Environment

Air Emissions

Waste gases, vapours and small particles released into air.

Environment

External surroundings and conditions in which a company or an individual operates or which may effect, including living systems therein.

Environmental controls

Put in place to meet or exceed legal requirements and to minimise impact on environment.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Part of project management concerned with identifying through a formal written technical evaluation likely impact (positive and negative) of a proposed development or activity on natural and man-made environment.

Environmental Management Systems (EMS)

A process that examines environmental factors and activities or processes that industry uses.

Generic Hazard

Hazard which may be generally present throughout an operation or industry, but which may have widely different levels of risk, depending on specific site characteristics.

Hazard

Object, physical effect, or a condition with potential to harm persons, property or environment.

Reasonably Practicable

Risk reduced to levels such that further risk reduction measures would be so disproportionate to probability and consequence that it

would be objectively unreasonable to implement them.

Risk

Measure of likelihood of occurrence of an undesirable event and of potentially adverse consequences.

Risk Assessment

Careful consideration by competent persons of hazards associated with a task. Potential effect of each hazard, how serve it might be and likelihood of it occurring, should be considered to determine effort required to make site as safe as reasonably practicable.

Risk Management

System that eliminates or mitigates threat from hazards.

Pipelines

Battery

Small field plants which remove natural gas, NGLs, water and sand from crude oil delivered by gathering systems from individual wells.

Bitumen

Petroleum that exists in the semi-solid or solid phase in natural deposits; a thick, sticky form of crude that must be heated or diluted before it will flow into a well or through a pipeline. Bitumen generally has an API gravity of less than НГ.

Burst strength

Hydraulic pressure required to burst a pipe or vessel of given thickness. Generally 2.5 to 4.0 times working pressure.

Compressor

A machine used to boost natural gas pressure to move it through pipelines or other facilities. A compressor station is a permanent facility housing one or more compressors.

Crude oil

A naturally occurring liquid mixture of hydrocarbons; liquid petroleum. The liquid hydrocarbons may be mixed with

natural gas, carbon dioxide, saltwater, sulphur compounds and sand. Most of these substances are separated from the liquid hydrocarbons at processing facilities near the producing field.

Delivery stations

Facilities where natural gas or crude oil are transferred from one party to another.

Diesel or diesel fuel is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum fuel oil that is used as fuel in a diesel engine.The term typically refers to fuel that has been processed from petroleum, but increasingly, alternatives such as biodiesel or biomass to liquid (BTL) or gas to liquid (GTL) diesel that are not derived from petroleum are being developed and adopted. For clarity, petroleumderived diesel is increasingly called petrodiesel.

Fabricated assemblies

Pipeline components such as valves, pumps and pipe fittings.

Heavy oil

Oil having an API gravity less than 22.3e. Includes some oil that will flow, however slowly, but most heavy oil requires heat or dilution to flow to a well or through a pipeline.

Hydrocarbons

A large class of liquid, solid or gaseous organic compo- unds, consisting of only carbon and hydrogen, which are the basis of almost all petroleum products.

Liquefied natural gas (LNG)

Supercooled natural gas that is maintained as a liquid at or below -160°C; LNG occupies l/600th of its original volume and is therefore easier to transport if pipelines cannot be used.

Metering stations

Measure the quantity of natural gas or liquids flowing through a pipeline.

Natural gas

Gaseous petroleum consisting primarily of methane with lesser amounts of (in order of abundance) ethane, propane, butane and pentane, and heavier hydrocarbons as well as non- energy components such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and water.

Natural gas liquids

Liquids obtained during natural gas production and pro- cessing; they include ethane, propane butane and condensate.

Oil pipelines

Oil pipelines are made from steel or plastic tubes with inner diameter typically from 10 to 120 cm (about 4 to 48 in- ches). Most pipelines are buried at a typical depth of about 1- 2 metres (about 3 to 6 feet). The oil is kept in motion by pump stations along the pipeline, and usually flows at speed of about 1 to 6 m/s. Multi-product pipelines are used to transport two or more different products in sequence in the same pipeline. Usually in multi-product pipelines there is no physical separation between the different products. Some mixing of adjacent products occurs, producing interface. This interface is re- moved from the pipeline at receiving facilities and segregated to prevent contamination.

