- •1. Language and speech, their levels
- •2. Morpheme, its definition and classifications. Allomorphs
- •3. Word forms and its types
- •4. Grammatical meaning
- •5. Grammatical category
- •6. Definition of the noun
- •7. Classes of nouns
- •8. The category of number. The system of opposemes of the category
- •9. Singularia tantum and Pluralia tantum
- •10. The system of opposemes of the category of case
- •11. Double nature of the category of case
- •12. Declinables and indeclinables
- •13. The problem of analytical cases in Modern English
- •14. The peculiarities of the “–‘s” morpheme
- •15. Relational meanings expressed by Genitive
- •16. General characteristics of the verb
- •17. Semantic classification of Verbs
- •18. The category of tense, its correlation with the objective category of time
- •19. The problem of «perfect" in English. Category of order. Meanings rendered by perfect forms
- •20. The category of aspect. Aspect & manner of action. Neutralization of continuous forms
- •21. The category of voice. Morphologo-syntactic nature of the voice category. Number and kinds of voices in me. The problem of reflexive, reciprocal and middle voices
- •22. Syntax as a part of grammar
- •23. Basic syntactic notions: syntactic unit, syntactic form, syntactic meaning, syntactic function, syntactic relations, syntactic position, syntactic valence
- •26. Classification of subordinate word-combinations according to their heads
- •24. Phrases (word-combinations), syntactic constructions (complexes), clauses, sentences, texts as units of syntax
- •25. Syntagmatic relations in syntax. Syntactic relations & syntactic connections
- •27. Predicative word-combinations. Primary and secondary predication. Infinitival, participial and gerundial construction, their function in the sentence
- •28. Nexus and its types
- •29. Syntactic processes of extension, expansion, replacement, representation, complication, substitution and ellipsis
- •30. Sentence, its categories and aspects
- •31. Different approaches to the study of sentences (traditional analysis, distributional analysis, transformational, oppositional analysis, ic-analysis)
- •32. Communicative classification of sentences
- •33. Functional sentence perspective (actual division of the sentence)
17. Semantic classification of Verbs
The class of Verbs falls into a number of subclasses distinguished by different semantic and lexico-grammatical features: 1) According to the Function: notional, semi-notional (auxiliary: have, do, can, must, should, might, may, would; semi-notional verbal introductions: to seem, to happen, to turn out, to try; link verbs: to be, to become, to grow, to go, to run (to run dry); 2) According to Subject – process relation. Here are only Notional Verbs: actional, stative. Actional (Dynamic): to do, to act, to go, to read. Stative (not dynamic): to be, to leave, to see; 3) According to Aspective Verbal Semantics. Notional: non-terminative (durative), terminative (concluded). Non-terminative: to move, to continue, to live, to sleep, to look for. Terminative: to start, to stop, to find, to drop; 4) According to the power to take complements. Notional: transitive, intransitive. Transitive: to kiss. Intransitive: a) Subjective: to sit, b) Objective: to interfere with.
18. The category of tense, its correlation with the objective category of time
The category of tense is a system of 3-member opposites, such as does-did-will do, is doing-was doing-will be doing which shows the relation of the action denoted by the V to the moment of speech. Unlike the category of order, aspect & voice found in the verbals, the category of tense is characteristic only of finite form. |The difference between the lexical & grammatical expression of time is as follows: a) lexically it is possible to name a definite moment, period or point of time (in 1985, currently); gram. meaning is abstract & is related only to 3 particular tenses (the present, the past & the future); b) lexically a period of time is named directly (at 7 o’clock); the gram. meaning of time is indirect; c) gram. meaning of time isn’t absolute but related. There are some words which may be conveyed as present & past (can-could) or only present (must). |The correlation of time & tense is connected with the problem of absolute and relative use of gram. tenses. Some tenses may be not only absolute (showing the time of the action in relation to the present moment). That’s reflecting time and action not with regard of the moment of speech but with some other tense of the V. Therefore, a present tense V in Eng. may be used only if the time of the action it expresses includes the moment of speech. It occurs, for instance, in the subordinate clauses expressing general statements. |Similarly, a future tense V may be used if the action it expresses refers to some time following the moment of speech: Yesterday I heard some remarks about the plan we shall discuss tomorrow.
19. The problem of «perfect" in English. Category of order. Meanings rendered by perfect forms
The category of order is a system of binary, privative opposemes such as write-have written, writes-has written, writing-having written, to be written-to have been written showing whether the action is viewed as prior to, perfect or irrespective of other actions or situations. Some authors like Ilysh regard perfect & non-perfect as part of the aspect system, resultative aspect, others treat the perfect as belonging to the system of tense. E.g. Ivanova regards the perfect as part of tense-0aspect system. Smirnitsky calls it the category of time correlation. But the most widespread name is category of order. Expresses the order of events-perfect, non-perfect. There is a point of view shared by some authors according to which a form like had given expresses priority, has given-result. In case of Past Perfect we have priority of the past action in relation to some past moment indicated by other action or some phrase. Present Perfect, this moment to which the action is prior the moment is indicated by the action itself. The meanings of Present Perfect: 1. resultative Perfect-denotes a past action connected through its result with the present moment 2. continuative Perf.-often corresponds to Present tense in other languages. We have lived here for 10 years. 3. the perf. of experience-shows the experience of the speaker. I’ve always been treated well in this family. Sometimes we observe the neutralization of the primary meaning of the Present Perfect tense in subordinate clauses(time & condition)-it comes to mean future action. Wait till I’ve finished my work. The meanings of Past Perfect: 1. in great many cases PPT serves to connect grammatically 2 past actions one of which is prior in time. I had studied French before I started learning English. 2. Intention or hope which wasn’t fulfilled-acquires additional connotative value & modal force. I had hoped to come in time but unfortunately failed to do so.