britain

... man from ... California was spending ... month in ... Britain. One day he booked into ... hotel in ... Cheltenham, ... nice old town in ... west of England. Then he went out to look around ... place. But ... man didn't return to ... hotel. He dis­appeared, leaving ... suitcase full of clothes behind. ... police were called in, but they were unable to find out what had hap­pened to ... missing tourist. It was ... mystery.

But two weeks later ... man walked into ... police station in ... Cheltenham. He explained that he was very sorry, but while walking around ... town he had got lost. He had also forgotten ... name of ... hotel he had booked into. So he had decided to continue with his tour of ... country and had gone to visit ...

friend in Scotland before returning to pick up ... case he had left behind.