Antonym:

the notion indicates words of the same category of a part of speech, which have contrasting meanings;

I. Arnold: may be also defined as two or more words of the same language belonging to the same part of speech and to the same semantic field, identical in style and nearly identical in distribution, associated and often used together so that their denotative meanings render contradictory and contrary notions. For example: hot – cold; light – dark; happiness – sorrow; сум – радість; добро – зло.

contradictory notions are mutually opposed and denying one another;

For example: alive means “not dead”, impatient means “not patient”.

contrary notions are also mutually opposed but they are gradable.

For example: old and young are the most distant elements of a series like: old – middle-aged – young.

Classificationofantonyms:

absoluteantonyms– express contrary notions.For example: young – old, right – wrong.

derivationalantonyms – created with negative affixes.For example: known – unknown, appear – disappear

homonym.words, identical in sound and spelling or at least in one of these aspects, but different in meaning, distribution and often in origin;mainly monosyllabic;For example: bow – поклін, bow – лук. Classification -Walter Skeat classified homonyms according to their spelling and sound forms into the following three groups:

homonyms proper – the words identical in sound and spelling. For example: school – косяк риби or школа; місяць;

homographs – words with the same spelling but different in sound.For example: read, lead, live

homophones – words identical in sound but different in spelling. For example: night – knight; piece – peace

• Sources of homonymy –

1borrowing;For example: fair (just) – fair (gathering - French).

2word-building;For example: to make – a make, comb – to comb.

3shortening;For example: rep (representative) – rep (reputation).

4sound-imitation.For example: mew (cat) – mew (sea gull).

neologism is of Greek origin and consists of two parts - neo meaning "new", and logos meaning "speech, utterance". The term neologism is first attested in English in 1772, borrowed from French néologisme (1734).

The term is used to refer to: 1) a new word or phrase coined to denote new notions, objects, phenomena, etc. (a.k.a. lingual neologism, morphological neologism, or innovation): blackmarketeer "someone who engages illegally in trade in scarce or controlled commodities"; Блог (англ. blog, від web log - щоденник);

2) a new word or phrase which conveys in a new fashion the attitude of a speaker to already existing notion, object, phenomena etc. singling out their peculiar, not known or not noticed feature (a.k.a. synonymic neologism) skid-lid "a hardhat of the driver", fuddy duddy "old-fashioned, outdated“;

3) a new sense in which the already existing lingual unit is used (a.k.a. semantic neologism or semantic extension): to dig meaning "to comprehend, to appreciate, to enjoy (slang)", e.g. I can dig it. Do you dig this song?; вірус, мишка(комп.); 4) a word created by a writer or poet in order to achieve certain artistic effects (a.k.a. an individual and stylistic neologism or occasionalism): grok (from a science-fiction novel Stranger in a Strange Land (1961) by Robert A. Heinlein) meaning "to understand intuitively or by empathy“;двостільцевий депутат

• Every neologism goes through the following stages: usualisation (it enters a widely used lexis) –

socialization (it is accepted as a speech norm) – lexicalization/integration (it becomes lexically registered).

methods of word-formation remain to be dominant in creating neologisms

. Compounding - Obamamania; skinhead, come-back; Боді-арт; Веб-сторінка

II. Affixation - non-friend ; preschooler; quarkonics ; Блейзер (англ. blazer від to blaze - сяяти, палати)

III. Abbreviations and acronyms : CPF "computer furniture", HDW "hardware", URL "Uniform Resource Locator“;

IV. Conversion - the move of the word from one part of speech to another: a friend (n.) -> to friend (v.).

Teleskopy-1)smassy=smart + sassy, Chinglish=Chinese + English; 2)cyborg=cybernetic+organism); 3)Californication=California+fornication); 4) slithy=lithe+slimy.terminology and advertisement: infomercial=informatio+commercial, edutainment=education+entertainment, cafetorium=cafeteria+auditorium, netiquette=network+etiquette, trashware=trash+software

Ways of translating neologisms

1) transcription and transliteration:

punk "панк", ombudsman "омбудсмен", skinhead "cкінхед“;

2) calquing: workaholic "трудоголік", antihero "антигерой"; image maker;

3) descriptive translation: open cry -"відкритий викрик

• Occasional words are created in speech directly for particular situation. Some authors can quote the most widespread occasionalisms.

 2. The novelty of neologisms disappears in some time and extraordinary and unfamiliar perception of occasional elements is their distinctive feature.

3. The appearance of occasionalisms in language is always unpredictable. They have so called facultative function.

 4. Occasional elements are very expressive because of unaccustomed perception and because of special concentration of content.

euphemism is a generally innocuous word or expression used in place of one that may be found offensive or suggest something unpleasant.

The word euphemism comes from the Greek word εὐφημία (euphemia), meaning "the use of words of good omen", which in turn is derived from the Greek root-words eu (εὖ), "good, well" and pheme (φήμη) "glory, flattering speech, praise.