Notes for use
A typical entry will contain:
a bracketed part of speech label: (adj) = adjective, (n) = noun, (v) = verb;
a phonetic transcription in accordance with the International Phonetic Alphabet;
a translation (in block capitals);
a general definition, which is an interpretation of the concept in question;
examples.
Some entries contain cross references indicated by means of an arrow: , which is equivalent of ‘see’. Cross references show the relationship of the term to other terms within the system. Thus in the entry absolute genitive, a cross reference is made to: genitive.
Alternative terms are listed at the end of the entry.
A dash is used to indicate terminological combinations with the word opening the entry.
A
A
BBREVIATION
[q"brJvi'eiSqn]
(n)
сокращение
Shortening; a shortened form of a word or words. Many abbreviations
are made from initial letters of the most important words in a
phrase, e.g. “BBC” from “British Broadcasting Corporation”.
In grammar abbreviated forms of auxiliary verbs are common, e.g.
‘d = had ‘ll = will ‘ve = have ‘s = is
would has
Alternative term: shortening.
ABSOLUTE ['xbsqlHt] (adj) независимый Self-existent; independent; used without its head.
ABSOLUTE GENITIVE GENITIVE
A BSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION абсолютная конструкция A structure containing secondary predication isolated from the main sentence by intonation or commas, e.g. Weather permitting, we shall go. Alternative term: nominative absolute construction.
ADDRESS [q'dres] (n) обращение The use of a proper or a common noun denoting a person as a means of establishing verbal contact, e.g. Rachel, are you all right?
ADJECTIVE ['xGiktiv] (n) прилагательное A part of speech which is used to describe people, things, events. Adjectives are used in connection with nouns and pronouns, e.g. A green apple; I am hungry.
ADJECTIVAL ["xGek'taivql] (adj) адъективный; свойственный прилагательному; имеющий характер прилагательного Pertaining to adjectives or resembling them in some way.
ADJECTIVAL PHRASE адъективное словосочетание A phrase with a single adjective, e.g. (He is) happy, or with an adjective and one or more adjuncts, e.g. (He is) so very happy.
ADJECTIVAL ["xGek'taivql] (n) адъективное слово; слово, употребленное в качестве прилагательного A name given by some grammarians to a structure which functions as an adjective, before or after a noun, but which cannot take the normal inflections of an adjective, e.g. the above statement; the examples adduced.
ADJOIN [q'GoIn] (v) примыкать То add, to append.
ADJOINMENT [q'GoInment] (n) примыкание Subordination of the adjunct to the head which is achieved by their positions and meanings, e.g. listened carefully; all right; much more
ADJUNCT ['xGAN(k)t] (n) адъюнкт; подчиненный элемент A subordinate component of a phrase, e.g. my. brother; particularly pleasant; knew them.
ADVERB ['xvWb] (n) наречие A part of speech which can be used to qualify a verb, adjective or another adverb, e.g. quickly.
ADVERBIAL [qd'vWbjql] (adj) адвербиальный; свойственный наречию; имеющий характер наречия Pertaining to adverbs or resembling them in some way.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE придаточное обстоятельственное A subordinate clause used as an adverbial modifier in a complex sentence.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CAUSE придаточное обстоятельственное причины e.g. As it was raining I brought an umbrella.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CONCESSION придаточное обстоятельственное уступки e.g. Although he hadn’t eaten for days, he looked strong and healthy. Alternative term: concessive clause
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CONDITION придаточное обстоятельственное условия e.g. Give this message to John if you see him.
Alternative term: conditional clause.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF MANNER AND COMPARISON придаточное обстоятельственное образа действия и сравнения e.g. Do it the way I suggest. This road is less crowded than the other one was. Alternative term: comparative clause.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF PLACE придаточное обстоятельственное места e.g. We live now where we’ve always lived.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF PURPOSE придаточное обстоятельственное цели e.g. He left early so that he should not miss the train.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF RESULT придаточное обстоятельственное следствия e.g. I took no notice of him, so (that) he flew into a rage.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME придаточное обстоятельственное времени e.g. Buy your tickets as soon as you can. Alternative terms: time clause; temporal clause.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER обстоятельство A secondary member of the sentence which modifies a predicate-verb, a verbal in any of its function or a part of the sentence expressed by an adjective or adverb.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF ATTENDANT/ATTENDING CIRCUMSTANCES обстоятельство сопутствующих явлений e.g. She sat under a tree, the sun shining.
