2.2 Upper floor : case study

Upper floor of the semi-d houses is using one way slabs. One way slab also know as concrete slab where the reinforcing steel runs perpendicular to the supporting beams, that is, one way.

Beam

2.3 Wall

It is various external and internal walls suitable for not more than two storey common buildings. Load bearing brick wall and block wall work to domestic dwellings whereas non-load bearing walls and partitions. Damp-proof courses are used.A continuous and vertical structure which thin in proportion to its length and height.

External wall – provide shelter

Internal wall – divide buildings into rooms or compartments

2.3.1 Function

• To provide protection from weather, animal

• To divide the areas

• Act as sound barriers

• As fire walls to attenuate the spread of fire from one building unit to another

• Separate the interior spaces

• To improve the building appearance

• To provide privacy

2.3.2 Case study

Our case study, using clay bricks. The bond of the bond is stretcher bond. Site used one brick wall and half brick wall. The one brick wall is used in the fire protection wall whereas others are the half brick wall. Non-load bearing wall are functions in the building. To identify it is a non-load bearing wall, one way slab in the building proved that is.The non-load bearing wall also known as an interior wall. It does not carry other load than its own load.

There are a few types of non-load bearing wall.

For example:

• Hollow Concrete Block

• Façade Bricks

• Hollow Bricks

• Brick Wall (115mm, 225mm)

The Brick wall that used in the case study is common class, it’s suitable for general building work.

Brick wall

2 .3.3 Basic steps for laying bricks:

2.4 Ceiling

A normal ceiling is fixed directly to the rafters or other structural timber. A suspended ceiling not fixed; wires are fixed to the structure from which are hung lightweight metal fittings which take ceiling tiles. A suspended ceiling can be know as a ceiling which is attached to a framework suspended from the main structure thus forming a void between the ceiling and the underside of the main structure.Suspended ceilings are commonplace in modern construction.

In some cases used to lower what is defined as an excessively high ceiling, sometimes for noise control (the tiles are very effective at absorbing sound). The void above the tiles is good for concealing light fixtures, wiring, plumbing, ventilation ducts etc. which are still easily accessible simply by removing tiles.