- •1. Language and speech, their levels
- •2. Morpheme, its definition and classifications. Allomorphs
- •3. Word forms and its types
- •4. Grammatical meaning
- •5. Grammatical category
- •6. Definition of the noun
- •7. Classes of nouns
- •8. The category of number. The system of opposemes of the category
- •9. Singularia tantum and Pluralia tantum
- •10. The system of opposemes of the category of case
- •11. Double nature of the category of case
- •12. Declinables and indeclinables
- •13. The problem of analytical cases in Modern English
- •14. The peculiarities of the “–‘s” morpheme
- •15. Relational meanings expressed by Genitive
- •16. General characteristics of the verb
- •17. Semantic classification of Verbs
- •18. The category of tense, its correlation with the objective category of time
- •19. The problem of «perfect" in English. Category of order. Meanings rendered by perfect forms
- •20. The category of aspect. Aspect & manner of action. Neutralization of continuous forms
- •21. The category of voice. Morphologo-syntactic nature of the voice category. Number and kinds of voices in me. The problem of reflexive, reciprocal and middle voices
- •22. Syntax as a part of grammar
- •23. Basic syntactic notions: syntactic unit, syntactic form, syntactic meaning, syntactic function, syntactic relations, syntactic position, syntactic valence
- •26. Classification of subordinate word-combinations according to their heads
- •24. Phrases (word-combinations), syntactic constructions (complexes), clauses, sentences, texts as units of syntax
- •25. Syntagmatic relations in syntax. Syntactic relations & syntactic connections
- •27. Predicative word-combinations. Primary and secondary predication. Infinitival, participial and gerundial construction, their function in the sentence
- •28. Nexus and its types
- •29. Syntactic processes of extension, expansion, replacement, representation, complication, substitution and ellipsis
- •30. Sentence, its categories and aspects
- •31. Different approaches to the study of sentences (traditional analysis, distributional analysis, transformational, oppositional analysis, ic-analysis)
- •32. Communicative classification of sentences
- •33. Functional sentence perspective (actual division of the sentence)
26. Classification of subordinate word-combinations according to their heads
This classification is based on the types of syntactic meanings (4 meanings: meaning of N, V, A, D). Phrases may be: 1) noun phrases (NP); 2) verb phrases (VP); 3) adjectival phrases (AP); 4) adverbial phrases (DP). |NP are subdivided into 2 types: 1) depending on the form of the 1st element which may be a noun in the common or possessive case: speech sounds, 3 miles’ distance; 2) combinations A+N denoting a thing with its properties, such as wooden bench, mission impossible. |VP may be combinations of V-s with N-s & D-s. Subtype V+N may correspond to 2 different types of relations between an action & a thing. In the majority of cases N denotes a measure of the action, not its object: to sleep an hour, to wait a minute. VP may be represented by 3-element combinations of the type V+Prep+N: to laugh at smb. |AP are mostly of the type A+D where the D denotes the degree of quality named by this A: very easy. Besides, AP may have the form A+Prep+N: many of the students. |DP are mainly represented by D+D. These combinations denote different degrees of properties expressed by the head adverb: quite slowly. |Sometimes there may be found phrases of the type Prep+D conveying time & space relations: from above, by now.
24. Phrases (word-combinations), syntactic constructions (complexes), clauses, sentences, texts as units of syntax
A phrase is a combination of 2 or more words which is a gram. unit, i.e. there exists definite syntagmatic & syntactic relation between the words and the phrase is not supposed to be an analytical form of some word. The constituent elements of the phrase may belong to diff. parts of speech. If there is no semantic, syntactic relation, then it’s not a phrase: He took it badly (phrase), He took it bad (not a phrase). There is a specific type of phrase called syntactic construction. Syntactic constructions are those word-combinations which serve as a separate part of the sentence usually represented by 1 word. It is supposed to display some kind of predicative relation. We saw him cross the street (We saw – predicative relation, him cross – syntactic construction. |The difference between a sentence & a phrase is: 1) they have different functions; 2) a phrase can undergo grammatical changes without destroying itself: write letters – wrote letters – will write letters – it’s 1 phrase. BUT Last year he wrote a lot of letters to our friends – He writes a lot of letters – these are diff. sentences. |Sentence is a predicative unit, its function is predication. It’s a minimum synt. unit used in the communicative speech acts, built up according to some definite structural & intonational patterns & possessing some properties (categories) of the sentence, such as predicativity, modality, temporality, communicativity. |Structurally sentences fall into 2 major groups: 1) simple; 2) composite. |Simple have only 1 predicative relation, i.e. 1 subject & 1 predicate: Children jump and run in the street. |Composite may be compound & complex. |Compound consist of clauses, minimum 2 coordinate clauses; in complex sent-s 1 clause is principal, another 1 – subordinate. |In the speech sent-s do not occur separately, they’re supposed to be connected both semantically-topically & syntactically. These groups of words form textual unities & the process is called cumulation. Units of speech are cumulemes. |These groups may also be called complex syntactic unities or supra-phrasal unities. In the written speech they’re called paragraphs which have their own internal organization, they’re characterized by predicativity & modality. Paragraphs are connected into bigger units – texts. Paragraph groupings are cumulated into whole texts.