Занятие 5(продолжительность-2ч.)

Тема: Химия как наука. Органическая и неорганическая химия. Химические процессы в организме человека.

Цель: развитие навыков чтения и повседневного общения, формирование компетенций:

-ОК-1-способность к обобщению, анализу, восприятию информации, постановке цели и выбору путей ее достижения, владение культурой мышления;

-ОК-2-способность логически верно, аргументировано и ясно строить устную и письменную речь, создавать тексты профессионального назначения;

Задачи:

-Повторить временную форму Present Continuous Active;

-Тренировать навыки изучающего чтения для перевода специальных текстов по теме «Химия»;

-Освоение терминологии по теме «Химия»;

Этапы занятия: 1) Проверка домашнего задания 10 мин.

2) Речевая разминка Направлена на формирование компетенции–ОК1 15 мин.

а) Ответьте на вопросы:

• What does biochemistry study?

3) Изучающее чтение «»

Направлено на формирование компетенции–ОК-1, ОК-2 35 мин.

Поставьте глаголы в Present Simple или Present Continuous:

a) These two substances _______ now (to interact).

b) These elements ______ (to form) millions of organic and inorganic compounds.

c) Chemistry ______ (to be) one of the fundamental natural sciences.

d) Chemists _______ now (to study) a number of interesting phenomena.

e) The students ______ now (to perform) an experiment with an acid.

f) The doctor_______ (to examine) the patient in his room at the moment.

g) Now the doctors _________ (to discuss) a new method of treatment.

h) They _______ (to carry out) an interesting experiment in the lab at present.

Занятие 6(продолжительность-2ч.)

Тема: Химия как наука. Органическая и неорганическая химия. Химические процессы в организме человека.

Цель: развитие навыков чтения и повседневного общения, формирование компетенций:

-ОК-1-способность к обобщению, анализу, восприятию информации, постановке цели и выбору путей ее достижения, владение культурой мышления;

-ОК-2-способность логически верно, аргументировано и ясно строить устную и письменную речь, создавать тексты профессионального назначения;

Задачи:

-Повторить временную форму Present Continuous Active;

-Тренировать навыки изучающего чтения для перевода специальных текстов по теме «Химия»;

-Освоение терминологии по теме «Химия»;

Этапы занятия: 1) Проверка домашнего задания 10 мин.

2) Речевая разминка Направлена на формирование компетенции–ОК1 15 мин.

а) Ответьте на вопросы:

•

3) Изучающее чтение «»

Направлено на формирование компетенции–ОК-1, ОК-2 35 мин.

Занятие 7(продолжительность-2ч.) Итоговая контрольная работа по вводно-коррективному курсу. Вариант I

I. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative, translate into Russian:

1. Chemistry studies various substances and their interactions.

2. They are studying the properties of carbon now.

II. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple or Present Continuous, translate into Russian:

1. We (to study) organic chemistry in the first year.

2. My family (to live) in Volgograd.

3. He (to prepare) for his English lesson now.

4. You (to know) this rule? – No, but I (to learn) it at the moment.

III. Answer the following questions:

1. What is carbon?

2. What are traditionally known solid forms of carbon?

3. What are carbon-based compounds?

4. What are the new properties of carbon discovered recently?

5. Where can the new class of carbon fibers be used?

IV. Translate into Russian:

1. initial stage

2. to be similar to

3. headache

4. to carry

5. to suffocate

V. Translate into English:

1. грипп

2. отравление

3. усталость

4. тошнота

5. кровоток

MICROBIOLOGY

Essential vocabulary

Viruses

I. Give Russian equivalents of the following: tiny, host cell, to destroy, to invade, to range, to retain, to note, to discover, ordinary, to cause, X-ray diffraction, variety, to spread, droplet, to transmit, to achieve

II. Polio (полиомиелит), smallpox (оспа), rabies (бешенство), nm (nanometer) (нанометр), yellow fever (тропическая лихорадка), since then (с тех пор), to identify (определять, устанавливать), border (граница), shape (форма), rod (палочка), to split apart (расщепляться, распадаться), to join (соединяться), chickenpox (ветряная оспа), measles (корь), rabid animal (бешеное животное), wound (рана), bite (укус), insect (насекомое), contaminated (зараженный)

III. Read the text and translate it:

A virus is a tiny parasite which lives, grows and reproduces inside a host cell. When viruses destroy the cells they invade them, they produce viral diseases. Polio, smallpox and rabies are typical examples. Viruses are the smallest microbes. They are smaller than bacteria, and range in size from about 20 nm to 300 nm. They are not seen through a light microscope and pass through filters which retain bacteria.