Oil products

Oil products are useful materials derived from crude oil as it is processed in oil refineries. Specialty end products:

• Gaseous fuels such as propane, stored and shipped in liquid form under pressure in specialized railcars to distributors.

• Liquid fuels blending (producing automotive and aviation grades of gasoline, kerosene, various aviation turbine fuels, and diesel fuels, adding dyes, detergents, antiknock additives, oxygenates, and anti-fungal compounds as required). Shipped by barge, rail and tanker ship. May be shipped regionally in dedicated pipelines to point consumers, particularly aviation jet fuel to major airports, or piped to distributors in multi-product pipelines using product separators called pipeline inspection gauges

• Lubricants (produces light machine oils, motor oils, and greases, adding viscosity stabilizers as required), usually shipped in bulk to an offsite packaging plant.

• Wax (paraffin), used in the packaging of frozen foods, among others. May be shipped in bulk to a site to prepare as packaged blocks.

• Sulfur (or sulfuric acid), byproducts of sulfur removal from petroleum which may have up to a couple percent sulfur as organic sulfur-containing compounds. Sulfur and sulfuric acid are useful industrial materials. Sulfuric acid is usually prepared and shipped as the acid precursor oleum.

• Bulk tar shipping for offsite unit packaging for use in tar-and-gravel roofing or similar uses.

• Asphalt - used as a binder for gravel to form asphalt concrete, which is used for paving roads, lots, etc. An asphalt unit prepares bulk asphalt for shipment.

• Petroleum coke, used in specialty carbon products such as certain types of electrodes, or as solid fuel.

• Petrochemicals or petrochemical feedstocks, which are often sent to petrochemical plants for further processing in a variety of ways. The petrochemicals may be olefins or their precursors, or various types of aromatic petrochemicals.

Oil tanker

Oil tankers, also known as petroleum tankers, or tankers are ships designed for the bulk transport of oil. There are two basic types of oil tanker: the crude tanker and the product tanker. Crude tankers move large quantities of unrefined crude oil from its point of extraction to refineries. Product tankers, generally much smaller, are designed to move petrochemicals from refineries to points near consuming markets. Oil tankers are often classified by their size as well as their occupation. The size classes range from inland or coastal tankers of a few thousand long tons of deadweight (DWT) to the mammoth supertankers of 650,000 DWT.

Petrol

Petrol is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture consisting mostly of aliphatic hydrocarbons and enhanced with aromatic hydrocarbons toluene, benzene or iso-octane to increase octane ratings, primarily used as fuel in internal combustion engines. It is colourless and highly volatile.

Petroleum products

Petroleum products are the end result of the refining pro- cess. They include fuels such as gasoline, aviation fuel, diesel

and heating oil; products such as solvents and lubricants; and raw materials for manufacturing petrochemicals.

Pipeline

All parts of the physical facility through which, crude oil, natural gas or other petroleum derivatives are moved in trans- portation, including pipe, valves, and other equipment attached to the pipe, compressor units, metering stations, regulator stations, delivery stations, holders, and fabricated assemblies.

Pipeline transport is a transportation of goods through a pipe. Most commonly, liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes that transport solid capsules using compressed air have also been used.

Primary energy

Primary energy is energy that is produced first, versus secondary energy which is produced by consuming primary energy. Examples of primary energy include heat or motive power produced from the combustion of coal, crude oil and natural gas; and electricity produced from nuclear, wind or hydropower. Examples of secondary energy include thermal electricity and motive power from gasoline.

Regulator stations

Facilities along a pipeline where the flow rate can be adjusted.

Right-of-way

Either the right to pass over someone else’s property (plural: rights-of-way) or the actual property subject to a right-of- way (plural: right-of-ways).

Super tanker

An informal name for crude carriers with dead weight ton- nage exceeding 250,000 tonnes.

Synthetic crude oil

A mixture of hydrocarbons, similar to crude oil, derived by upgrading bitumen from oilsands.

Trunk line

A major, long-distance pipeline, usually of large diameter.