- •Contents Введение
- •Why you should study English pronunciation
- •Interview advice
- •Unit 3 Intonation
- •3. 1 Intonation and its Functions
- •3.2 Components of Intonation (Prosody)
- •3.3 Static and Kinetic Tones
- •3.3.1 Classification
- •3.4 The structure of the intonation groups
- •3.3.2 Functions
- •4.1 The Rising Tone
- •4.1.1 Forms of the Rising Tone:
- •4.4.2 Functions of the Rising tone:
- •4.2 The Falling Tone
- •4.2.1 Forms of the Falling tone
- •4.2.2 Functions of the Falling tone
- •4.3 The Falling-Rising Tone
- •4.4 The Rising-Falling Tone
- •5.1 Utterance stress and its distribution in an utterance
- •Semantic factor
- •Rhythmic factor
- •Ex. 1 Stress in compound adjectives.
- •Memory work
- •5.2 Peculiarities of English utterance stress. Content and function words. Weak and strong forms
- •Ex. 3 Weak forms of was /wɒz/ and were /wɜ:/ with the Past Continuous
- •5.3 Degrees of utterance stress
- •6.1 Regularity of stresses. Instability of syllable duration
- •6.2 The influence of rhythm on word stress and utterance stress.
- •Speech Exercises
- •7.1 Principles of the Classification of Head Types
- •7.2 The Gradually Descending Stepping Head
- •7.3 The High Head
- •7.4 The Broken Descending Stepping Head
- •7.5 The Ascending Stepping Head
- •7.6 The Low Head
- •7.7 The Sliding Head
- •7.8 The Scandent (or Climbing) Head
- •8.1 Basic intonation patterns of English
- •8.2 The Rising Tone Pattern
- •Ex. 6 Learn to say large numbers.
- •8.3 The Falling Tone Pattern
- •Ex. 1 Practise saying times. Follow the model:
- •Ex. 3 For each of a’s utterances there are two responses for b. Choose the one which would be spoken with High Fall, and the other with Mid Fall. Read out both.
- •8.4 The Falling-Rising Tone Pattern
- •8.5 The Rising-Falling Tone Pattern
- •9.1 Emphatic tones
- •9.2 Emphatic nuclear tones
- •Speech Exercises
- •Ex. 3 Showing degrees of enthusiasm:
- •9.3 Irregular preheads
- •Speech Exercises
- •9.4 Stress Reduction. Nuclear Tone-Shift
- •Speech Exercises
- •Idioms, rhymes, tongue-twisters
- •Практическая фонетика английского языка
- •246019, Г. Гомель, ул. Советская, 104
Ex. 3 For each of a’s utterances there are two responses for b. Choose the one which would be spoken with High Fall, and the other with Mid Fall. Read out both.
1 A: So, you couldn’t do it?
B: a) No, even though I tried and tired. b) Yes. I managed it in the end.
2 A: She’s made her decision yet?
B: a) No, she still doesn’t know what to do. b) Yes, she has.
3 A: I enjoy horror films. B: a) So do I. b) I hate them.
4 A: Do you remember – you ate oysters?
B: a) I never eat oysters. b) Yes – I think I remember.
5 A: I think we should go by plane.
B: a) We can’t. It’s too expensive. b) I think so too.
6 A: He believes he’ll make it.
B: a) He won’t. He’s too slow. b) Well, it’s quite possible.
7 A: Vicky was given the job.
B: a) Great! She deserves it. b) Yes, I’ve heard of it.
Ex. 4 Read out the mini-dialogues conveying the suggested attitude.
1 A: What are your plans for the holiday? – B: I haven’t made up my mind yet. (serious, neutral) 2 A: Why have you refused to come? – B: I was unwell (reserved). 3 A: Why was Jack reported to the police? – B: He stole a suitcase! (involved). 4 A: What do you think of my jacket? – B: It suits you perfectly! (enthusiastic) 5 A: I like that crystal bowl. – B: Which do you mean? (cool, phlegmatic) 6 A: That pen is useless. – B: Would you borrow mine? (friendly) 7 A: What shall I do about the letter? – B; Forget it! (strong, insistent) 8 A: Let’s meet another day. – B: Could I talk to you now? (strong, expecting confirmation) 9 A: When shall I come? – B: Come as soon as you can. (disinterested, cool) 10 A: It’ll take too much time. – B: Will you stick to the point? (insistent). 11 B: Have you met Bess lately? – B: Not since last Sunday. (weighty, serious). 12 A: The most common name in the world is Mohammed. – B: Where did you read that? (neutral) 13 A: What does it cost? – B: More than you think. (protesting, irritated). 14 A: How did you get to the office? – B: I walked. (reserved, calm)
Ex. 5 Show the movement of the voice graphically:
Low Fall only: Where?
Low Fall +tail: Yes, Mary.
Low prehead +Low Fall (+tail): He’s a teacher.
(Low Prehead+) High Head+ Low fall (+tail): How much does it cost? --More than you can afford.
(Low prehead+) Stepping head +Low Fall (+tail): Alice was beginning to get very tired.
(Low prehead+) High Fall) (+tail): Much too expensive.
Ex. 6 a) match the right verbal context with the answer; b) pronounce the drills with the tone variety proposed in the left column; c) choose the right epithet describing the way you sound.
Table 8
Scale + tone |
How you sound |
Statement |
Special Question |
General Question |
Imperative |
Exclamation |
|
Verbal context: Whose book is this? Borrow someone’s dictionary. Shall we have another game? He’s just arrived. Will you send it to me? Pass me that box, Joan. How can i get in touch with Miles? I’ve lost my ball. Whose pen is this? You’ll find it in the drawer. It’s my book. I’m afraid I’ve got a cold. I hate cabbage. I shan’t be able to go. What do you think you are doing? He says it was your fault. Have you any news of Malcolm? I shan’t be able to go. How many pencils do you want? I’m going on a voyage round Europe. Who’s been eating my grapes? I mustn’t take them. They won’t help us. He doesn’t want to play. I’m most grateful to you. |
|||||||
Low Fall only |
Final, categoric, calm, reserved, flat, serious, unemotional, unsurprised, considered, firm, suggesting irritation or impatience, businesslike, formal, weighty, conveying personal concern or involvement, lively, interested, conveying mildly surprised acceptance of the listener’s premises, expressing warmth, |
Mine. |
Whose? |
|
Let’s. |
Good! Fine! |
|
Low Fall +tail |
Gladly, madam. |
Which box? |
|
Phone him. |
Pity! |
||
Low prH +Low Fall (+tail) |
It’s Patricia’s. |
In which drawer? |
|
Well, take it then. |
No wonder. |
||
(Low prH) High Head+ Low fall (+tail) |
So does Peter. |
Why ever not? |
|
Mind your own business. |
How ridiculous! |
||
(Low prH+) Stepping head +Low Fall (+tail) |
I haven’t heard from him for ages. |
For heaven’s sake why not? |
|
Buy me half a dozen, please. |
What an extraordinary piece of luck! |
||
(Low prH+) High Fall (+tail) |
No one’s been eating your wretched grapes. |
Why mustn’t you take them? |
Won’t they? |
Then make him. |
Don’t mention it, my dear chap! |
||