Nature of viruses. Viruses were first discovered in 1892 by a Russian scientist, D. Iwanowsky, who noted infective agents that passed through a filter for ordinary bacteria. They were originally called filterable viruses. In 1901 Walter Reed found the virus that caused yellow fever in man. Since then, many viruses, all parasites, lower animals and human beings, were identified.

Viruses contain nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA and are considered to be on the border between living and non-living. Viruses are classified by their structure and nucleic acids types. Most viruses found in animal cells which attack bacteria (known as bacteriophages) have the nucleic acid DNA. Other animal viruses and plant viruses contain RNA. Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction have shown that viruses have a variety of shapes such as spherical (e.g. poliomyelitis), straight rods or flexible rods.

Under certain circumstances of virus reproduction, they split apart and then join together again. The same process occurs when chromosomes in the nucleus of a living cell split apart and join to form new cells.

Viruses spread in a variety of ways. Some virus diseases, like chickenpox and measles, spread by contact or by droplets in the air. Rabies virus is transmitted only through a wound - the bite of a rabid animal. Many viruses spread by insects. Virus diseases rarely spread by water, milk or food contaminated by virus. Prevention of virus infection is often achieved by vaccines, made from the original infection virus.

IV. Complete the following sentences:

1) Viruses are so small that they cannot be seen through …

2) When viruses invade cells, they …

3) Viruses are smaller than …

4) In 1892 by a Russian scientist, D. Iwanowsky …

5) Viruses are classified by their structure and …

6) Virus infections are often prevented by ….

V. Answer the following questions:

- Where do viruses grow?

- What are viruses?

- What were viruses originally called?

- What do viruses contain?

- What are the shapes of viruses?

- How do viruses spread?

MICROBIOLOGY

Bacteria

Bacteria are the smallest cellular organisms and are the most abundant. They may vary in the nature of the cell wall. Cells which lack the lipopolysaccharide are gram positive. The cells which have lipopolysaccharide are gram negative. Gram positive bacteria are more susceptible to antibiotics than are gram negative ones. Bacteria are generally distinguished from each other by their shape. Spherical ones are known as cocci, rod-shaped as bacilli and spiral ones as spirilla.

Cocci may stick together in chains, e.g. streptococcus, or in clusters, e.g. staphylococcus. Bacteria show considerable diversity in their metabolism. The majority are heterotrophic. They are responsible for decaying and recycling organic material in the soil. Other bacteria are autotrophic.

Bacteria may produce thick-walled spores which are highly resistant, often surviving drought and extremes of temperature.

I. Give English equivalents of the following: мельчайшие клетки, варьироваться/изменяться, отсутствовать, уязвимый/подверженный, отличаться друг от друга, прилипать, цепочка, разнообразие, переработка, почва, споры с толстыми стенками, засуха, экстремальные перепады температуры

II. Indicate the sentences which provide the following information:

1) Бактерии отличаются друг от друга по своей форме.

2) Кокки могут объединяться в цепочки или группы.

3) Грам-положительные бактерии являются восприимчивыми к антибиотикам.

4) Бактерии могут выживать во время засухи.

III. Complete the following sentences:

1. Bacteria vary in …… .

2. Gram negative bacteria are bacteria which have …….. .

3. Gram positive bacteria are more susceptible to ………. .

4. The majority of bacteria are …….. .

Speak on the economic importance of bacteria:

Economic importance of bacteria

It is easy to think of all bacteria as pathogens but it is important to remember that many are useful to humans:

1. The breakdown of plant and animal remains and the recycling of nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus.

2. Symbiotic relationships with other organisms. For example supplying vitamin K and some of the vitamin B complex in humans.

