2.5 Accounting for commitments .

 LLP «Sutory Project» taxpayer was a moment of state registration . This means that it must pay to the budget and extra-budgetary funds taxes , excise duties and other mandatory payments . Violation of this obligation entails administrative responsibility for the company and its head in the form of fines . In addition, the Kazakh criminal law established penalties for various types of tax crimes.

Corporate income tax is an important source of revenue of the state . budget. This is the main tool of tax regulation , since the ultimate goal of any business is to get the net profit , ie gross national product minus all deductions and taxes in the budget . Corporate income tax should be seen as a means of increasing or reducing social tensions . After all, it reduces the one hand , the actual level of human well-being and, thus , making it difficult to achieve the desired level of his life, while on the other hand , it also increases because it is returned in the form of allowances, pensions , free medical treatment and education guaranteed by the state law enforcement and confidence in the future . Objects of taxation of corporate income tax are:

• - taxable income ;

• - income subject to withholding ;

Rates of taxes and other obligatory payments to the budget :

• CPN- 20%

• VAT 12%

• PIT -10 %

• CO- 5 %

• CH -11 %

• MO- 10%

Accounts payable - funds raised temporarily enterprise, institution , organization and repayable appropriate persons or entities . Usually payables comprise unrealized payments to suppliers for goods shipped , unpaid taxes , unpaid accrued wages , unpaid insurance premiums , unpaid debts .

2.6 Accounting and remuneration .

Every enterprise - big or small - have hired labor , ie worker sells his labor power and knowledge and receive payment for doing so .

Wages - the system of relations associated with establishing and providing their employees compensation for their work in accordance with the laws and other regulations, collective bargaining agreements. Agreements, local regulations, and labor contracts (p.122 Customs Code) .

There are various types of remuneration :

- Time-based (tariff ) (paid by the time that the employee actually worked );

- Simple ;

- Time-bonus ;

- The piece (paid the amount of products that the employee has made );

- Piecework bonus ;

- Progressive piecework ;

- Indirect piecework ;

- A one-off ;

- Toll-free ( pay is based on the individual worker 's labor contribution to the organization );

- A system of floating salary ( pay is based on the amount of money that an organization can send the payment of wages) ;

- The system of payments on a commission basis ( wage set as a percentage of the revenue received by the organization ) .

Organization chooses forms, systems and remuneration of its employees, as well as all kinds of additional benefits : allowances, bonuses , increased travel agents, dividends , etc. on the basis of legislation.

Established system of remuneration fixed by the collective agreement , the provisions on wages or employment contracts with specific employees. Different categories of workers can be fitted with various payroll system . For example , general staff work may be paid time basis , and the main production work - piecework .

Regulations on remuneration is approved by the head of the organization and agreed with the trade unio. More detail some of the types of remuneration and the method of calculation will consider later .Basic regulations state regulation of relations connected with the organization and remuneration :

- The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan ;

- Civil Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan ;

- Labour Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan ;

- Tax Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan .

Labor standards - a set of production standards , time, volume of service, the number that sets the company's administration for its employees in accordance with a certain level of technology , equipment and organization of production of this particular company. Depending on the condition of machinery equipment at one plant some order will be completed faster and with less than the other , more technically backward . Hence, labor standards will be different in these enterprises .

Norm established production measured amount of work to be performed in the unit of time .

Fixed time - is the amount of working time set for the execution unit of work. As a kind of standard time advocate service standards ( for serving employees) and normalized reference ( where it is impossible to measure the output of the unit , and there is one single operation, ie the task) .

There are two types of operating personnel : the workers and employees . Category of workers classified by occupation and ranks with the establishment of the one's tariff rates , employees - for professions and positions with the establishment of salaries .

Wages - a set of payments in cash or in kind received by the employee for a certain period of time.

Nominal wages - it is an absolute amount of payments received by the employee for the period.

Real wages - is the amount of goods and services that can be purchased at a given level of nominal and minimum wage.

The enterprise in recording and planning her wages are divided into : primary and secondary .

The basic wage of production workers and other directly related to the manufacture of products , works . Its membership included on piece rates , tariff rates for the execution of the production process ; supplements provided by the legislation , premium working etc.

