- •Московский государственный институт стали и сплавов (технологический университет)
- •Translate the following texts in written form paying attention to passive
- •Render the following sentences in English using the Passive
- •I. Translate the following texts in written form paying attention to passive forms and participles.
- •II. Identify participle constructions and translate the following texts in
- •III. Render the following sentences in English using Participle I and Participle II.
- •I. Translate the following texts in written form paying attention to passive forms, participles and Infinitives.
- •Unit IV
- •II. Render the following sentences in English using the Infinitive:
- •III. Render the following sentences in English using the infinitive constructions:
- •I. Translate the following extracts, paying attention to Participles and gerunds.
- •III. Render the following sentences in English using the Gerund and Complexes with the Gerund
- •I. Translate the following text in written form paying attention to modal verbs
- •II. Translate the following text in written form paying attention to modal verbs and the Subjunctive Mood.
- •International words.
- •I. Identify the modal verbs and emphatic constructions in the following text and translate it in written form.
- •II. Translate the following texts in written form, paying attention to modal verbs and conditiional sentences.
- •III. Translate the following text in written form, paying attention to modal verbs and conditiional sentences. Identify international and pseudointernational words.
- •IV. Render the following sentences in English using the Subjunctive Mood
- •V. Render the following sentences in English using the modal verbs
- •VI. Render the following sentences in English using the Subjunctive Mood in the Conditional sentences
I. Translate the following text in written form paying attention to modal verbs
At present human culture is in an unprecedented state of rapid development. For the first time it has become technical and scientific and has found ways to unlock an apparently limitless storehouse of new powers. Its progress grows faster and faster, all its curves rise upward, and the limit is nowhere in sight. It is tempting to assume that civilizations on other planets would normally reach the same take-off point and become as progressive and powerful as the Earth's. Another step is to expect that if they are a thousand or a million years older, they must be vastly more advanced than the Earth's civilization.
Neither of these assumptions can be justified by studying the single example of advanced civilization that we possess — that is, our own. Alien civilizations may not develop in the same way as the Earth's. They may exhaust totally the ready resources of their planets and return to a more primitive condition. Their individuals and societies may be repelled by change and make sure that it should not take place. They may destroy themselves with all-too-effective weapons.
II. Translate the following text in written form paying attention to modal verbs and the Subjunctive Mood.
. Man has always been fascinated by the possibility of life on other worlds. As long ago as the second century, science fiction writers were peopling the universe with bizarre creatures. When scientists began to develop instruments capable of analyzing distant planets, they generally dismissed the possibility of extraterrestrial life. It was suggested that the atmospheres and temperature ranges of those planets should be different from those of the earth, which is still the only known life-supporting planet. In recent years, however, scientists have begun to change their minds. They understand how life might have originated under conditions that would appear alien to us now. At the dawn of life on earth, its atmosphere must have resembled that of such apparently hostile planet as Jupiter. Accepting the possibility of life is one thing. Proving it is another. It should be emphasized that great interplanetary distance is still the major obstacle to exploration. But scientists are developing machines and techniques for finding life, preparing for the inevitable day when those distances would be spanned — and man would make his first contact with living beings on another world.
UNIT VI
STEP 1.
Эмфатические, неопределенно-личные и безличные предложения
Эмфатические предложения – это предложения, в которых выделяется тот или иной член предложения. Для усиления утверждения, выраженного сказуемым, употребляется глагол to do, который ставится в соответствующем времени, лице и числе перед смысловым глаголом, употребляемым в неопределенной форме без частицы to. В таких случаях усиление передается словами все-таки, действительно, на самом деле:
We do insist on the experiment being made next week.
Мы все-таки настаиваем на том, чтобы эксперимент был проведен на следующей неделе.
Now I see that she does know the subject well.
Теперь я вижу, что она действительно хорошо знает этот предмет.
Выделение подлежащего, прямого и косвенного дополнений и обстоятельств может происходить посредством конструкции it is … that (which, who, whom). Эта конструкция не переводится на русский язык, но перед выделяемым членом предложения ставятся усилительные слова именно, только, как раз, лишь ( а в отрицательных предложениях – совсем не, вовсе не):
It is with the aid of tools that man can act upon and alter the material world around them.
Человек может воздействовать на окружающий материальный мир и изменять его лишь с помощью орудий труда.
Выделение какого-либо члена предложения может происходить с помощью изменения порядка слов в данном предложении (инверсии). Обычно инверсию сказуемого вызывают следующие слова:
only - только
not only … but also – не только … , но также и
so … that – так … что
hardly (scarcely) … when – едва … как
no sooner … than - как только
never - никогда
nowhere - нигде
nobody - никто
nor – а также … не
neither – ни один
neither … nor – ни … ни
(in, at, on, of, etc) no – ни, никакой, ни один
not until – только; только тогда, когда
In no other case can we obtain the same results.
Ни в каком другом случае мы не можем получить такие же результаты.
Only from this point of view is it possible to approach the problem.
К этой проблеме можно подойти только (лишь) с этой точки зрения.
Эмфатические конструкции широко употребляются в уступительных придаточных предложениях. При этом именная часть сказуемого, выраженного прилагательным, наречием или причастием, выносится на первое место, а за ней идет союз as или though.
Important as this study is, it does not embrace the whole problem.
Как ни важно это исследование, оно не охватывает проблему в целом.
Excellent though it be from the scientific point of view, the style of the work is far from being perfect.1
Как ни прекрасна эта работа с научной точки зрения, ее стиль далек от совершенства.