3. Food production, e.g. some cheeses, yoghurts, vinegar.

4. Manufacturing processes, e.g. making soap powders, tanning leather and retting flax to make linen.

5. They are easily cultured and may be used for research, particularly in genetics. They are also used for making antibiotics, amino acids and enzymes.

Fungi

The fungi are a large group of organisms composed of about 80 000 species. For many years they were classified with the plants but are now recognized as a separate kingdom. This separation is based on the presence of the polysaccharide chitin found in their cell walls. The fungi lack chlorophyll and are therefore unable to photosynthesize. They feed heterotrophically, generally as parasites.

Economic importance of fungi

Many fungi are beneficial to humans. Examples include:

1. Decomposition of sewage and organic material in the soil.

2. Production of antibiotics, notably from Penicillium and Aspergillus.

3. Production of alcohol for drinking and industry.

4. Production of other foods. Citric acid for lemonade is produced by the fermentation of glucose by Aspergillus. Yeasts are used in bread.

5. Experimental use, especially for genetic investigations.

I. Give English equivalents of the following: состоять из, вид, отсутствовать/недоставать, неспособный, питаться, быть полезным для кого-л., отходы, лимонная кислота, брожение, дрожжи, генетический

II. Translate from Russian into English, using Present Perfect:

1) Недавно ученые открыли новый вид грибов/плесени.

2) Они уже покормили экспериментальных животных.

3) Они использовали дрожжи для приготовления хлеба.

4) Последние эксперименты показали, что эта плесень быстро распространяется.

5) Вы уже провели эксперименты над этими мышами?

6) Мы использовали Aspergillus для производства этого антибиотика.

III. Complete the following sentences:

1) Sewage and organic material are decomposed with the help of …. .

2) Penicillin is produced by using … .

3) Citric acid is used in food industry for … .

4) Yeasts are used to produce … .

MICROBIOLOGY

I. Put the verb in brackets in either Past Simple or Present Perfect:

1) The Russian scientist D. Iwanowsky _______(to discover) viruses in 1892.

2) In 1970 the scientists _______(to discover) that enzymes _______(to be) capable of synthesizing DNA from RNA and they _______(to call) it reverse transcriptase.

3) We ________just (to discuss) the main issues of microbiology.

4) The researchers _________(to repeat) the experiment in the lab last week.

5) I _________(to read) about the best known retrovirus, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which causes AIDS in one journal last year.

6) The microbiologists ________(to find) recently that the disease is caused by staphylococci.

7) We _______(to discuss) staphylococci and streptococci at our previous lesson.

8) They ________(to investigate) this phenomenon several years ago but they _______(not/to obtain) any reliable data.

9) We _______just (to obtain) some interesting data regarding the spread of these viruses and now we are developing a number of approaches to prevent it.

10) Recent studies ________(to demonstrate) that endocrine diseases are extremely incident nowadays and some new methods of treatment must be worked out.

II. Put questions to the following sentences:

1. The scientists have established that this disease is caused by a particular species of viruses.

2. The scientists discovered the structure of DNA some decades ago.

3. In 1809 Lamarck proposed a theory of evolution based on inheritance of acquired characteristics.

4. Darwin published his work “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” in 1859.

III. Read the text “Retroviruses” and find the answers to the questions:

1) What is the best known retrovirus?

2) In what way are viruses different from each other?

3) What is reverse transcriptase?

4) Why was the discovery of reverse transcriptase so important?

5) What is provirus?

6) Why do people infected with HIV virus often have no symptoms for many years before they develop AIDS?

Retroviruses

Probably the best known retrovirus is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).

The genetic information in a retrovirus is RNA. Many viruses have RNA. However, retroviruses are different in the way that they can use it to synthesize DNA. This is why they are called retroviruses (retro – behind or backwards).

In 1970 the enzyme which can synthesize DNA from RNA was discovered and it was given the name reverse transcriptase. This discovery has considerable importance for genetic engineering.

The DNA form of the retrovirus genes is called the provirus and it can be incorporated into the host’s DNA. It can remain latent for long periods before the DNA of the provirus is again expressed and new viral RNA is produced. During this time any division of the host cell leads to dupilication of the proviral DNA. This explains why individuals infected with HIV virus often have no symptoms for many years before developing AIDS.

