The Modal Verb must

Johnson:” It MUST be awful for an opera singer

to realize that he can never sing again.”

Jackson :” Yes, but it is much more awful if he doesn’t realize it.”

The modal verb must has only one tense form - the Present Simple.

It is used to refer an action to the present or future and in combination with the perfect infinitive it refers an action to the past.

• You must do it tomorrow.

• He must be still working.

• He must have done it ages ago.

Must can express the following meanings:

1. obligation, duty, necessity (affirmative and interrogative sentences) from the speaker’s point of view.

• I must go to the bank now.

• He must finish this report by Friday.

2. prohibition (in negative sentences).

• You must not come so late.

• You must not leave the house.

Note: Absence of necessity is expressed by other verbs (need or have to):

• They needn't hurry. There is a lot of time.

• You don't have to finish the work right now. It can wait.

3. emphatic advice (when we want to encourage someone to do something we think is important or to emphasize strong feeling or opinion)

• You mustn't be so touchy. You must stop crying.

• You really must have your hair cut.

4. supposition implying strong probability (when a particular idea or deduction is very likely or certain based on the evidence). All forms of the infinitive are used

• He must be thirty.

• You are shivering. You must be cold.

• Someone must have taken the key because it is not here.

In Russian this meaning is generally rendered by means of the attitudinal adverbs вероятно, должно быть.

In English this meaning may also be expressed by means of the attitudinal adverb probably.

Must in combination with the Perfect infinitive refers the ac- tion to the past.

• Do you see him smoking over there? He must have finished his work.

• It is six o'clock. She must have come home.

The combination of must with the Perfect Continuous infinitive indicates an action begun in the past and continued into the moment of speaking.

• It must have been raining all the night. There are big puddles in the garden.

When must expresses supposition implying strong probability, its use is restricted in two ways:

a) It is not used with reference to the future. In this case we find attitudinal adverbs in the sentence.

• He will probably come tomorrow.

• He will evidently know all about it. b) It is not used in the interrogative or negative form. It is found only in the affirmative form.

Note: To express supposition implying strong probability with negative meaning, in addition to attitudinal adverbs, must + verbs to fail, to distrust, to dislike, to disapprove, to disbelieve, to misunderstand, to be unaware or words nobody, never, nothing are used

• He must have failed to get in touch with her.

• He must have misunderstood you.

• He must be unaware of that.

• He must never have guessed the truth.

Note: We use must to say we are sure that something is true:

• Tow has been painting the fence all day long. He must be tired.

• Your friend knows a lot about football. He must be a confirmed football supporter.

We use can’t to say that we think something is impossible:

• You’ve just eaten the whole pizza. You can’t be hungry.

For the past we use must have (done) and can’t have (done).

Note: Remember the following set-phrases with the verb must:

a) Must needs denotes obligation.

• He must needs go there. (Он непременно должен пойти туда.)

2. must be going and / must be off both mean 'it is time for me to go* (in Russian Мне пора уходить).

3. must tell you that... and / must say... are stereotyped phrases in which the meaning of obligation is considerably weakened in must.

4. In the sentences: You must come and see me some time. You must come and have dinner with me. You must come to our party. You must come and stay with us for the week end and the like, the meaning of obligation in must is also weakened. Must has become part of such sentences which are a common way of expressing invitations.

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Имеет только одну форму - настоящего времени. В предложении относится к действию, совершаемому в настоящем или к будущему времени. За ним следует инфинитив смыслового глагола без частицы to.

Выражает:

а) необходимость совершения действия в силу личного убеждения, обусловленная обстоятельствами, моральными принципами и т.п. - должен, нужно, надо;

б) предположение, граничащее с уверенностью - должно быть, вероятно.

В утвердительных и вопросительных предложениях, относящихся к настоящему или будущему, только с простым инфинитивом, must выражает долженствование, необходимость произвести действие.

В утвердительных предложениях:

I must hurry to catch the last train.	Я должен торопиться, чтобы успеть на последний поезд.
You must phone home at once.	Ты должен позвонить домой немедленно.
He must be at school now.	Он должен быть в школе сейчас.
I must do it tomorrow.	Я должен сделать это завтра
Этот глагол самый категоричный из глаголов долженствования, поэтому при выражении настоятельного совета или приглашения его можно переводить на русский язык словами: обязательно должен, непременно нужно.
You must see the play.	Ты обязательно должен посмотреть эту пьесу.
You must read this article.	Вы непременно должны прочесть эту статью.

В вопросительных предложениях:

Must I write it down?	Должен я это записать?
Must we leave at once?	Должны ли мы уйти/уехать сразу же?

В отрицательных предложениях, также с простым инфинитивом, он приобретает значение категорического запрещения производить действие – нельзя, не должен, запрещается.