Если в начале уступительного придаточного предложения стоит один из союзов:
however – как (бы) ни; хоть и;
whatever - что (бы) ни; все, что; всякий, который; какой (бы) ни;
whoever – – кто (бы) ни; всякий, кто;
wherever – где (бы) ни; куда (бы) ни; всюду, куда;
whenever – всякий раз, когда; когда (бы) ни,
а после этого союза идет именная часть сказуемого, выраженного прилагательным, наречием или причастием, то перевод предложения надо начинать именно с этих слов.
However hard they may work, it is doubtful they will reach the desired results.
Как бы усердно они ни работали, вряд ли они достигнут желаемых результатов.
Exercise 1. Find emphatic constructions if any and translate the sentences into Russian.
Friction between two bodies is called static friction if slipping does not occur and kinetic friction if slipping does occur.
In England of that time in no other field was so great an advance as in metallurgy.
Analytic geometry does apply algebraic principles and methods to the treatment of geometric problems.
Connected with this phenomenon are also some other types of changes.
Viewed in the right way, it is evident that these two processes are interchangeable.
This is the most important problem since linked with it is the question of the relation between language and thought.
Not until the 17th century do we find mention of Japan in Russian sources.
Important as this chapter was, the principles described there seem to be out-of-date.
It is the mesostructure that is primarily responsible for this or that effect during and after the heat treatment.
In no other position do the molecular magnets possess potential energy which they had not before.
However static some things may seem to be, there is in them continual motion.
Excellent though it be from a literary standpoint, the book is rather boring.
In no part of the ancient world, perhaps, were the inhabitants so skilful metal workers.
On no account must this switch be touched.
Whatever is the reason, there are few panels of early date of existence today which show really first-class work.
Oxygen isn’t simply a sign that life could exist on a distant planet – it is a sign that it almost certainly exist.
If neutrinos do have mass, it may be possible for them to “oscilate” into different parts of neutrino.
When flaws do occur they are a consequence of gaps in theoretical knowledge or stress and strain unprovided for in the original design and construction.
Exercise 2. Render the following sentences in English using the emphatic constructions
Именно наличие СО2 вызвало загрязнение воздуха в лаборатории.
Лекция началась только в 2 часа.
Они действительно старались сделать все возможное, чтобы выполнить эту работу вовремя.
Вернадский был не только основателем современной биохимии, но и человеком глубоких и всесторонних знаний.
Именно с помощью Интернета мы получаем сегодня большую часть информации.
Человеку не только пришлось понимать законы природы, но и научиться управлять ими.
Только в середине 40-х годов была осознана проблема окружающей среды.
Именно язык дает нам возможность общаться друг с другом.
Люди действительно пытались предвидеть будущее, несмотря на то, что это очень трудная задача.
Эта формула действительно описывает основные характеристики этого процесса.
Только после того как были изучены особенности новых материалов, студентам позволили провести серию экспериментов с ними.
Именно Менделеев предвидел и описал свойства неизвестных элементов открытых позже.
Люди не только открыли новые источники энергии, но и научились управлять этой энергией.
Только после того как приняты меры по защите окружающей среды, новый завод пускается в строй.
Биологи одни не могут решить эту проблему, не могут и физики.
Именно в следующей главе автор будет рассматривать все факторы влияния на скорость реакции.
Неопределенно-личные предложения вводятся неопределенно-личными местоимениями it или one, которые заменяют подлежащее и не переводятся на русский язык.
It is well-known that radioactive isotopes can be used very effectively in medicine for the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases.
Широко известно, что радиоактивные изотопы могут эффективно применяться в медицине для диагностики и лечения многих болезней.
One should know the rules of etiquette.
Нужно знать правила хорошего тона.
При этом необходимо помнить, что it и one являются многофункциональными словами (it - личное местоимение; one – слово-заместитель для замены ранее упомянутого существительного, числительное):
Where is my bag? I can’t find it anywhere.
Где моя сумка? Я нигде не могу найти ее.
This system of writing is quite different from the one described in his paper.
Эта система письма совершенно отличается от той, которая описана в его статье.
Exercise 2. Define the function of it and one in the following sentences and translate them into Russian.
The first chapter was very difficult, the second one less so.
It is the evidence of the facts upon which both the common man and the scientist base all conclusions.
To harden the metal it was subjected to intense heat.
One would like to know, for example, what the effect of the ambient atmosphere is on the slow-state density and energy distribution.
It is sometimes said that there is no such thing as the so-called ”scientific method”; there are only the methods used in science.
The amount of energy liberated by one ton is limited.
It needs to be realized that out-of-date roads are a dangerous brake upon the development of national productivity.
A new science, radio astronomy, has emerged; it is very closely allied to astronomy, astro-physics and physics.
The relative motion of one tooth upon the other one should be more of a rolling than of a sliding matter.
It is frequently said that a computer has its own intelligence.
I am frequently asked which on-line service is the best one, but the answer is there is no best.
When put together in a molecule, these tiny fragments do not form a rigid structure, but one that can vibrate, rotate and perform other relative motions about its centre of mass.
It is the electromagnetic force that attracts unlike electrical charges and repulses the like charges.
It does not mean that induction heating only the surface of the body is heated.
Actually, however, it is not until the other person begins to speak that one can form a very definite idea of his personality and his character.
It is this very method that helped to improve the process of casting.
In order to explain the macroproperties of a solid body on the basis of the concepts of microdefects it became necessary to introduce into consideration the concepts of mesodefects and mesostructure.
It is the mesostructural level which is responsible for the formation of the final set of physical, mechanical, process and operating of the final set of physical, mechanical, process and operating properties after thermomechanical treatment.
STEP 2.