What Are the Different Types of Medical Equipment?

The medical professionals who work in hospitals, doctor’s offices and other facilities depend on medical equipment to help them take care of patients and perform their job duties. There are different types of medical equipment ranging from x-ray machines to heart monitor equipment. The equipment plays just as an important role in patient care as the doctor, nurse or technician who uses it to do a procedure.

Medical equipment can be as basic as a stethoscope, blood pressure cuff or oxygen monitor. Examination rooms may also have medical equipment such as digital thermometers and nebulizer machines. Even though some of the equipment may be small items, all of these are necessary for the doctor or nurse to diagnosis and treat patients. In most emergency departments, there are usually medical supplies that the nurses need such as gloves, urine collection cups, blood sample vials, and syringes.

Hospital laboratories have medical equipment that the pathologists and laboratory assistants use to conduct research and perform tests. Some of the equipment found in a hospital lab includes hemodialysis machines used to remove waste and toxins from the blood, glass slides used to analyze specimen samples and advanced microscopes used for diagnostic testing such as biopsies. Labs also have blood glucose testing monitors that check to see how fast the glucose leaves the blood and is useful to diabetics. If doctors suspect someone has had a heart attack, the lab also has a machine called a radionuclide scanner that takes pictures of the person’s organs and the doctors can analyze the images to see if the heart or surrounding organs appear abnormal.

If a doctor sends an individual to a facility for radiological films, technicians often use a computerized tomography scanner (CT scan) machine. This machine will show cysts, tumors, or foreign bodies if any exist in the person's body. Some of the things doctors use CT scans for are to check for kidney stones, gallbladder attacks, lung nodules and vein conditions. The scanner works by rotating around the body, omitting a beam of light onto the area and produces digital images of the organs in question that the radiologist will review. The person getting the test has to remove all items including jewelry and eyeglasses prior to entering the scanner so that they CT scanner will not pick up the item on the images.

Even though some of the equipment may require very little instruction such as a nebulizer machine, most of the digital imaging equipment and monitors for brain waves, oxygen levels and heart monitors do require additional training. Technicians who work in the labs usually have to meet certain education and training criteria before allowed to use the equipment. It is also important that someone routinely examine and clean the medical equipment in order for it to function properly and be free of any harmful germs.

Different Types of Lab Equipment for Medical Use

In a medical laboratory, several tests are conducted on clinical specimens for getting information on the health condition of a patient. In order to help in the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions different types of lab equipment are used. Scientists used different lab equipment to conduct experiments, collect data and take measurements. This information helps the medical laboratory scientist to analyze the medical state of a patient and thus proper remedies can be taken. Hospital and physician office laboratories conduct most of the tests and a few of them are conducted in independent laboratories.

Commonly Used Lab Equipment

Blood gas analyzers: Blood gas analyzer is an instrument to measure the partial pressures of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide in blood. It is also used to know the acidity of blood. Blood gas reagents are used to determine the amount of gases and also the pH level in blood.

Microscopes: Microscopes play an important part in a medical laboratory. There are different types of microscopes like fluorescence microscopes, laboratory microscopes, stereo inspection microscopes and educational microscopes.

Balances: Balances are used for weighing applications in a laboratory. Balances are of several types – mechanical balance, precision balance, and analytical balance.

Sterilizers: Elimination of microbiological organisms from medical equipment is done by sterilizers. A lot of quality sterilizers are easily accessible in our market.

In addition to the above equipment, pipettes, co-oximeters, luminometers, chemostats, spectrophotometers, thermometers, osmometers, flow cytometers, densitometers, centrifuges, DNA analyzers, colposcopes, hematology analyzers, and immunoassay analyzers are some of the important medical equipment used.

Availability in Global Market

There are many medical laboratory equipment manufacturers in the global market. Some of them are:

• Benchmark Research Products Inc.