You mustn’t miss your lectures.	Ты не должен пропускать лекции.
You mustn’t tell anyone about that.	Ты не должна никому об этом рассказывать.

Вероятностное значение

Для выражения предположения, граничащего с уверенностью, соответствует русским должно быть, вероятно, скорее всего и т.п. В этом значении must может употребляться со всеми формами инфинитива и лишь в утвердительных предложениях.

В значении предположения употребляется и глагол may, однако они не взаимозаменяемы. Если may выражает лишь допущение возможности, то глагол must выражает высокую степень вероятности.

must + Indefinite/Continuous Infinitive выражает предположение, относящееся к настоящему времени. Обычно с Continuous, выражая предположение, что действие происходит в момент речи или на протяжении настоящего периода времени.

I must be getting old.	Вероятно, я старею.
They must be waiting for you at the station.	Они, должно быть, ждут вас на станции.
А если глагол не употребляется в формах Continuous, то с Indefinite.
Her husband must be still at work.	Ее муж, должно быть, все еще на работе.
It must be Mr. Smith.	Это, должно быть, м-р Смит.
They must know his address.	Они, должно быть, знают его адрес.

must + Perfect (Continuous) Infinitive выражает предположение, относящееся к прошлому.

Jack must have already finished school.	Джек уже, должно быть, закончил школу.
They must have forgotten my address.	Они, должно быть, забыли мой адрес.
А с Continuous выражает предположение, что действие, начавшееся в прошлом, продолжается до настоящего времени.
They must have been discussing the question for two hours now.	Должно быть, они обсуждают эту проблему уже два часа.

Exercise 1. Translate the sentences with the modal verb must denoting necessity or obligation.

1. You will clearly understand that all communi­cation between yourself and my daughter must cease immediately from this moment. 2. We must do what we can for Fleming, Pearl. 3. I can't go today, Arthur. There is someone I must see before I leave town. 4. Whatever we do, we mustn't let this thing break our old friendship. 5. What you must understand is that nothing but the truth is going to clear you. 6. I must go as we are din­ing out. 7. She said she was in such a state she must have her hair washed. 8. The critic is there not to feel but to judge. He must hold aloof and keep his self-possession. He must not allow his heart to carry him away; his head must remain well screwed on his shoulders. He must care riot to be­come part of the audience. 9. I was just asking Captain Bluntschli to stay to lunch; but he declares he must go at once, 10. I must go and so must you. 11. My duty is a thing I never do, on prin­ciple. It always depresses me. So I am afraid I must leave you. 12. To get one result you must sacri­fice another, so that to write a play perfect in all its particulars. 13. If you want to get any benefit from an experience you must have an open mind. 14. I must go, I must. I told them I'd be back in half an hour. 15. Pearl: "It's such a pity you must go, Minnie." 16. Come on, Julius. We must find that telegram. 17. "We thought we must come arid see you off," she said. 18. I must walk a bit, I think. I feel so excited.

Exercise 2. Translate the sentences with the modal verb must denoting emphatic advice or prohibition.

1. If she upsets herself she has an attack. Dr Barrington says she mustn't be allowed to upset herself. 2. It was impossible and I was going to forbid it absolutely. Judith must not do such a thing! 3. Now, my dear, you mustn't neglect your work the moment my back is turned. 4. Each person must behave in character; that means that he must do what from their knowledge of him they expect him to do. 5. We mustn't be narrow-minded. 6. I suppose you've come to tell me that they have told you that you must never see me again. 7. Oh, my dear, you mustn't feel offended. 8. Ernest: "I shall be cross with you, Duchess. You don't pay any attention to what I say. You must give your mind to it." 9. In your own interest, Sir Robert, to say nothing of mine, you must not do that. 10. You must not do that on any account. 11. I am talking very seriously. You mustn't laugh. I am quite seri­ous. 12. Now listen. You must trust to our hos­pitality. You do not yet know in whose house you are. I am a Petkoff. I must tell you my father holds the high­est command of any Bulgarian in our army. 13. You must come and see me, and you shall tell me all the news of home. 14. You must come to us one evening. 15. You mustn't blame Arnold. It's my fault. 16. Then you'll understand. You'll understand why you mustn't say, even impulsively, that you'd change places with me or anyone. 17. You mustn't take things too seriously. 18. Jane, you must wake up. David's ill. 19. "Where did you get that candy?" she asked. "We mustn't eat candy in the morning."

Exercise 3. Translate the sentences with the modal verb must denoting supposition.