ADVERBIAL MIDIFIER OF CAUSE обстоятельство причины e.g. She flushed from being looked at.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF CONCESSION обстоятельство уступки e.g. Even Marial laughed in spite of herself.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF CONDITION обстоятельство условия e.g. I shall ring you up in case of necessity.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF DEGREE AND MEASURE обстоятельство степени и меры e.g. They are very gloomy.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF MANNER AND COMPARISON обстоятельство образа действия и сравнения e.g. She stared at him as if surprised.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF PLACE AND DIRECTION обстоятельство места и направления e.g. He was born in London: John went to the butcher’s.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF PURPOSE обстоятельство цели e.g. She strained her ears to catch the words.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF RESULT обстоятельство следствия e.g. He is too weak to go there.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF TIME AND FREQUENCY ['frJkwqnsi] обстоятельство времени и частотности e.g. She came early today; I often go there.
ADVERBIAL PHRASE обстоятельственное словосочетание A phrase with a single adverb, e.g. Did you get far? , or with an adverb and one or more adjuncts, e.g. How far did you get?
ADVERBIAL [qd'vWbjql] (n) обстоятельство A name given by some grammarians to a structure which functions as an adverbial modifier, e.g. They drove downhill to the college.
ADVERSATIVE [qd'vWsqtiv] (adj) противительный Expressing opposition.
ADVERSATIVE CONJUNCTION противительный союз e.g. but, yet, still, while (She likes opera, while I like ballet).
AFFIRMATIVE [q'fWmqtiv] (adj) утвердительный Asserting that a fact is so, answering ‘Yes’.
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE утвердительное предложение A sentence that is not negative. Cf.: I agree (affirmative); I do not agree (negative).
AGENT ['eiGqnt] агенс, субъект действия In a passive construction the expression that says who/what an action is done by, e.g. This picture is probably painted by a pupil of Rubens.
AGENTIVE [q'Gqntiv] (adj) агентивный Pertaining to the agent.
AGREEMENT [q'grJmqnt] (n) согласование A means of expressing subordination which consists in making the adjunct take a form similar to that of the head, e.g. this day; these days.
AGREEMENT RULE правило согласования A rule governing the use of subject-predicate forms: a subject in the singular requires a singular predicate verb, e.g. He is working; They are working.
NOTIONAL AGREEMENT согласование по смыслу Agreement of the verb with the idea of plural in the collective noun rather than the actual singular form of the noun, e.g. A family who quarrel among themselves.
AGREEMENT VIOLATION [vaiq'leiSqn] нарушение согласования Use of forms that contradicts grammatical agreement of number and person, e.g. Here’s your keys.
ALTERNATIVE [Ll'tWnqtiv] (adj) альтернативный, обозначающий выбор Offering choice between two or more things.
ALTERNATIVE QUESTION альтернативный вопрос E.g. Are you coming or not?
ANALYTICAL [xnq'litikq] (adj) аналитический Expressing grammatical relations by separate items instead of by inflections.
ANALYTICAL FORM аналитическая форма A form consisting of an auxiliary and a notional word, e.g. has been doing; more beautiful.
ANAPHORIC ["xnq'forik] (adj) анафорический Pointing back, referring to something previously mentioned, e.g. She gave me a book to read. The book is very interesting.
ANAPHORIC REPLACER анафорический заместитель An item that replaces a previously mentioned construction. It is a personal and possessive pronoun, the prop-word ‘one’, e.g. These apples are not ripe. Give me some ripe ones.
ANIMATE ['xnimit] (adj) одушевленный Living.
ANIMATE NOUN одушевленное существительное A noun denoting a living being, e.g. a girl, a goose.
ANTECEDENT ['xntI'sJdent] (n) антецедент; определяемое слово A word or a phrase referred back to by a subsequent item, e.g. I remember the place where we rested.
ANTICIPATORY [xnti'sJpeitqri] (adj) антиципирующий, предвосхищающий Pointing forward, referring to something to be mentioned.
ANTICIPATORY OBJECT вводящее, предваряющее дополнение А preparatory (formal) object, introducing the real object, e.g. I thought it peculiar that she hadn’t written.