• GenWay Biotech

• LW Scientific

• Ohaus

• Phoenix Diagnostics

• Siemens

Selection of Quality Medical Equipment

There are several equipment manufacturers and dealers around the world. You have to choose one that would ideally fulfill your needs. Buying equipment online is a good option because there are a lot of dealers providing the finest quality lab products and supplies. Recertified laboratory equipment is also available where you can find necessary equipment in an affordable range. Such equipment will be of excellent quality as they are checked by trained technicians. Most of the dealers provide great customer care support. Their services include:

• Installation and confirmation of proper functioning of the equipment

• Timely service of the equipment

• Repairing equipment when needed

• Safe shipment

• Ensuring quick availability

Medical Equipment in the Future

New innovations are emerging day by day in the field of medical technology. Modern medical expert teams are combining their efforts in designing different types of lab equipment that would give good medical assistance in the near future.

Biodiversity vs. human population growth

The continued increase in human population is having negative effect on our planet's biodiversity. The equation is pretty simple - more people need more space to build houses and industries and this means reduced habitats for many plant and animal species.

Habitat loss due to increase in human population is not the only reason for the ongoing biodiversity loss. People are also the main factor behind other environmental issues that have direct impact on biodiversity loss such as climate change, pollution and deforestation.

Human population growth wouldn't have been accompanied with such big biodiversity loss if people were to care more about our environment, and our planet in general. We take everything for granted and this is really our biggest problem.

People forget that we cannot survive without animals and plants and that the nature has created this perfect mechanism of dependence among all species in our planet. To nature every species count (from smallest to biggest), to humans not so much. We believe everything exists only to serve our needs and this is the attitude that could get us in serious trouble.

People need to become much more aware of the current environmental issues, they need to realize that our environment is degrading rapidly, and that we cannot survive all alone, without ecosystems rich with plants and animals.

Biodiversity loss cannot be stopped without the appropriate action on global level, and for action on global level to take place we first need to ensure the unity of this world. Sadly, world leaders only seem to be united when there is economy on line, and environmental issues are still way down on their political agenda. Just take a look at climate talks that have so far resulted in one big nothing in terms of contributing to global decrease in greenhouse gas emissions.

Animals and plants need more protected areas where they can live in peace without human interference. This will be hard to achieve given the constant growth in human population but this task is by no means impossible. But in order to achieve this some things will have to change, more precisely we’ll have to develop global environmental conscience.

The value of clean, healthy environment rich with many animal and plant species is priceless and the sooner we realize this the better because our future wellbeing heavily depends on it.

Computer system are used in several quite different ways within doctor's surgeries and hospitals...

Monitoring of Patients

When a patient is in hospital, they often require close monitoring. It is not possible for a doctor or nurse to monitor patients continuously, 24 hours a day, so computerised monitors are used instead.

Sensors are attached to the patient. Senors are used to monitor:

• Pulse rate (heart beats per minute)

• Temperature

• Breathing rate (breathes per minute)

• Blood oxygen levels

• Blood pressure

The sensors feed information back to a computer which processes the data:

• Data is checked for any problems (e.g. pulse rate too low/high)

• Data is logged so that it can be checked later

Several outputs from the computer system let hospital staff the patient's condition:

• A large display / monitor shows graphs of pulse, breathing, etc.

• A loud buzzer / alarm can be sounded if there is a problem to attract the attention of a nurse/doctor

• A small printer can produce a hard-copy of the data

The data from several patients can be fed back to a central nursing station so that the nursing staff can see exactly what is happening in the ward.

Diagnosis of Illness

Body Scanners

CT scanners and MRI scanners allow doctors to investigate what is happening inside a patient's body without intrusive surgery.

The complex signals that come back from these huge machines are picked up by sensors and fed into a computer. The computer processes the data, then outputs full-colour images, sometimes in 3D, for the doctor, giving views of the patient's body.

Expert Systems

Expert systems allow medical staff with limited medical knowledge (e.g. nurses) to get advice from a computer 'expert'

Expert systems are described here. But they essentially work by:

1. Medical staff inputs patient's symptoms (or answers questions about them)

2. The expert system's search engine searches the knowledge base (a collection of medical knowledge) to find possible diagnoses

3. The system outputs a list of possible diagnoses, and treatments

Managing Patient Records

Doctors and hospitals have to deal with thousands of patients every week. It is essential that the medical details of every patient is recorded accurately so that the correct diagnosis can be made, and the correct treatment can be given.