1. Sid must have rung up the Vicarage and said they were coming, because their rooms were all ready, and a nice meal too. He must have done it when they were waiting for their train. 2. It had been a large crew and he must have known them all by their names. Conway didn't 3. But his smile had suffered through lack of use and she must have seen that there was something definitely insin­cere about it. 4. She must have driven like a skilled motorist 5. My mother never talks to me about my father. I sometimes think she must have married beneath her. 6. We don't know what it was that took Mrs. Graham back to the gazebo. There must have been some evidence of an intruder — probably the flash of a torch. 7. This seems to be a valuable ring. Since you wear it always, it must be valuable to you. 8. O'Mara must have de­tected the change of feeling, but allowed him to fin­ish. 9. Whenever people agree with me, I al­ways feel I must be wrong. 10. "It must have been a fearful shock for her." "Indeed it was." 11. "You really believe he was guilty?" "He must have been. He had the cause and he was there with your father in the library." 12. I meant her only to make a note of mistakes in spelling that the typist must have made. 13. Raina: "He's gone! I left him here." Catherine: "Here? Then he must have climbed down from the window." 14. She nev­er mentioned being lonely, but she must have been. 15. Pearl: "What's the matter with Bessie! She must have swallowed a poker last night. No wonder she couldn't sleep. It's enough to give anyone indigestion." 16. You must be exhausted after all the tennis you played this afternoon, Minnie. 17. I see why he was so excited about last night's par­ty. He must have had some special idea in his head — he must have hoped that by reproducing the condi­tions, he would gain some additional knowledge — poor George he must have been so muddled about it all. 18. I don't know what Phil must think of you ringing up like that. He must have thought you had gone out of your mind. 19. The visitor was wearing an old-style greatcoat that must have cost a hundred and fifty dollars new.

Exercise 4. State the meaning of the verb must in the fol­lowing sentences. Translate them into Russian.

1. She had a feeling that you must not use the same word twice on a page and she was ready every time with a synonym to put in its place. 2. "Now, ma'am," said Vern to his mother, "you mustn't upset yourself." 3. You must tell me all about your­self. 4. I am afraid I must go now. My carriage must have come back by this time. 5. Well, I must go and see the children and let you rest. 6. I stood up, conscious of feeling uneasy sitting in the chair which he must often have used, my hands on the desk at which he must so often have written. 7. Writing is a whole-time job. To write must be the main object of the author's life; that is to say, he must be a professional writer. 8. I have written a line to your dear mother, Gerald, to tell her your good news, and to say she really must come to dinner. 9. In the end I came to the conclusion that her "vision" of Rodric must have been a hallucination born of shock. 10. She must have read some meaning into words which I did not intend. 11. After the quar­rel with Rodric he must have gone upstairs to talk to his wife. 12. What a relief it must have been for her, I thought, to have found herself a widow. 13. I must have slept for a long time for when I awoke the mist was gone. 14. I must insist that you leave the matter alone. 15. Sometimes the writer must ask himself whether what he has written has any val­ue except to himself. 16. You must be hold­ing something back. Don't be afraid of hurting my feel­ings. You've said so much now that I must insist on your saying everything. 17. No doubt it must have been very dull for you after the sparkling din­ner parties of London. 18. Let me order refresh­ment for you, Alexander. You must be cold and hun­gry after your travels. 19. If we want to get a good table at Willis's we really must go and dress. 20. We must not judge hastily, Mr. Wooster, we must keep an open mind.

Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences paying atten­tion to the form of the infinitive after the modal verb must.

1. We have been betrayed. Plans must be abandoned. We must save our own skins. 2. I concluded that Antonia must have changed her hairdresser. 3. The boy must have made a mistake. It was King's Cross, not Charing Cross. 4. "We accept," he said harshly, "on terms the papers must be delivered to us before you go free." 5. "I must have been seeing the rats in the night." "Yes, Mr. Raine. I believe you must have been seeing things in the night" 6. I suppose the girl must have been in the habit of call­ing her by her full name. 7. My darling Cecily, I think there must be some slight error. 8. "Im­possible," she murmured. "Impossible! I must be going mad even to think of such a thing..." 9. Let me see. Today is Monday, isn’t it? It must have been last Wednesday, why, surely — yes. 10. I'm sorry, Eileen, but I really must go. It's urgent. 11. "I don't believe Tuppence was ever in this house," said Tom­my. "She must have been." 12. The housemaid must have been in the hall, too, for the front door flashed open, and Reggie was shut in the empty drawing-room before that bell had stopped ringing. 13. At first I thought he must be being a poet and he has been to Europe and seen the Art there but many of our greatest authors seem to mean nothing to him. 14. "You mean you didn't know at all?" said Antonia. "Surely you must have guessed. I was sure you knew." 15. My feet hurt. I must have walked miles this morning. 16. "I didn't have the bis­cuits, Sally." — "You must have eaten them in your sleep then." 17. Somebody must have seen her.

