Systemic circulation

Systemic circulation is the circulation of the blood to all parts of the body except the lungs. Systemic circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which transports oxygenated blood away from the heart through the Aorta from the left atrium where the blood has been previously deposited from pulmonary circulation, to the rest of the body, and returns oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart. Systemic circulation is, distance-wise, much longer than pulmonary circulation, transporting blood to every part of the body.

20.What are the phases of heart work?

There are 3 phases of heart :

1. ventricular systole (period of ventricular contraction which allows to push blood into the arterial vessels)

2. diastole (the period of time during which the heart relaxes to receive blood)

3. atrial systole(the final phase of diastole)

21. Name and define the most common cardiocvascular diseases.

The most common cardiovascular diseases are:

• myocardial infarction

• primary hypertension

• heart failure

• hyperthonia(high blood pressure)

• angina pectoris

22.What is myocardial infarction? What may be the cause of it?

MI - inadequate supply of blood to heart muscle and the death of heart of heart.

Cause:

• blood clot

• atheroma

• inflammation of the coronary arteries

• obesity

• smoking

• coach-potato lifestyle

• fatty food

• diabetes

• salty food

23.What are the most characteristic complaints in MI?

The most characteristic complaints are:

• chest pain

• sweat

• vomiting

• nausea

• pain in the neck and shoulders

• hiccups

• weakness

• murmurs

• arrhythmia

• sick, faint

• fear of impending death

• severe substernal oppression often describe as squeezing pressing or constricting

• dyspnea

24.What is the most prominent symptoms of hypertension?

The most prominent symptoms are:

• fatigue

• nose bleeding

• nervousness

• palpitation

• insomnia

• hemorrhage

• nocturia

• vomiting

• nitrogen retention

25.What are the most frequent complications of hypertension?

The most frequent complications of hypertension are :

• heart failure

• MI

• Metabolic syndrome

• Cerebral edema

• Troubles with memory

• Weekend blood vessel

26.What is the difference in clinical picture of MI and angina pectoris?

The difference between MI and AP is in intensity of pain.In a case of MI pain is more severe and often describe as squeezing pressing or constricting and often person feel a Fear of impending death. And in case of AP the pain is describe as squeezing crushing or viselike, rather than sharp or knifelike.

27.What measures should one take to prevent the development of cardiovascular diseases?

The measures are:

• Active way of life

• Good nutrition

• Relaxing

• Avoid stress

• Take vitamins

• Don’t take a large amount of salt

• Don’t smoking

• Don’t drink alcohol

28.How to arrest angina pectoris attack?

If you want arrest angina pectoris you must take nitroglycerin under the tongue and take comfortable position for you(sit down or lay down on right side) try to relax. When you have angina pectoris attack you need a large amount of fresh air so try to open window and start to breathe deeply.

29.What is the treatment of MI?

(OBAMA SIN)The treatment include:

1. O – oxygen (reduce the risk of damage of the heart)

2. B – beta-blocker drugs

3. A – aspirin

4. M – morphine sulfate

5. A – ACI-inhibitor

6. S – statins

7. I – intraveins heparin

8. N – nitroglycerine

Diseases of blood

30.What is anemia? What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative anemia?

Anemia is a pathological condition characterized by decreased number of erythrocytes or hemoglobin content in a blood unit volume due to their general deficiency.

Qualitative changes in the structure of erythrocytes and quantitative changes in the red blood composition.

31.What are the symptoms of anemia? How is it treated?

Symptoms:

• Vomiting

• Diarrhea

• Hypoxia

• Dystrophy

• Easy fatigue and loss of energy

• Pail skin

• Lose of consciousness

• dizziness

• leg cramps

The treatment is:

1. blood transfusion

2. blood and marrow stem cell transplants

3. antibiotic to treat the infection

4. If you have serious or life-threatening bleeding that's causing anemia, you may need surgery.

5. Take vitamin C(Vitamin C helps the body absorb iron)

6. Folic acid(Folic acid (folate) is a form of vitamin B that's found in foods. Your body needs folic acid to make and maintain new cells)

7. Vitamin B12

8. Iron(Your body needs iron to make hemoglobin)

9.  injections of synthetic erythropoietin

10. plasmapheresis