4. Fill in the word(s) from the list below. Use each word only once and translate them.

processes, melting, produced, raw, bread, final, loaf, foil, quality, computer

1 special …	6 a … product
2 … point	7 a … of bread
3 mass- … food	8 plastic …
4 … materials	9 high- … products
5 … manufacturing	10 … -controlled automation

8 Transport

1. Read and memorize the following words:

concern with	займатись	traffic jam	затор
vehicle	засіб пересування	consumption	споживання
detect	виявляти	internal combustion engine	двигун внутрішнього згорання
obstacle	перешкода	brakes	гальма
pedestrian	пішохід	blinking	блимати
tyre	шина	acceleration	прискорення

2. Read and translate the text.

Transport technology is concerned with all types of transport as well as roads, railways, airports, and sea ports. Engineers are involved in transport at all levels, from how to make fuels more efficient to designing longer and stronger bridges.

A major challenge for engineers is to design safer vehicles. Advanced Safety Vehicles use sensors to provide information to an onboard computer on all possible dangers. The sensors can detect obstacles near the car, such as other cars, pedestrians, or walls; they can detect changes in temperature, speed, acceleration, tyre pressure, and road surface. They can also sense changes in the driver’s condition, such as eye blinking through tiredness. The sensors send a signal to the computer, which is programmed to take certain actions. For example, if a tyre suddenly loses pressure, or the car is too close to another vehicle, the computer sounds an alarm. The computer can take control of the car if necessary, and can cut the engine or apply the brakes.

Engineers are also attempting to design cars which run on “ecologically friendly” fuels, rather than petrol or diesel. Hybrid (mixed) cars combine the internal combustion engine and the electric motor. The aim is to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions by switching between the power sources or combining the two to match the kind of driving required at any time. For example, when the car is moving slowly in a traffic jam it can switch back to petrol again. Hybrid cars also have a wider range: they can travel 30% further than conventional cars on the same amount of fuel.

Hydrogen fuel cells use the world’s most common element to generate electricity. Hydrogen stored under pressure is combined with oxygen pumped from outside the car. The chemical energy generated by this reaction is converted into electrical energy to power electric motors. The only by-product is steam. This means that it is an ecologically clean fuel, which can reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. But unfortunately it has some disadvantages at present: the fuel cells are expensive to manufacture, energy is consumed producing pure hydrogen, and it may be dangerous to store such an explosive gas in city centres.

City authorities are increasingly concerned at the poor quality of air in city streets because of vehicles exhausts. LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) produces 50% less pollution than the average diesel vehicle. Biogas or methane, from human or animal waste, can be collected and processed to fire electricity generating stations. In some countries, particularly Brazil, biofuels are produced from sugar cane or maize as an additive to diesel.