18. Oratory and essay

Publicistic style has spoken varieties, in particular, the oratorical substyle. The new spoken varieties are the radio commentary, the essay and articles. The general aim of publicistic style is to exert a constant and deep influence on public opinion, to convince the reader or the listener that the interpretation given by the writer or the speaker is the only correct one and to cause him to accept the point of view expressed in the speech, essays or article. Due to its characteristic combination of logical argumentation and emotional appeal, PS has features in common with the style of SP and that of emotive prose. Subdivision: 1. Oratory and speeches. Oratorical style is the oral subdivision of the PS. Direct contact with the listeners permits the combination of the syntactical, lexical and phonetic peculiarities of both the written and spoken varieties of language. Certain typical features of the spoken variety of speech present in this style are: direct address to the audience (ladies and gentlemen, honorable member(s), the use of the 2^nd person pronoun you, etc.), sometimes contractions (I’ll, won’t) and the use of colloquial words. Repetition, parallel constructions, antithesis, suspense, climax, rhetorical questions and questions-in-the-narrative; 2. The essay. The essay is a literary composition of moderate length on philosophical, social, aesthetic or literary subjects. Personality in the treatment of theme and naturalness of expression are 2 of the most obvious characteristics of the essay. An essay is rather a series of comments than a conclusive argument. Feature articles are generally published in newspapers, especially weeklies and Sunday editions. In comparison with oratorical style, the essay aims at a more lasting, hence at a slower effect. 3. Articles. Irrespective of the character of the magazine and the divergence of subject matter – whether it is political, literary, popular-scientific or satirical, all the features of publistic style are to be found in any article. The character of the magazine as well as the subject chosen affects the choice and use of stylistic devices.

19. The language (l) of drama

The belles-lettres FS has the following substyles: a) the L style of poetry; b) the L style of emotive prose; c) the L style of drama; The purpose is not to prove but only to suggest a possible interpretation of the phenomena of life by forcing the reader to see the viewpoint of the writer. Besides informative and persuasive functions, also found in other functional styles, the b-l style has a unique task to impress the reader aesthetically. Linguistic features: 1. genuine imagery, achieved by purely linguistic devices. 2. the use of words in contextual and in more than one dictionary meaning. 3. a vocabulary which reflects the author’s personal evaluation of things. 4. a peculiar individual selection of vocabulary and syntax. 5. the introduction of the typical features of colloquial L.

L of the drama. The L of plays is entirely dialogue. The author’s speech is almost entirely excluded, except for the playwright’s remarks and stage directions. Any presentation of a play is an aesthetic procedure and the L of plays is of the type which is meant to be reproduced. But the L of the characters is in no way the exact reproduction of the norms of colloquial L, although the playwright seeks to reproduce actual conversation as far as the norms of the written L will allow. It follows then that the L of plays is always stylized with the use of non-literary forms and expressions. The stylization of colloquial L is one of the features of plays 'which at different stages in the history of English drama has manifested itself in different ways revealing. Further, in plays the characters' utterances are generally much longer than in ordinary conversation.