Labor legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan has a number of benefits related to the basic salary , namely :

- Payment for work at night;

- Surcharge for overtime work ;

- Payment for work on holidays and weekends;

- Fee positions overlapping (expansion of service areas ) and the performance of duties of a temporarily absent employee;

- Pay for downtime caused by the employer ;

- Payment of labor holidays ;

- Monetary compensation for unused vacation ;

- Wages , retain workers in the direction of a business trip, on training and retraining ;

- Pay for rest days ( days off ) , provided the employee in connection with the excess of the normal hours of work;

- Additional remuneration provided for by the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On social protection of citizens affected , from nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site " from 18.12.1992 g and the Republic of Kazakhstan Law " On social protection of citizens affected by the ecological disaster in the Aral Sea " from 30.06. 1992, and a number of other benefits .

Labor Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan has granted social partners in sectoral collective agreements define them in payment of a continuing nature . These benefits may include:

- Payment by the district wage differentials ;

- Allowances for years of service ( for length of service );

- Fee shift method of work;

- Fee itinerant nature of work;

- Payment for the expected time of movement in the mine ;

- Surcharge for work in the open sea ;

- Allowances are not released for the management team of foremen ;

- Allowances for professional skill ;

- Allowances for proficiency drivers etc.

An employment contract can also be adjusted payment of a permanent nature . For example, a permanent increase to official salary ( surcharge for high achievements in labor ) . All of the above payments are the basic salary .

Under the form of wage labor is understood to account payable : time or amount of work done .

In practice, the organization wages used two major forms of payment - time wages and piecework , which is also divided into a number of systems .

Called a form of hourly wage at which the employee's salary is calculated on a fixed flat rate or salary for the time actually worked their working hours.

When piecework wage salary is charged in a predetermined amount for each unit of work performed or manufactured products (expressed in manufacturing operations , pieces , kilograms , cubic meters , etc.).

Piecework form of payment into the following payment systems :

- straight piecework payment system sets each unit of production on the piece-rate ;

- Piecework - bonus pay system provides for the payment of additional remuneration premiums for fulfilling specified conditions or performance ;

- Progressive piecework wages may be allowed for a limited period and in the decisive sectors of production and provides for the payment of labor within the initial ( basic norm ) - ordinary rates , and in the development over the source database - at higher ( progressive ) rates ;

- Indirect piecework system is used , as a rule, for remuneration of auxiliary workers ( repairmen , engineers , etc.) and consists in the fact that their earnings are defined by piece-rates for products made workers served main production ;

- Piecework wage system sets the amount of wages on the basis of output norms ( time) and piece-rate for the full range of work as a whole in a given timeframe . The final payment for work performed chord can be made after the acceptance of the entire facility .

Tariff- wage system . When using non-tariff system of remuneration depends on the employee's earnings outcomes of the structural units of the organization in which he works, and the amount of funds allocated by the employer for wages . This system is similar to a lump-sum payment of labor, but the difference is that in the form of lump- used items such tariff system , as rates and prices . At the same tariff-free remuneration system for a particular distribution of sums of wage labor participation ratio is used . In some cases, the amount of the employee's earnings at non-tariff wage calculated as a percentage of the value of concluded contracts for the supply ( sale ) of products (goods ) or as a percentage of the value of the enterprise's income from transactions . When non-tariff wage system assigning a specific employee skill level does not imply the establishment of his respective tariff rate or salary . Specific wage level is not known beforehand . He can only imagine how this level will be based on their previous experience.

Tariff- wage system usually finds its use in small enterprises and companies , as at large is difficult to take into account the results of work on individual structural units and employees . Basically tariff- wage used for the payment of workers supply departments , as well as persons engaged in realization of production , contracting , etc.

A floating salary . When using floating salary depending on the results of employees ( growth or decline in productivity ) made ​​periodic adjustment of the salary ( wage rate ), provided the job for the output . Using the system allows you to adjust salaries in accordance with the specific results of an individual without his or her written warnings mandatory to change the material conditions for two months. Use of floating salary should be fixed in received in organizing the collective agreement , the situation on wages or directly Employment contracts concluded with workers . When this prerequisite is to pay wages at a rate not less than the minimum wage for a full month worked , or made ​​other norms of remuneration.