ANTICIPATORY SUBJECT вводящее, предваряющее подлежащее А preparatory (formal) subject, introducing the real (notional) subject, e.g. It is necessary to work hard; There are some people outside
APPOSITION ["xpq'ziSqn] (n) приложение A nominal element which gives another designation to what is expressed by the word it refers to, e.g. Herr Müller, our new teacher, is a German.
CLOSE APPOSITION необособленное приложение An apposition which is not separated by a comma and stands in close connection with the word modified, e.g. Doctor Patrick; the town of Daventry.
DETACHED [di'txCt] APPOSITION обособленное приложение An apposition which is not closely connected with the noun it modifies; it is separated by a comma and has a stress of its own, e.g. Mr.Hall, an old friend of mine. Alternative term: loose apposition.
APPOSITIVE [q'pOzitiv] (adj) аппозитивный Functioning as apposition.
APPOSITIVE CLAUSE придаточное аппозитивное An attributive clause which discloses the meaning of the antecedent expressed by an abstract noun, e.g. The news that he was resigning his job proved to be incorrect.
APOSTROPHE [q'pOstrqfi] (n) апостроф A diacritic mark used in writing to indicate omission of a sound or part of a word, e.g. ‘m, ‘d; the genitive case: Mary’s dress; the children’s toys.
ARCHAIC [R'keiik] (adj) архаический, устаревший No longer in common use, e.g. thou, ye.
ARTICLE ['Rtikl] (n) артикль A noun determiner.
DEFINITE ARTICLE определенный артикль : the.
INDEFINITE ARTICLE неопределенный артикль : a(n)
ASPECT ['xspekt] (n) вид A grammatical category of the verb which shows the manner in which the action is experienced or regarded: as a fact or activity in progress.
COMMON ASPECT общий вид E.g. She cried with pain when the dentist pulled the tooth out. Alternative term: non-continuous.
CONTINUOUS ASPECT продолженный вид E.g. She was crying for joy.
ASPECTIVE FUNCTION OF THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE качественно-аспектуальная функция неопределенного артикля This function of the indefinite article is evident when the indefinite article determines an uncountable abstract noun modified by a descriptive attribute which brings out a special aspect of the notion expressed by the noun, e.g. A dull anger rose in his chest. Nouns denoting objects considered to be unique can also be determined by the indefinite article in its aspective function, e.g. He had never seen so red a moon.
ASYNDETIC ["xsin'detik] (adj) бессоюзный Used without a connector.
ASYNDETIC CONNECTION бессоюзная связь A connection of sentence parts and clauses without a connector. Alternative term: asyndeton.
ASYNDETON [x'sinditqn] (n) бессоюзие A construction which omits the connectors, e.g. Slowly, stealthily, he crept towards his victim; All I did was in vain.
ATTRIBUTE ['xtrIbjut] (n) атрибут, определение A secondary sentence part qualifying the noun or its equivalent, e.g. a green shirt; the city council, the procedure to be followed.
DESCRIPTIVE ATTRIBUTE описательное определение An attribute which describes the person or thing denoted by the noun and gives additional information, e.g. a red pencil; an apple tree.
LIMITING ATTRIBUTE ограничивающее определение An attribute which narrows the class to which the object denoted by the noun belongs, e.g. a good place to stay; the substance discovered almost by accident.
POSTPOSITIVE ATTRIBUTE постпозитивное определение An attribute which is placed after the noun it qualifies, e.g. a girl resembling Joan.
PREPOSITIVE [pri'pOsitiv] ATTRIBUTE препозитивное определение An attribute which is placed before the noun it qualifies, e.g. an only child.
CIRCUMSTANTIAL ["sWkqm'stxnSql] ATTRIBUTE обстоятельственное определение A variety of a detached attribute which is very close in meaning to an adverbial modifier, e.g. Suddenly touched she came over to his chair and kissed his cheek.
COMPLEX ATTRIBUTE сложное определение An attribute which is expressed by a verbal construction, e.g. There is a danger of a fire being started.
ATTRIBUTIVE [q'tribjutiv] (adj) атрибутивный Pertaining to attributes.
ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSE придаточное определительное A subordinate clause functioning as attribute, e.g. He admires Mrs Brown, which surprises me.
AUXILIARY [Lg'ziljqri] (n) вспомогательное слово A word which helps to build analytical forms (degrees of comparison; future, continuous, perfect verb forms, etc), e.g. More valuable; will go; was done.
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