For this reason, hospitals make use of computerised databases to store patient records. Computerised databases mean that:

• Patient data can be easily shared between doctors, pharmacies and other hospitals

• It is easy to search for and retrieve patient records

• Doctors can instruct a pharmacy to issue medication for a patient (no paper note needs to be written)

Databases are described fully here. In the case of hospitals, the patient data that would be typically stored would be:

• Patient ID (number or text) - this would be the key field

• Name (text)

• Date-of-birth (date)

• Gender (boolean)

• Blood group (text)

• Allergies (text)

• Medical history (text)

• Doctor currently treating (text)

• Current symptoms (text)

• Current diagnosis (text)

• Current treatment (text)

• Current medication (text)

• X-rays or body scans (links to image/video files)

Physics in Medicine

I. Warming-up

Answer the following questions:

1) How is physics applicable in medicine? (Think of the following: heat, light, radiation, X-ray diffraction, etc.) 2) Does the relation between physics and medicine have a long history? 3) Can you complete the definition: “Medical physics is an interdisciplinary science that …”? 4) What subject areas is medical physics related to? 5) Is physics required for biomedical engineering?

II. Pre-reading task

Agree or disagree with the following statements:

Agreement Disagreement

You know that’s exactly what I think I see your point but …

Yes, that’s true. I shouldn’t say so.

I fully agree. I have got some reasons to disagree.

I’m of the same opinion. On the one hand,

It really looks like that. On the other hand,

I won’t deny that. Well, I’m not sure.

What you’re saying is perfectly true. I wouldn’t say that exactly.

That’s just what I think. You can’t be serious.

• X-rays are widely used in medicine.

• The human heart can be X-rayed.

• Teeth are never X-rayed.

• An X-ray technician needs some special training.

• An X-ray technician takes and processes X-ray films.

• One of the main tasks of an X-ray technician is protecting patients from exposure to X-rays by using special devices (lead aprons, collars, etc.)

• Another name for taking an X-ray image is radiography.

• X-rays were discovered by a German scientist.

• The result of radiography is called an X-ray film.

• The X-ray beam has an ability to penetrate an object.

III. Reading: “THE DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS”

After reading this text you will be able to do the following:

• Обобщите информацию о том, как Рентген совершил свое открытие.

• Обсудите тот вклад, который Рентген внес в развитие медицины и какое влияние это открытие оказало на мировую общественность тогда и какое значение имеет сейчас.

In late 1895, a German physicist, W. C. Roentgen was working with a cathode ray tube in his laboratory. He was working with tubes similar to our fluorescent light bulbs. He evacuated the tube of all air, filled it with a special gas, and passed a high electric voltage through it. When he did this, the tube would produce a fluorescent glow. Roentgen shielded the tube with heavy black paper, and found that a green colored fluorescent light could be seen coming from a screen setting a few feet away from the tube. He realized that he had produced a previously unknown "invisible light," or ray, that was being emitted from the tube; a ray that was capable of passing through the heavy paper covering the tube. Through additional experiments, he also found that the new ray would pass through most substances and cast shadows of solid objects on pieces of film. He named the new ray X-ray, because in mathematics "X" is used to indicate the unknown quantity.

In his discovery Roentgen found that the X-ray would pass through the tissue of humans leaving the bones and metals visible. One of Roentgen’s first experiments late in 1895 was a film of his wife Bertha's hand with a ring on her finger. The news of Roentgen’s discovery spread quickly throughout the world. Scientists everywhere could duplicate his experiment because the cathode tube was very well known during this period. In early 1896, X-rays were being utilized clinically in the United States for such things as bone fractures and gun shot wounds.

IV.Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний: похожий на, электрическая лампочка, откачивать (о воздухе), высокое электрическое напряжение, флуоресцентное свечение, накрывать/прикрывать, устанавливать экран, ранее неизвестный, проходить через/сквозь, дополнительные эксперименты, отбрасывать/оставлять тени, твердые предметы, снимок, быстро распространяться, повторить эксперимент, перелом, огнестрельное ранение

V. Grammar: Past Tenses

Past Simple Active: to be

Singular Plural

I was We were

You were You were

He/She/It was They were

Past Simple Active

Формальным показателем времени Past Simple Active является окончание -ed, добавляемое к первой форме глагола (для правильных глаголов), либо вторая форма глагола (для неправильных глаголов): The doctor recommended an antibiotic therapy to me. The doctor made a diagnosis of appendicitis.