Remuneration system on a commission basis . When using the commission remuneration system size of a particular employee remuneration is determined as a fixed size ( percent) of the income received by the organization from sales of products ( works, services) , which was attended by the employee . Typically, such a system of remuneration are determined by agreement between the employer and employee in an employment contract . Negotiating the terms , the use of commission pay system , it is recommended to define : the interest rate , the boundary income of which is subject to the calculation of remuneration; the employer's obligation to integrate income derived from sales of products ( works, services ) performed by the employee, the procedure for reviewing the employee with credentials certifying volume of products sold ; the provision of guarantees and indemnifications . If you are using a payment on a commission basis , the remuneration of a particular employee may be calculated :

- From the income received by the organization from sales of products manufactured by the employee,

- The cost of goods sold , belonging to the organization , by the employee ;

- The cost of rendered services worker in repair, maintenance and consulting services to clients.

Salary level , completely spent norm of working time per month shall not be less than the minimum wage .

Taskmgr - time-based wage system . The essence of the appointed - time-based pay is that when the established norms of remuneration is made at higher hourly rate for time actually worked , or increased rates. If the rate of work not performed, the work continues until the end , but without the payment of overtime or set lower rates (prices ) .

HOURLY form of payment is divided into the following systems:

- Simple time-based system , when the employee's salary is calculated on a flat rate assigned to it , or the salary for the time actually worked ;

- Time basis bonus pay system - is a simple time-based wage system , supplemented by bonuses for fulfilling specific quantitative and qualitative indicators of work or working conditions.

If an employee , for a certain period of time absent from work for a good reason (illness, documented , vacation , etc. ), it is pro rata to be rewarded with time, ie during his absence premium is not charged , but in general he is not deprived of awards , she just charged a lesser amount corresponding to his actual earnings .

Each form of payment has its own characteristics . Consider how to make additional payments for combining the positions ?

Surcharge for combining the positions ( expanding the share of services ) or perform the duties of a temporarily absent employee , the employee is made , performed in the same organization , along with their main job , due to the individual labor contract , additional work on other positions or duties of a temporarily absent employee an exemption from its core operations . Allowances for combination ( extending the service ) or performance of the duties of a temporarily absent employee , the employer is established by agreement with the employee ( as a percentage of monthly salary ( wage rate ) ) main job . Employee worked for at full month surcharge for combining the positions calculated in the prescribed amount as a percentage of monthly salary ( wage rate ) main job is proportional to the time worked .

In case of temporary performance of duties for an absent employee office worker , who is charged with these responsibilities , paid the difference between his actual salary ( official , personal , or individual ) and official salary absent employee ( without surcharges allowances ), provided that the employee is not a full-time deputy .

Interconnection costs and revenues of the enterprise employees represented in the following table :

Costs of the company .

1. Wages and salaries Tariff ;

2 . Compensation;

3 . Bonuses and allowances ;

4 . Holiday ;

5 . Bonuses and other incentives;

6. Hospital ;

7. Material assistance ;

8. Travel expenses in excess of the standards;

9. Price paid or provided to the employee

  goods, works or services;

10 . The social tax ;

11. Payroll taxes ;

Accrued income worker.

1. Mandatory pension contributions

2 . Individual income tax

3 . Other deductions

4 . The amount of income to be paid on hand

Settlements with staff on pay being the passive synthetic account 3350 " Short-term debt to pay " This bill is a passive , as it summarizes the information on obligations ( debt ) to the employees of the enterprise to pay for their labor.

Credited shown increasing debt owed to employees as a result of charging their due wages and other income.

Debited to show a reduction of this debt as a result of retention of mandatory pension contributions , personal income tax or the payment of wages.

• 2.7 Accounting for Equity

. Consider keeping Equity LLP Sutory Project.

The authorized capital of a limited liability partnership formed by combining the contributions of the founders (participants) . The initial size of the authorized capital is the sum of contributions of the founders and can not be less than an amount equivalent to one hundred monthly calculation index on the date of submission of documents for the state registration of the partnership . Contribution to the charter capital of a limited liability company may be money , securities, things , property rights, including the right to land and the right to intellectual property and other assets . Not allowed to contribute to a moral rights and other intangible benefits .