Exercise 6. Use the proper form of the infinitive in brack­ets after the modal verb must.

1. Oh, Constance, what must you (to think) of me? 2. Fenwick: "I never slept a wink." Pearl: "One would never think it. You must (to make) of iron." 3. ….this thing must (to place) in his hands without a moment's delay. 4. The gardens here are delight­ful. The soil must (to be good). 5. Barbara Franklin must (to be) quite lovely as a girl. 6. Pearl: "I feel a perfect wreck!" Fenwick: "You must (to go) and (to lie) down. It's no good making yourself ill." 7. The man must (to stop) the car in a convenient place and (to run) up to the house just as the alarm was given and attention attracted. 8. And all the while she must (to be contemplating) the ghastly-bit of treachery. 9. "Well," said the Cream, ris­ing. "I must (to get) back to my work." 10. She said she simply must (to run) in and (to see) me before I left. 11. She must (to get) pretty uneasy about it now. 12. I felt that this sort of thing must (to stop) at once. 13. It must (to be) about six o'clock when Colonel Luttrell came along the path. 14. At that time there must (to be) five hundred dining-rooms in London decorated in exactly the same manner. 15. Well, I must (to stroll) back to my cottage. 16. I must (to introduce) myself. I'm Mrs. Luttrell. 17. Very warm day. Best summer I remember for a long time. I must (to go) for a swim. 18. Whoever was making the noise must (to shout) very loud because the Major's office was supposed to be soundproof. 19. I was sitting on Marie-Louise's bed and I must (to slip) it (the cigarette case) under the pillow without thinking. 20. He must (to warn) that he will get little thanks from the critics. 21. I came to the conclusion that the noise of my footsteps must in some strange way (to re-echo) against the wall of mist to create an illusion of sound. 22. I had become careless. Something, a letter, perhaps, must (to find).

Exercise 7. Refer the following sentences to the past. Make all the necessary changes.

1. She must be surprised to find you here. 2. You must be blind not to see what kind of person he is. 3. This news must distress her. 4. It must be unpleasant for her to see you. 5. There must be a good view from the top of the garden now. 6. "You really believe he is guilty." — "He must be." 7. His knowledge of English must be slight now. 8. Everything must go smoothly. 9. She must ex­pect you to go there at once. 10. It must be dull for you here. 11. You must be hungry and cold after your trip up to town. 12. There must be a slight error in your state­ment. 13. She must be in the house. There is light in her windows. 14. I'm afraid you must talk to both of us. 15. To have so kind-hearted, so affectionate a sister must be a comfort to him. 16. She must leave a message for me before she goes. 17. Look, we must make those arrange­ments about the furniture and so on.

Exercise 8. Paraphrase the sentences using the verb must.

l. Madame is sure to be right. 2. I'm sorry if we are a little late, Algernon, but I was obliged to call on dear Lady Harbury. 3. Still, it seems likely that they have married one another, since it is unlikely that they have married anyone else since there is nobody else for them to marry. 4. Probably the dramatist's best way to cope with this difficulty is to underwrite his parts, lightly sketching the characters and counting on the actors to fill them in with their own individu­alities. 5. She evidently expected me to go there at once. 6. An acquaintance that begins with a comple­ment is sure to develop into a real friendship. 7. Georgie, I forbid you to talk of going yet. 8. They're sure to see you: it's bright moonlight. I'll save you. 9. If he lets you wander from the main point it is very likely that he will never recapture your attention. 10. She is sure to tell him. 11. Surely the girl has been kid­napped. 12. He faltered, then felt obliged to explain himself. 13. She surely has noticed the surprise with which you looked at that picture.

Exercise 9. Translate the following sentences paying atten­tion to the constructions in bold type. Make up your own sentences with these constructions.

1. You've made this statement about your move­ments on Tuesday night, I think. I must tell you it doesn't agree with another statement that has been made. 2. You must remember that we were boys together. 3. You mustn't pay any attention to Pearl. 4. You must let me know if anything fur­ther comes to light. 5. You mustn't worry too much about what I've just told you. You must be brave and face up to it for your daughter's sake. 6. You must admit that it's rather a wild story. 7. I am not really wicked at all, cousin Cecily. You mustn't think that I am wicked. 8. You mustn't blame yourself, whatever happens. 9. Come, come, Elizabeth, you must be sensible. 10. I must be going. If you have nothing better to do — I mean if you could — do come and see us. 11. Perhaps, thought Lilian lazily, it must be boring for her to be with old people like us. 12. It must be wonder­ful to be able to get away just like that. 13. Well, I must say, Algernon, that I think it is high time that Mr. Bunbury made up his mind whether he was going to live or to die. 14. I must confess that at the first glance I was a trifle vexed.

Exercise 10. Express prohibition.