Для выражения отрицательного значения применяется вспомогательный глагол did в сочетании с отрицательной частицей not. Смысловой глагол при этом используется в первой форме: They did not/didn't perform any microbiologic testing. We did not/didn't use the laboratory computer database.

Вопросительная форма также конструируется при помощи вспомогательного глагола did, который занимает позицию перед подлежащим: Did the patient develop any new symptoms? What did the patient present with?

Past Continuous Active

Для выражения в Past Continuous Active используется глагол to be в формах прошедшего времени (was/were), а также первая форма глагола с окончанием –ing (ing-form):We were making an experiment in the laboratory at this time yesterday.

Для выражения отрицательного значения используется отрицательная частица not, которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола (was/were): The researchers were not working on this problem at that time.

Вопросительная форма конструируется путем постановки вспомогательного глагола (was/were) перед подлежащим: Were you making a report at 2 p.m. yesterday?

Past Continuous Active используется для:

1) обозначения действий, происходящих в определенный момент прошлого: They were repeating the experiment from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m.

2) обозначения действий, прерываемых другими действиями: He was speaking about his experimental part when the examiner interrupted him.

3) обозначения одновременных длительных действий: While my assistant was recording the data, I was observing the experiment.

4) описания статичной картины в прошлом: In the late 1890s Roentgen was working much with cathode ray tubes in his lab. He was filling them with air, then with a special gas, was passing voltage through it, etc.

Past Perfect Active

Для формального построения Past Perfect Active используется глагол had , а также Participle II, то есть глагол + окончание –ed или третья форма глагола (для неправильных глаголов).

Для выражения отрицательного значения используется отрицательная частица not, которая ставится после had.

Вопросительная форма образуется путем постановки глагола had в позицию перед подлежащим: Had you finished…? Had he performed…?

Past Perfect Active используется для обозначения:

1) действий, завершившихся на определенный момент прошлого, который может быть обозначен либо при помощи отдельных слов (by that time, by 3 yesterday, etc.), либо посредством целого предложения (построенного в Past Simple). В последнем случае действие, обозначаемое временем Past Perfect Active, завершается на момент начала второго действия, маркируемого Past Simple: The lecture had already started when a new student turned up. By that time the lecturer had already called the names of the students on the register.

2) действий, начавшихся в прошлом и закончившихся или продолжающихся на более поздний момент прошлого: By the time the experiment started he had been in the laboratory for 2 hours.

VI. Найдите в тексте примеры Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect. Проанализируйте их и объясните, почему используются данные времена.

VII. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative:

1.The patient was having difficulties breathing so we put him on a respirator. 2. The doctor was using a bronchoscope to inspect the inside of the lungs. 3. They were stitching the wound when the patient fainted. 4. The physician was feeling the child’s pulse when he started crying. 5. The cardiologist was interviewing the new patient. 6. I was thinking of your case yesterday when you called me. 7. The doctor was questioning the patient to make a diagnosis. 8. Her condition improved, so we reduced the dose. 9. The doctor prescribed a course of antibiotics. 10. The pharmacist mixed the chemicals in this bottle. 11. The surgeons operated immediately on the injured child. 12. The nurse disinfected and dressed the wound. 13. The doctor noticed that the patient’s blood pressure had dropped. 14. Palpation and percussion of the liver had supplied important evidence before the doctor made the diagnosis.

Physics in Medicine

Medical Use of Ultraviolet Light

Part of the radiation from the sun is called ultraviolet light. This electromagnetic radiation is a shorter wavelength than visible light and kills microorganisms. The medical industry uses ultraviolet light to sterilize rooms, equipment and medical instruments. It is also used as a medical treatment.

Task1. Read and translate the text. Look at the list of possible subheadings and match each one to the passages.

1. Types

2. History

3. UV germicidal lights

4. Facts

5. Benefits

(А) Freidrich William Herscel was a German astronomer who used a glass prism with different colors of light to experiment with sunlight. In 1800, he discovered an invisible light that he called "ultra-red." Johann Wilhelm Ritter also conducted experiments in 1801. He found a form of light beyond the violet end of the spectrum. He referred to this light as chemical rays but it was later called ultraviolet light.

