- •The Superlative Form
- •Irregular Comparison
- •Adjectives with Irregular Comparisons
- •Adjectives with no Normal Forms
- •Adverbs
- •Adverbs Derived From Adjectives
- •Group Numerals
- •Numeral Nouns
- •Adjectives of age, height, etc.
- •Type 1 Verbs: Bíta, etc.
- •Other verbs of Type 1
- •Type 2 Verbs: Bjóða, etc.
- •Other verbs of Type 2
- •Type 3 Verbs: Bresta, etc.
- •Other verbs of Type 3
- •Type 4 Verbs: Bera, etc.
- •Other verbs of Type 4
- •Type 5 Verbs: Taka, etc.
- •Other verbs of Type 5
- •Type 6 Verbs: Gráta, etc.
- •Other verbs of Type 6
- •The Passive Voice
- •The Middle Voice
- •Impersonal Verbs
- •Impersonal Use of Ordinary Verbs/The Dative Construction
- •Prepositions
- •Prepositions Governing the Accusative.
- •Prepositions Governing the Dative.
- •Prepositions Governing the Accusative or Dative.
- •Prepositions Governing the Genitive.
- •Prepositional Phrases.
- •Conjunctions
- •Coordinating Conjunctions
- •Subordinating Conjunctions
The Passive Voice
The passive voice is formed using vera or verða plus the Past Participle.
For example, kalla -- to call:
Present I. ég er kallaður (þú ert kallaður, etc.)
Present S. ég sé kallaður
Past I. ég var kallaður
Past S. ég væri kallaður
Perfect I. ég hef verið kallaður
Perfect S. ég hafi verið kallaður
Pluperpect I. ég hafði verið kallaður
Pluperfect S. ég hefði verið kallaður
Future I. ég mun verða (vera) kallaður
Future S. ég muni verða (vera) kallaður
Future Perfect I. ég mun hafa verið kallaður
Future Perfect S. ég muni hafa verið kallaður
Conditional ég mundi verða (vera) kallaður
Conditional Perfect ég mundi hafa verið kallaður
Notes:
Verða may be used in the Past Passive.
In the Future Passive, verða may be used in its Present Tense without munu, for example: Hann verður flengdur instead of Hann mun verða flengdur (He will be flogged).
When the Passive Conditional is used in the Subjunctive form (e.g. in indirect speech), verða is used without munu, for example: Ég hélt, að hann yrði drepinn -- I thought that he would be killed.
The Middle Voice
The Middle Voice is formed by the addition of the ending -st to the Active verb, in any tense. When this results in the occurence of the letters ds, ðs or ts in the same syllable such that only the -s sound is pronounced, the d, ð or t is dropped, for example: stend + st = stenst; bregð + st = bregst; læt + st = læst.
The fourteen tenses of the Middle Voice of the verb kalla -- to call, are as follows:
Present I. ég, þú, hann kallast; við köllumst,
þið kallist, þeir kallast
Present S. ég kallist
Past I. ég, þú, hann kallaðist; við kölluðumst,
þið kölluðust, þeir kölluðust
Past S. ég kallaðist
Perfect I. ég hef kallast
Perfect S. ég hafi kallast
Pluperpect I. ég hafði kallast
Pluperfect S. ég hefði kallast
Future I. ég mun kallast
Future S. ég muni kallast
Future Perfect I. ég mun hafa kallast
Future Perfect S. ég muni hafa kallast
Conditional ég mundi kallast
Conditional Perfect ég mundi hafa kallast
Notes:
The Middle Voice has four principal uses:
Reflexive. The original meaning of the Middle Voice. For example, klæða -- to dress, gives klæðast -- to dress oneself;
Reciprocal. The Middle Voice ending may indicate hvor annan -- each other. For example, Þeir hittust is equivalent to Þeir hittu hvor annan -- They met (each other);
Passive. Hann kallast can mean the same as Hann er kallaður;
Intransitive. Several transitive verbs have intransitive counterparts formed using the Middle Voice, for example: kvelja/kveljast -- to torture; gleðja/gleðjast -- to gladden/rejoice; mata/matast -- to feed/eat.
Middle Voice Verbs. Several verbs exist only in the Middle Voice. Examples include nálgast -- to approach;annast -- to take care of; heppnast -- to succeed;óttast -- to fear;vingast við -- to become freindly with;öðlast -- to obtain.
