32.What is haemoblastosis?What factors can provoke it?

Haemoblastosis is proliferation of haemopoietic tissue.

The factors are:

• cancerogenic substances

• radiation

33.What are the main theories explaining etiology of haemoblastosis?

There are 2 main theories explaining the aetiology of haemoblastosis and tumors.There arev the virus and the genetic theory.At the present time there are more then 20 viruses have been isolated that can cause haemoblastosis in animals.Attempts at isolating the virus of the main form of haemoblastosis in man end in failure. According to the genetic theory haemoblastosis develops due to the congenital or acquired damage to the chromosome strucrures of low differentiated cells of the haemopoetic organs.

Gastrointestinal diseases

34.What does the digestive system consist of?

The digestive system consist of

• oral cavity

• pharynx 

• larynx

• eosaphogus

• stomach

• liver

• pancrease

• small intestine

• large intestine

• rectum

• anal canal + anal sphincter 

35.Describe the process of digestion

 The digestive process begins in the mouth. Food is partly broken down by the process of chewing and by the chemical action of salivary enzymes. After being chewed and swallowed, the food enters the esophagus. The stomach is a large, sack-like organ that churns the food and bathes it in a very strong acid (gastric acid). After being in the stomach, food enters the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. It then enters the jejunum and then the ileum.  In the small intestine, bile, pancreatic enzymes, and other digestive enzymes produced by the inner wall of the small intestine help in the breakdown of food. After passing through the small intestine, food passes into the large intestine. In the large intestine, some of the water and electrolytes are removed from the food. The first part of the large intestine is called the cecum (the appendix is connected to the cecum). Food then travels upward in the ascending colon. The food travels across the abdomen in the transverse colon, goes back down the other side of the body in the descending colon, and then through the sigmoid colon.Solid waste is then stored in the rectum until it is excreted via the anus.

36.What are the principle functions of the gastrointestinal tract?

The primary function of the gastrointestinal tract is to break down the food we eat into smaller parts so the body can use them to build and nourish cells and provide energy and absorb the nutritions and to excrete waste material.

37.What is gastritis(chronic and acute)its cause symptoms treatment.

Acute gastritis – is a n acute inflammation of the stomach lining.

Cause by:

• ingestion of alcohol, sharp spieces, salycylates, creosote, sulfonamides, antibiotics, ammonium chloride, iodides, bromides, quinine, very hot food, allergenic food

• swallowed bacteria and their toxins

Symptoms:

• malaise

• anorexia

• epigastric pressure with a sensation of fullness

• nousea

• headache

• vertigo

• vomiting

• prostration and exhaustion

• the tongue is coated

• maybe slight fever

Treatment:

Antacids to relive the inflammation and normalization of nutrition. Avoid hot and spicy food, diet, replacement therapy, antibiotic to kill helico

Chronic gastritis is an inflammation of the gastric mucosa(superficial, atrophic, hypertrophic)

The cause is unknown. A combination of different factors such as inadequate nutrition, tobacco and alcohol and also psychical stress.

Symptoms

• Sensation of heartburn of epigastric fullness or pressure after the ingestion the food

• Anorexia

• Nousea

• Vomiting

• Serious gross hemorrhages may occur

• Loss of weight

• Mucosal hyperemia

Treatmean is the same.