All contributions of founders (participants ) in the share capital in kind or in the form of property rights are valued in monetary terms by agreement of all the founders or by decision of the general meeting of the company. If the value of such contributions exceed the equivalent of twenty thousand monthly calculation index , its evaluation should be confirmed by an independent expert. In cases where , as a contribution partnership transferred the right to use property , the size of this contribution is determined by usage fee calculated for the entire period specified in the founding documents. Without the consent of the general meeting , early withdrawal of the property, the right to use that a contribution to the charter capital of the company is prohibited. Unless otherwise provided by the memorandum of association , the ratio of the contribution of each party to the total authorized capital is a fraction of the participant in the authorized capital . This proportion can be expressed in terms of the whole or a percentage.

Any change in the authorized capital associated with the adoption of a limited liability company and new entrants or disposal of any partnership of former members , shall be appropriate recalculation of participants' shares in the share capital at the time of adoption or disposal. (re )

If the charter of a limited liability provided by the introduction of its founders through contributions to the authorized capital of the company is not money and other property , the founders of the partnership may specify in the memorandum order of the founders or that third party to whom the property shall be transferred in trust for the period before and after the establishment of the partnership.

Limited liability partnership , a partnership with the additional responsibility - subjects of medium and large businesses minimum capital 100 MRPsoglasno Article 23 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan " On Limited Liability Company and more

Subsection 5000 " Share capital " is intended to take account of the issued share capital of the authorized capital or property (mutual ) fund organizations.

      This subsection includes the following groups of accounts:

      5010 - "Preferred Shares" , which takes into account the total nominal value of issued preference shares paid by the Company ;

      5020 - " Common Shares ", which takes into account the total nominal value of the issued ordinary shares paid by the Company ;

      5030 - " Deposits and shares ", which takes into account the cost of investments in the authorized capital of the company .

      Subsection 5100 " Paid-in capital ", is intended to account for unpaid capital organizations.

      5110 - " Paid-in capital ", which reflected the payment transaction issued shares , contribution ( contribution in kind) to the authorized capital of the organizations , as well as debts of individuals and organizations to pay for shares issued and payable founders to make contributions ( contribution in kind) to the share capital organizations. Subsection 5100 " Share premium " account group includes : 5110 - " Share premium ", which takes into account the share premium on shares issued .

Debited to reflect the debt of the organization and individuals on deposits in authorized capital, credit turnover show payment shares , contributing to the Criminal Code.

Equity accounting is conducted on account 5000

№ п/п	substance of the transaction	correspondence of accounts
		debit	credit
1	Reflection of the size of the authorized (initial) capital of the partnership	5110	5030
2	Payment for the shares, making deposits (property) contributions: -IA -OS and biological assets -Real Estate -current assets TMZ -long-term financial investments -money	2730 2410 2510, 2520 2310 1110, 1150 1310 1350 2210 1010,1030	5110 5110 5110 5110 5110 5110 5110 5110
3	On account of the settlement of accrued dividends (income members)	3030	5110
4	Direction of capital reserve to pay the share capital (this wiring used economic partnerships)	5410	5110
5	Direction of net income to pay the share capital ( this wiring used economic partnerships and production cooperatives )	5510 5520	5110

• 2.8 Investments

Forms and methods of financing investment projects vary widely : for this purpose may be used to issue shares , the acquisition loan , lease financing , mortgages .

Each of the used forms of financing has certain advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, in any investment project should be a thorough assessment of the impact of various investment schemes and alternative forms of financing . For example , it is important to respect the right balance between long-term debt and equity , since the higher the leverage ratio , the greater the amount paid in interest.

Financial scheme should be used :

provide the necessary for the smooth implementation of the project investment;

act to optimize the structure of investment and tax payments ;

provide lower capital cost and risk of the project;

ensure a balance between the volume of financial resources involved and the amount of profits.

Financial investments - is an investment funds or other assets in the securities business entities .

Financial investments - assets that the subject used to produce income (such as interest, royalties , dividends and rents ) .

Based on the period of ownership , financial investments are divided into:

1) Short-term investments - with a maturity up to year of ownership ;

2) Long-term financial investments - with a maturity of over one year of ownership .

Financial instruments are measured at cost , which is the fair value of what has been paid or received in the course of acquisition of a financial asset or liability.