Valiant resistance / opposition героическое сопротивление

15. the resistance | the Resistance [singular] an organization that secretly fights against an enemy that controls their country Сопротивление, движение Сопротивления: Mitterand was in the French Resistance during the war. | They managed to escape after being arrested by the resistance.

16. retaliation [uncountable] action against someone who has done something bad to you ответный удар, контрудар; меры возмездия

retaliation against sb / sth: the threat of massive retaliation against British troops | There is always the risk of possible retaliation against peacekeeping soldiers.

in retaliation (for sth): The President ordered the bombings in retaliation for the attack. | The bomb attack was in retaliation for the recent arrest of two well-known terrorists. | The car bombings were apparently in retaliation for the arrest of the terrorists.

massive retaliation массированный ответный удар / контрудар: Dulles called the policy massive retaliation. | Dulles used massive retaliation as the chief instrument of containment. | The alternative is massive retaliation by missiles aimed at the enemy's cities.

act of retaliation акт возмездия

17. breakthrough [countable] the act of getting past or through something that is in your way прорыв: to make a breakthrough

breakthrough charge атака с целью прорыва

18. siege [uncountable; countable] a military operation during which an army or the police surround a place and try to gain control of it or force someone to come out of it осада; блокада: The siege lasted almost four months. | The book is not an exhaustive account of all the sieges of the war. | They are hopeful of bringing the siege to a peaceful conclusion. | The siege is now in its eighteenth day.

at / during a siege во время осады: He was killed at / during the siege of Leningrad.

to lay siege to sb /sth to start a siege in a place начинать осаду: King Henry laid siege to the castle in 1275. | The soldiers laid siege to the city. | He laid siege to the fortress and gradually weakened it to the point of collapse.

(to be) under siege to be surrounded by an army in a siege (находиться) в осаде: Malta was under siege in World War II. | The castle was under siege for months.

to lift / raise / end the (state of) siege (of sth) снимать осаду / блокаду: The king lifted the siege two months later. | We must do everything possible to lift the siege. | Military sources stated that lifting the state of siege would not affect the fight against internal subversion. | Meanwhile Cambridge and March were ordered to raise the siege of Quimperlè and return home at once.

to withstand a siege выдерживать осаду: The troops prepared to withstand a long siege.

a siege begins / ends: The siege began on Sunday, when the prisoners seized three wardens. | Before the siege ended, the citizens were almost starving.

to break a siege to cause a siege to end прорывать блокаду: An attempt was made to break the 38-month siege of Sarajevo.

19. blockade [countable – usually singular] the surrounding of an area by soldiers or ships to stop people or supplies leaving or entering блокада: an air / sea / naval blockade | the economic blockade of Lithuania | Getting food supplies through the blockade is almost impossible. | The economic blockade is accompanied by terror tactics. | There's been talk of a retaliatory blockade to prevent supplies getting through.

to impose / mount a blockade (on sth) | to put a place under a blockade устанавливать блокаду: They've imposed an economic blockade on the country. | An economic blockade was imposed on the country six months ago. | Parisian taxi drivers are threatening to mount a blockade to turn the screw on the government.

to maintain a blockade поддерживать блокаду: Some left after only a fortnight and, as time went by, it became increasingly hard to maintain the blockade.

to lift the blockade (of sth) снимать блокаду: Moreover it began to free captured troops on July 5 and to lift blockades. | The blockade of the harbour will be lifted at midnight.

to enforce a blockade осуществлять блокаду: It's not yet clear who will actually enforce the blockade.

to break (through) / run a blockade to evade and get through the forces that are surrounding the place прорывать блокаду

to order a blockade (of sth) приказывать установить блокаду: Lincoln, in turn, ordered a blockade of Southern ports. | After demanding the weapons be removed, President John F. Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of the island.

20. shelter [uncountable] protection from danger or attack убежище, укрытие: All around me, people were running for shelter.

to seek shelter (from sth / in sth) искать убежище / укрытие

to take shelter (from sth / in sth) укрываться: The men took shelter in a bombed-out farmhouse.

to give / offer / provide / afford shelter (from sth) давать убежище / укрытие: They gave all the people shelter.

21. bomb / air-raid shelter [countable] a building under the ground intended to keep people safe from bomb attacks бомбоубежище: Bennett persuades his family to build a bomb shelter. | The city's bomb shelters were being prepared for possible air raids.

22. fallout shelter [countable] a building under the ground intended to keep people safe from the dust in the air after a nuclear explosion убежище от радиоактивных осадков: He was on his way to a shopping centre in Jeff Parish where a model fallout shelter was on display.

23. dugout [countable] a shelter dug in the ground, with a covering, used as a protection for soldiers against enemy attack and fire убежище; блиндаж; землянка; укрытие: They could feel the reverberation of the explosion in the dugout.

24. trench [countable – usually plural] a long narrow channel dug in the ground which is used by a large group of soldiers as a base for firing at the enemy or as a protection for soldiers against enemy attack and fire окоп, траншея: to dig a trench | When the shelling and mortaring ceased, Taff and I got out of the trenches. | We fought with them in the trenches.

trench warfare позиционная / "окопная" война

25. foxhole [countable] a small hole dug in the ground which is used by a small group of soldiers as a base for firing at the enemy and as a protection against enemy attack and fire окоп для индивидуальной защиты; стрелковая ячейка: At night, we would go on ambush patrol or sit in a foxhole or listening post. | Instead of spending money in town, soldiers now dig foxholes along lakes in parks. | On returning to my foxhole, I found it occupied by the 3d Platoon of B Company. | One incident that has always stuck in my mind was when I dove for my foxhole at the opening mortar round.

26. stronghold [countable] a building or position which is strongly defended опорный пункт; крепость, твердыня, цитадель: The fighters moved south to their mountain stronghold. | They captured the last stronghold of the presidential guard. | Henry then withdrew to the relative safety of Richard's stronghold at Aixe.

27. fortress [countable] a large strong building or group of buildings used for defending an important place крепость: Its origins are lost in antiquity but the Rock has probably been used as a fortress from the Iron Age. | This tunnel is the only entrance to the city itself, and it is protected by a fortress at each end. | Arthur's great fortress lies further north at Cadbury, a huge hill which still bears the remnants of a formidable fortress. | The French constructed a series of fortresses from Dunkirk on the Channel coast to Douai. | The fortress was proof against the techniques of attack then in use.