(B) Medical uses of ultraviolet light include disinfection and sterilization without the use of chemicals. Ultraviolet light is also used to destroy bacteria and viruses. In the year 1877, two English scientists named Downes and Blunt, discovered that bacteria died in the sunlight. In 1892, Marshall Ward demonstrated that the bactericidal actions were from the ultraviolet part of the spectrum. Ultraviolet light is also used as a safe medical treatment. It stimulates the immune system and shows good results in killing blood borne pathogens.

(C) Ultraviolet light is environmentally friendly which makes it ideal for use in the medical field. It deactivates the DNA from pathogens and makes it impossible for them to multiply. Ultraviolet light damages the nucleic acid of microorganisms which keeps the organism from reproducing. Some microorganisms destroyed by ultraviolet light are bacillus anthracis, salmonella or food poisoning, shigella dysentariae or dysentery, bacteriophage or E. coli, hepatitis and influenza. Ultraviolet light can be combined with other therapies.

(D) Some kinds of skin conditions can improve with the exposure of ultraviolet light. This is called phototherapy. Broad band UVB is another ultraviolet light therapy but can only be used on the areas of skin without folds. Narrowband UVB uses one wavelength to treat skin diseases and is very beneficial for psoriasis. It is also used to treat pruritus, vitiligo and lichen planus. These treatments help heal inflamed tissues, damaged cells and wounds.

(E) Ultraviolet germicidal or bactericidal lamps are often used in the medical field to help keep disease under control so it doesn't spread. These lamps give a strong effect of ultraviolet energy which makes them excellent for sanitizing the air and killing germs and bacteria. They also get rid of molds, fungi and many kinds of viruses. Hospitals use UV germicidal lamps for sterilizing surgical instruments and even the air in operating rooms. These lamps are installed safely to keep anyone from being exposed to them.

Task 2.Match the English and Russian equivalents.

1. bloodborne A. экологически безопасный

2. operating room B. оказывать значительное воздействие

3. ultraviolet part of the spectrum C.подвергаться воздействию

4. narrowband D. проводить эксперименты

5. to conduct experiments E. узкополосный

6. to be beneficial for F. операционная

7. to be exposed to G. размножаться

8. environmentally friendly H. быть эффективным для

9. to give a strong effect J. переносимый кровью

10. to multiply K. ультрафиолетовая часть спектра

Task 3.Fill in the prepositions where necessary.

1. Ultraviolet light destroys the nucleic acid of microorganisms which prevents microorganisms … reproducing. 2. … 1800 Freidrich William Herscel discovered an ultra-red light. 3. Such microorganisms as bacillus anthracis, salmonella, shigella dysentariae, E. coli, hepatitis and influenza are destroyed … ultraviolet light. 4. Ultraviolet light is very beneficial … the treatment of skin diseases. 5. Bactericidal lamps are used in hospitals … sterilizing surgical instruments and air. 6. It is advisable for a person to avoid being exposed … bactericidal lamps. 7. Ultraviolet light can help to get rid … fungi, viruses, etc. 8. This will help to prevent you … doing wrong things. 9. Prolonged exposure … the sun can cause sunburn and even skin cancer. 10. Some bacteria die … sunlight, others die … cold.

Task4.Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple/Continuous/Perfect.

1) In 1800, a German astronomer, Fredrich William Herschel, _____________(to experiment) with passing sunlight through a glass prism. 2) He __________(to observe) that temperatures __________(to increase) the more he ________(to go) towards the red end of the spectrum. 3) Much later Marshall Ward __________(to discover) that it __________ (to be) the ultraviolet portion that __________(to have) the bacteria-killing properties. 4) Niels Finsen __________(to receive) the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1903, for his work using UV light to fight tuberculosis. 5) Ancient civilizations __________( to understand) that sunlight provides visibility, warmth, health and vitality. 6) Roentgen _________ (to realize) that he _________(to produce) a previously unknown "invisible light". 7) Before they _________ (to start) using ultraviolet light in medicine, scientists _____________ (to conduct) many experiments.

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