1. It was so impossible, Helen, and I am going to forbid it absolutely (to do such a thing). 2. I am talking very seriously, Pat. I am quite serious, really (laugh). 3. I wonder if I may give some nuts to these birds (visitors, feed animals). 4. Oh, no, why should I pay such a big fine? (cross the road while the lights are red) 5. You must speak out (allow your sister to take such a mad step). 6. Don’t enter the bedroom. Leen is sleeping, he’s extremely tired after his journey (disturb him). 7. I know it’s time for you to catch your train (stay here any longer). 8. You are running a temperature, Mary. I think it’s flue (go out). 9. Peter, it’s me. Milly is ill. It’s catching (visit her). 10. Well, it’s Father’s book. I wonder where you’ve got it? (borrow books without asking).

Exercise 11. Read the sentences which describe a situation. Comment on them using the verb must and the prop­er form of the infinitive. Give as many different sug­gestions as you can.

Example: Peter looks very tired,

A. He must have worked a lot yesterday.

B. He must be working too hard.

C. He must be unwell.

D. He must have a rest.

1. Peter was late for the first lecture. 2. Peter is absent from the lesson. 3. Peter is sneezing and cough­ing. 4. She began to cry after she had read that letter. 5. He knows many things about England. 6. He knows every street in St Petersburg. 7. I invited Peter to call on us yesterday, but he didn't come. 8. I expected Peter to ring me up last night, but he didn't. 9. I want to show you Peter's photograph, but I can't find it. 10. Peter was to take his examination in English yes­terday. When he came home he looked quite misera­ble. 11. In September many students of our group re­turned to Moscow healthy and sunburnt. 12. I haven't seen him in Moscow for a long time. 13. Peter and Ann had a quarrel yesterday. And now I see Peter with Ann again. 14. Peter returned home wet to the bone. 15. Peter looks dead tired and worn-out.

Exercise 12. Complete the following sentences.

1. You must allow me to say that.... 2. You mustn't think that.... 3. I must say that.... 4. You must have been surprised…. 5. I must be off…. 6. You mustn't pay any attention…. 7. I must begin by saying…. 8. The child mustn't be allowed.... 9. It must be won­derful .... 10. She must have been getting pretty un­easy about…. 11. You mustn't blame yourself .... 12. You mustn't think I'm ungrateful…. 13. I must admit that I've found it of interest…. 14. How many times must I tell you.... 15. You must let me know…. 16. It must be boring for.... 17. You must be exhaust­ed after.... 18. You mustn't worry… .

Exercise 13. Complete the sentences using the modal verb must.

1. He turned pale on hearing the news, it… . 2. I feel a perfect wreck… . 3. Whatever happens… 4. I never slept a wink .... 5. There is light in her window… . 6. Whatever you do.... 7. I asked Nick to stay to lunch but he declared…. 8. It's such a pity…. 9. Come on, Pete. We .... 10. She is so excited…. 11. Don't pay any attention to what he says…. 12. It is not Arnold's fault you.... 13. I had a feeling that.... 14. In the end I came to the conclusion that…. 15. I am afraid.... 16. The child is crying bitterly.... 17. My eyes hurt…. 18. He is not here now .... 19. Come, come, Julie, you .... 20. It is raining cats and dogs… .

Exercise 14. Make up short dialogues with the following statements.

1. It must be terribly annoying to miss such a film. 2. We must do what we can for Ann. 3. I must go as we are dining out today. 4. We must not let the quarrel break our friendship. 5. He must be twenty now. 6. The summer-cottage must be in good style. 7. I must have room to place my books. 8. I must have a taxi to take me to the station. 9. You must not do it on any account. 10. You mustn't laugh. I am quite serious. 11. You must come to us one of the coming evenings. 12. Well, we must wait until the morning. 13. I must have liberty to go about this matter in my own way. 14. You must tell me all about yourself. 15. Oh, you mustn't feel offended. 16. You must come and see me. 17. We must not jump at conclusions.

Exercise 15. Translate into English.

1. Вы должны приходить на занятия вовремя. Студентам нельзя опаздывать. 2. Ты должен немедленно пойти домой. Тебя ждет мама. 3. Я должен уехать завтра. 4. Извините, но я должен ответить на этот телефонный звонок. 5. Ты должен быть осторожен, переходя улицу. Здесь такое оживленное движение. 6. Его просьба должна быть выполнена немедленно. 7. Должны ли мы выучить этот диалог наизусть? 8. Он должен попасть туда до полуночи. 9. Я должна еще вымыть всю посуду. 10. Молодые должны помогать старикам.

Exercise 16. Translate into English.

