Малюнок
Ex. 1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:
Drawing is a visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium. Common instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, chalk, pastels, markers, stylus, or various metals like silverpoint. An artist who practices or works in drawing may be referred to as a draughtsman or draftsman.
A small amount of material is released onto the two dimensional medium which leaves a visible mark—the process is similar to that of painting. The most common support for drawing is paper, although other materials such as cardboard, plastic, leather, canvas and board, may be used. Temporary drawings may be made on a blackboard or whiteboard, or indeed almost anything. The medium has been a popular and fundamental means of public expression throughout human history. The relative ease of availability of basic drawing instruments makes drawing more universal than most other media.
Ex. 2. Складіть три запитання до тексту.
Ex. 3. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:
WHY ARTISTS DRAW
In baseball, a pitcher takes warm-up throws before facing a batter. Musicians warm up before a performance. Artists follow a similar approach by drawing. Drawing “limbers” up the artist’s eye. It helps develop visual perception (pur-sep-shun). This is an awareness of the elements of an environment by means of the senses. Perception is more than looking at an object. It is really “seeing” the object. It is studying how lines, shapes, forms, and colors blend to form the whole.
Some drawings are used to plan paintings or other large projects. This picture shows this type of drawing, or “study.”
Ex. 4. Дайте відповіді на питання:
What drawing medium was used for this sketch?
How would you describe the characteristics of this art tool?
Ex.5. Складіть діалог за даною темою.
Ex.6. Ознайомтесь з деякими визначеннями:
● Hatching. This is drawing thin lines all running in the same direction.
● Crosshatching. This is drawing crisscrossing lines.
● Blending. This is changing color value little by little.
● Stippling. This is creating dark values by means of a dot pattern.
Домашнє завдання:
Ex. 1. Підготувати переказ тексту.
Ex.7. Висловити свою думку щодо висловлювання: «Everybody can draw”
Питання для самоконтролю:
1.What is drawing?
2. What types of drawing do you know?
Unit 19. Painting
Живопис
Ex. 1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:
When they hear the term art, many people think of paintings. This is not unreasonable when you consider that the first artists were painters. They produced their “artworks” on the walls of caves some 15,000 years ago. They made paint from crushed rocks mixed with animal fat or blood. Since that time, many new painting media have appeared. In this lesson, you will learn about some of these.
PAINT
Although paints have changed over the centuries, the way of making them has not.
Like paints used by early cave artists, those today contain three main ingredients:
● Pigment. Pigment is a finely ground powder that gives paint its color. The pigment that cave artists relied on came from minerals in rocks. Through the mid-1800s, artists continued to grind their own pigments.
●Binder. A binder is a liquid that holds together the grains of pigment. The binder
allows the pigment to stick to the surface. The liquid parts of eggs have long been
used as a paint binder.
● Solvent. A painter may also choose to use a solvent when working with paints.
This is a liquid used to control the thickness or thinness of the paint. Solvents are also used to clean paintbrushes and other applicators.
PAINTING MEDIA
As with drawing media, there are many different kinds of paint. Each has its own personality. Some paints that artists use are oil based. Others are made with plain water
Ex. 2. Складіть три запитання до тексту.
Ex. 3. Заповніть пропуски:
This is not unreasonable when you consider that the first … were painters.
In this lesson, you … about some of these.
Although paints have changed … , the way of making them has not.
The liquid parts of eggs have long been used as … binder.
Solvents are also used to clean … and other applicators.
Ex. 4. Складіть діалог за ситуацією: What is better painting or drawing?
Ex.5. Поставте 5 типів запитань до поданих речень:
1.We live in the age of integration and cooperation.
2.Nowadays it is impossible to imagine a nation that can exist without any ties with foreign countries.
3. The widespread dairy industry produces milk, eggs, and cheese.
4. We naturally wish to read scientific books.
5. I want to become a skilled worker.
6. Ukraine had the population about 52.2 millions and was the sixth biggest country of Europe at the moment of independence.
Ex.6. Поставте питання до поданих речень, починаючи зі слів в дужках:
She works in a hotel. ( where)
Her work begins at 9 a.m. (what time)
The clerk is speaking English very well now. ( how well)
They have traveled by plane. (how)
She wanted to learn a foreign language in order to get a better job. (why)
Домашнє завдання:
Ex. 7. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:
Oil-Based Paint
First used in the 1400s, oil paint remains a popular medium today. True to its name, oil paint uses linseed oil as its binder. Its solvent is turpentine.
One advantage of oil paint is that it dries slowly. This allows the artist to blend colors right on the canvas. The work in Figure 19–1 is an oil painting. Notice how
smoothly the colors blend together.
19–1
Water-Based Paint
19–2
The most popular of water-based painting media, watercolor, takes its name from its solvent, water. The binder is gum arabic. Watercolors give a transparent quality to paintings. Compare the watercolor in Figure 19–2 with the oil painting in Figure 19–1. What differences do you see?
Tempera, another water-based paint, comes in both powder and liquid form. Because tempera is not oil-based, it dries more quickly than oil paint. It is also more opaque than water-color.
Питання для самоконтролю:
1. What are the three main ingredients of paint?
2. What is the main difference between oil paint and tempera?
Unit 20. Modal verbs: can, may, must. Drawing a Still Life