23. The language of newspaper advertisements and announcements

Newspaper style is a system of interrelated lexical, phraseological and grammatical means which is perceived by the community speaking the language as a separate unity that basically serves the purpose of informing and instructing the reader. To attract the reader’s attention specific headlines, space ordering, a large proportion of dates, personal names of countries, institutions, and individuals are used. The primary function of newspaper style is to impart information, only printed matter serving this purpose comes under newspaper style proper. Such matter can be classed as: 1) advertisements and announcements. The function is to inform the reader. There are 2 basic types of them: classified and non-classified (separate). In classified various kinds of information are arranged according to subject-matter into sections, each bearing an appropriate name. As for the separate, the variety of L form and subject-matter is so great that hardly any essential features common to all be pointed out; 2) brief news items; 3) the headline; 4) the editorial.

25. The difference between simile and metaphor

The terms metaphor and simile are slung around as if they meant exactly the same thing. A simile is a metaphor, but not all metaphors are similes. Metaphor is the broader term. In a literary sense metaphor is a rhetorical device that transfers the sense or aspects of one word to another. For e.g.: The moon was a ghostly galleon tossed upon cloudy seas. Here the moon is being compared to a sailing ship. The clouds are being compared to ocean waves. This is an apt (уместный) comparison because sometimes banks of clouds shuttling past the moon cause the moon to appear to be moving and roiling clouds resemble churning water. A simile is a type of metaphor in which the comparison is made with the use of the word like or its equivalent: My love is like a red, red rose. This simile conveys some of the attributes of a rose to a woman: ruddy complexion, velvety skin, and fragrant scent.

24. Irony and its types

Such lexical SD as metonymy and irony belong to the first group of LSD based on the interaction of lexical meanings. Irony is a stylistic device based on the simultaneous realization of two meanings: the literal meaning is the opposite of the intended meaning; used in ridicule, contempt, or humor. Emphasis is placed on the opposition between the dictionary and the intended meaning of a statement: one thing is said and the opposite is implied. Nice weather isn't it. (On a rainy day) Intonation plays an important role in expressing irony. Irony is generally used to convey a negative meaning, but only positive concepts may be used in it (as above: great, nice). Her distaste is impeccable.

Verbal irony is the use of words to mean something different from what a person actually says. The main feature of it is that it is used by a speaker intentionally: “Thanks for the ticket officer you just made my day!” (Types: Overstatement – when a person exaggerates the character of something. Understatement – when a person undermines the character of something.) Dramatic Irony is popular in works of art such as movies, books, poems and

plays. It occurs when the audience is aware of something that the characters in the story are not aware of. E.g.: a movie where a detective does not know that the criminal responsible for the crimes in the city is his partner. The audience however is already aware of this fact and waits anxiously to know what will happen once the character finds out what they already know. (Three stages of DI: Installation – audience is informed of something the character does not know about; Exploitation – using this information to develop curiosity among the audience; Resolution – what happens when the character finally finds out what is going on?). Tragic irony occurs when a character in a play does or says something that communicates a meaning unknown to her but recognized by the audience. (E.g.: a character orders poisoned food that is supposed to kill him or her and the audience already knows that the character is destined to die from food poisoning). Situation Irony. It involves a discrepancy between what is expected to happen and what actually happens. Situation irony occurs when the exact opposite of what is meant to happen, happens. An example would be when someone buys a gun to protect himself, but the same gun is used by another individual to injure him. One would expect that the gun would keep him safe, but it has actually caused him injury. For situation irony to occur there has to be something that leads a person to think that a particular event or situation is unlikely happen.