1. Вы не должны закрывать окно. В комнате душно. 2. Вам нельзя входить сюда. Здесь идет экзамен. 3. Люди не должны забывать о своем прошлом. У народа, который не имеет прошлого, не может будущего. 4. Нам не надо приходить сюда каждый день. 5. Дети не должны играть со спичками. 6. Вы не должны курить. Вам следует уделять больше внимания своему здоровью. 7. Нельзя, чтобы малыши слышали, о чем мы говорим. Иначе, не выйдет никакого сюрприза. 8. Он не должен подсказывать другим студентам, и мне ничего не остается, как дать ему отдельное задание. 9. Вам нужно больше уделять внимания грамматике: вы допускаете слишком много ошибок. 10. Вы непременно должны поменять цвет волос, Вам так к лицу рыжий оттенок!

Exercise 17. Translate into English.

1. Она, должно быть, сейчас в «Караване», подыскивает себе новую сумочку. 2. Они, очевидно, готовятся к экзаменам. 3. Я, вероятно, опаздываю. Уже темнеет. 4. В тот день мы прошли, должно быть, около 12 км. 5. Том, наверное, забыл выполнить твою просьбу. 6. Ей, должно быть, около 25 лет. 7. Они, должно быть, не опоздали на поезд, иначе бы уже вернулись. 8. Он, вероятно, неправильно понял тебя. 9. Он, должно быть, гостит у своих друзей на Мальте, так как писал, что обычно проводит свой отпуск у них. 10. Они, наверное, обсуждают годовой доход компании уже около 2 часов, скоро должны закончить.

Exercise 18. Translate into English.

1. Его просьба должна быть выполнена немедлен­но. 2. Это соглашение должно быть подписано на днях. 3. Вероятно, мы повернули не в ту сторону. 4. У меня насморк. Я, должно быть, простудился. 5. Я должен закончить эту работу к пятнице. 6. Я должна встре­титься с ним через день или два. 7. Вы не должны закрывать окно, в комнате душно. 8. Я, вероятно, опаздываю. Уже темнеет. 9. Ей, должно быть, около 20 лет. 10. В тот день мы, должно быть, прошли около 10 км. 11. Она решила, что должна поговорить с вра­чом. 12. Подождите немного, дождь, должно быть, скоро перестанет. 13. Ему пришло в голову, что он, вероятно, сказал не то, что нужно. 14. Я думаю, вы должны посоветоваться с врачом. 15. Эта работа дол­жна быть сделана через неделю.

Exercise 19. Translate into English.

1. Он, должно быть, сейчас в библиотеке. Он, вероятно, готовится к док­ладу. 2. Он, наверное, забыл свое обещание. 3. По­чему она не пришла? — Не знаю, должно быть, она больна. 4. Сейчас, должно быть, около полуночи. 5. Он очень умный человек. С ним, должно быть, ин­тересно беседовать. 6. Он, вероятно, чувствовал себя неловко в этой суматохе. Он выглядел робким и не­уклюжим.7. Должно быть, у них разные вкусы, ина­че они бы пришли к общему мнению. 8. Очевидно, он ответил на ее предложение холодным отказом, иначе она была бы не такой грустной. 9. Вероятно, она зашла в аптеку заказать лекарство, иначе была бы уже дома. 10. Вряд ли они вернулись из цирка. Еще только четыре часа. 11. Вы, вероятно, не знали, что они переехали на Салтовку. 12. Кто-то же должен доделать эту никому не нужную, рутинную работу! 13. Ему не надо вставать рано, у него каникулы. 14. Должно быть, он не знал о главном призе, а то бы постарался. 15. Вам обязательно нужно посетить Сорочинскую Ярмарку в следующем году, это так интересно!

REVISION

Exercise 1. Fill in: can’t, might, must or could:

I wonder where Robert is. He ____ (1) be in the office because he never works on Sundays. Paul ____ (2) be at Sandra’s, but I doubt it because they haven’t been speaking lately. I wonder if he _____ (3) be at his cottage in the country. No he _____ (4) be because he told me they’ve rented it to someone else for this summer. He _____ (5) have gone bowling, but I’m almost sure he told me he’d got tired of it. I know! He ______ (6) have gone swimming, because I remember him asking me if I wanted to go with him.

Exercise 2. Use one of the modal verbs in brackets to fill each gap:

1) Leo (can/might) ________________ be away for the summer but I don’t know for sure.

2) You (may/might) ________________ leave now if you wish.

3) (Could/May) ________________ you open the window a bit, please?

4) He (can/could) ________________ be French, judging by his accent.

5) (May/Can) ________________ you play the piano?

6) Listen, please. You (may not/might not) ________________ speak during this exam.

7) You (couldn't/might not) ________________ smoke on the bus.

8) You (can/might) ________________ be right but I'm going back to check anyway.

9) I (can/might) ________________ go to the party but I'm not sure yet.

10) Students (may/might) ________________ study in the library from five to nine in the evening.

11) (May/Could) ________________ you lend me 40 Euros till Monday?

Exercise 3. Read the situations and write sentences with must have or can’t have:

1. That suit you bought is of a supreme cut. It ….. been very expensive. 2. I haven’t seen Elijah for ages. He ….. gone abroad. 3. I wonder where my sunglasses are. You …… left them in the taxi. 4. Dorothy passed the exam. She didn’t study very hard for it. The exam ….. been very difficult. 5. She knew our secret. She ….. been eavesdropping. 6. When I woke up this morning the light was on. I ….. forgotten to turn it off. 7. I don’t understand how the accident happened. The driver ….. seen the red light.

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences with could, was/were able to or couldn’t:

1. He had hurt his leg, so he ….. walk very well. 2. She wasn’t at home when I called but I …. contact her at the office. 3. I looked very intensively but I ….. see him in the crowd. 4. They didn’t have any strawberry ice cream in the shop I went to but I …. buy some in the next shop.

5. My granny loved music. She …. play the violin very well. 6. The girl fell into the river but we ….. rescue her.

Exercise 5. Choose the most appropriate answer.

1. I …. give you a lift to the station. My car broke down yesterday.

A) must not; B) may not; C) can't.

2. I …. Tom to help me, but I wanted to do everything myself.

A) was able to ask; B) could have asked; C) should have asked; D) had to ask.

3. I left my bag here just 5 minutes ago. You …. it!

A) must have seen; B) were able to see; C) could see.

4. I don't know how to help you. Try asking Anton for help. He …. be able to find a solution.

A) must; B) might; C) will.

5. I …. play tennis when I was younger.

A) was able to; B) could; C) will be able to.

6. You want to call them now? It's already after midnight! They ….. .

A) must sleep; B) may sleep; C) must be sleeping.

Exercise 6. Choose the most appropriate answer for expressing the idea specified in parentheses.

1. Whose book is this? - I am not sure. It …. be Anna's. (Possibility)

A) might; B) must; C) is able to; D) is allowed to.

2. You …. leave work at 3:30 today. (Permission)

A) can; B) could; C) might; D) will.

3. Though he was ill and weak, he ….. get out of the burning building. (Ability)

A) could; B) might; C) should; D) was able to.

4. You ….. disturb him during his work! (Prohibition)

A) could not; B) don't have to; C) must not; D) may

5. Whose car is this? - It ….. be Anton's. I think I saw him driving a red car like this one. (Strong probability)

A) might; B) could; C) must; D) can’t.

6. I don't believe it. It ….. be true. (Impossibility)

A) can't; B) mustn't; C) shouldn't; D) wouldn't.

Exercise 7. Choose one of the modal verbs in brackets:

1. They (may/must) be away for the weekend but I am not sure. 2. He (can/could) be German, judging by his accent. 3. With luck, tomorrow (could\can) be a sunny day. 4. You (can/might) be right but I’m going to check it anyway. 5. Kate says he is from the States but I think he (can’t/might) be from Scandinavia. 6. This (must/could) be the right answer but let’s check it with the teacher. 7. She (can’t/couldn’t) steal these things from shop. She is from the family of means. 8. Nick has been revising 12 hours a day for three weeks. He (can/must) be exhausted. 9. He (can’t/may) be from Spain. He doesn’t speak Spanish. 10. Nobody’s answering. They (can’t/must) be out.

Exercise 8. Put the correct modal verb in its correct form combined with the verb in brackets to make deductions:

1. I'm not really sure where Beverly is. She (sit) in the living room, or perhaps she's in the backyard. 2. Dan (to return) the video we rented on his way to work. It was on the table, but now it's gone. 3. The computer isn't working. It (to damage) during production. 4. You (to mean) that! 5. If Debbie hasn't come home yet, she (to wait) for us in the coffee shop. 6. If I had gone with my friends to Jamaica, I (to take) scuba diving lessons. 7. It (to be) Sam who called and didn't leave a message on the answering machine. He said he wanted to get together with us this weekend. 8. The machine (to turn) on by flipping this switch. 9. She (to cry). That (to be) why her eyes were so red and swollen. 10. If she was crying, she (to be upset) very upset. 11. That painting (to paint) by Picasso. It could be a forgery. 12. Your diving equipment (to clean) regularly if you want to keep it in good condition. 13. If I hadn't taken a taxi, I (to wait) for you at the train station for hours. 14. Ted's flight from Japan took more than 11 hours. He (to be) exhausted after such a long flight. 15. Hiking the trail to the peak (to be) dangerous if you are not well prepared for dramatic weather changes. 16. When you have a small child in the house, you shouldn’t leave small objects lying around. Such objects (to swallow), causing serious injury or even death. 17. − you (to hold) your breath for more than a minute? − No, I can't. 18. Anna’s engagement ring is enormous! It (to cost) a fortune. 19. I (to speak) Arabic fluently when I was a child. Now, I (to say) just a few things in the language. 20. No! Frank's wallet is lying on the coffee table. He (to leave) it here last night. 21. (to borrow) I your lighter for a minute? 22. I (to believe) she said that to Megan! 23. I was reading the book last night before I went to bed. I never took it out of this room. It (to lie) around here somewhere. Where can it be? 24. There are five milk bottles on their front door step. They (to forget) to cancel their milk deliveries. 25. His coat is on the floor. He (to drop) it.

Exercise 9. Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to the modal verbs: can, may, must.

1. − Мне взять зонт? − Да, похоже, будет дождь. 2. Она понимала, что он должен чувствовать. 3. Я не видела Керри, но знала, что она ждет меня где-то здесь. 4. Может быть он ждет нас в парке? 5. Где мои перчатки? Их нет в сумке. Должно быть я забыла их в такси. 6. Мне, казалось, что гроза может разразиться в любой момент. 7. Я не понимаю, как ты мог вести себя так нахально. 8. Он втайне гордился успехами своего младшего сына, хотя, может быть и не осознавал этого. 9. Я должен работать более усердно. 10. Возможно, они еще не приехали. 11. Они, возможно, подумали, что мы не придем в такую метель. 12. Ты не мог бы зайти чуть попозже? 13. Она, возможно, опоздает. 14. Можешь делать все, что хочешь. 15. Вы, может, слышали его имя. 16. Ты мог бы позвонить и сказать, что не придешь. 17. Не может быть, чтобы Рон не сдержал свое слово! 18. Не может быть! 19. Ее можно было принять за француженку. 20. И кто это зажег свет в моей комнате?

Exercise 10. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Сара такая бледная. Наверное, она больна. 2. Можно я поглажу котенка? 3. Я думаю, мне нужно надуть другие туфли с этим платьем. 4. Ты не мог бы одолжить мне свою зажигалку? 5. Мне нужно еще забрать брата из детского сада. 6. Она, должно быть, рассказывала вам обо мне? 7. Я не могу уйти, не попрощавшись. 8. Все могло быть гораздо хуже. 9. Погода – хуже некуда. 10. Отец очень сердит. Что ты опять натворил? 11. Он, наверное, работает учителем уже 5 лет недалеко от Киева. 12. Мама, можно мне съесть третье мороженое? – Нет, нельзя, ты можешь заболеть. 13. Неужели она сама сказала Вам об этом? Не может быть, что она решилась. 14. Он не умел читать по-латыни и не смог понять, что ему прописал врач. 15. По тому, как он вел себя и говорил, его можно было принять за образованного человека. 16. С таким же успехом, он мог объяснить все сначала мне. Вы непременно должны с ним поговорить об этом. 17. Очевидно, ей не понравился вечер, так как она ушла первой. 18. Я, пожалуй, лучше выпью кофе. 19. Вы должны принимать это лекарство три раза в день после еды. 20. Могло бы быть и правдой, что это не его вина.

Exercise 11. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Стив сказал, что, возможно, ей поможет. – Неужели она согласна? 2. Я сказала, что ему, может быть, пора идти домой. – Не может быть, что он сам не видел, который час. 3. Я не знаю, где мне провести свой отпуск. Вероятно, поеду во Францию. 4. Пасмурно. Вечером, должно быть, пойдет дождь. 5. Вполне возможно, что сейчас я пойду в театр. Не могли бы Вы вызвать мне такси? 6. Возможно, он отдыхает сейчас. 7. Могу я расплатиться чеком?–Извините, но у нас в магазине не принимают чеки к оплате. 8. Не может быть, что они не осознали опасность. 9. Она сказала, что мы можем пойти в кино. 10. Бабушка больна. Ты мог бы навестить ее. 11. Ты бы мог приготовить ужин сам. 12. Будь осторожен, ты можешь упасть. 13. Если ты не наденешь пальто, то ты можешь заболеть. 14. Я слишком устала. Я, скорее всего, никуда не пойду сегодня вечером. 15. Мистер Смит не прочитал документы. Наверное, он забыл о них. 16. Терпеть не могу есть в одиночестве. Не могли бы вы составить мне компанию? 17. Он, наверное, сбрил усы. Его можно было принять за школьника. 18. Прекрати шуметь! Уже поздно. Ты можешь разбудить соседей. 19. Уж он непременно должен быть в курсе всех событий! 20. Вы, наверное, ничего об этом не знали. Иначе бы пришли раньше.