3. Сучасний етап розвитку прав людини.

В.В. Мицик зазначає, що сучасний етап розвитку прав людини розпочався в середині ХХ ст. Термін «права людини» (англ. human rights) у сучасному його значенні використовується у міжнародно-правових актах з часу прийняття Статуту ООН у 1945 р. Цей термін замінив термін «природні права» (англ. natural rights) і пізніше термін «права людини» (the rights of man), який використовував у своїй праці «Права людини» Томас Пейн. До Статуту ООН мали місце лише окремі випадки визнання в договорах деяких основних прав людини (багатосторонні і двосторонні договори, укладені під егідою Ліги Націй, що включали певні положення про захист національних меншин). У ст. 1 Статуту ООН зазначено, що ООН має на меті розвивати повагу до прав людини й основних свобод для всіх людей, не залежно від раси, кольору шкіри, віросповідання тощо (п. 3 ст.1).

Основні міжнародні інструменти в галузі забезпечення і захисту прав людини:

1. Універсальні міжнародно-правові інструменти забезпечення і захисту прав людини Міжнародний білль про права (International Bill of Human Rights):

- Загальна декларація прав людини 1948 року (adopted by General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948);

- Міжнародний пакт про громадянські та політичні права 1966 року (відповідно 20.03.1968 p.; 19.10.1973 p.; 23.03.1976 p.); р.);

- Міжнародний пакт про економічні, соціальні і культурні права 1966 року (підписаний Україною 20.03.1968 p.; ратифікований Україною 19.10.1973 p.; вступив у дію для України 3.01. 1976 p.);

- Факультативний протокол до Міжнародний пакт про громадянські та політичні права 1966 року;

- Другий факультативний протокол до Міжнародний пакт про громадянські та політичні права 1966 року щодо відміни смертної кари.

The International Bill of Human Rights

- Universal Declaration of Human Rights

- International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 16 December 1966, and in force from 3 January 1976. As of 2014, the Covenant had 162 parties.^[3] A further seven countries, including the United States of America, had signed but not yet ratified the Covenant)

- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 16 December 1966, and in force from 23 March 1976. As of April 2014, the Covenant has 74 signatories and 168 parties)

- Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

- Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the

abolition of the death penalty

2. Міжнародні правозахисні конвенції, прийняті під егідою оон

• the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) (adopted on 21^st of December 1965,^[8] and entered into force on 4 January 1969) - As of April 2013, it has 87 signatories and 177 parties;

• the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) (adopted in 1979 and entered into force in 1981) – ratified by 188 state parties; 39 countries rejected the enforcement article 29, which addresses means of settlement for disputes concerning the interpretation or application of the Convention; the United States and Palau have signed, but not yet ratified the treaty;

• the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (adopted in 10.12.1984 and entered into force in 1987) – 155 state parties;

• the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (The UN General Assembly adopted the Convention and opened it for signature on 20 November 1989 (the 30th anniversary of its Declaration of the Rights of the Child). It came into force on 2 September 1990; 194 countries are party to it, including every member of the United Nations except Somalia and the United States. Two optional protocols were adopted on 25 May 2000. The First Optional Protocol restricts the involvement of children in military conflicts, and the Second Optional Protocol prohibits the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. Both protocols have been ratified by more than 150 states. A third optional protocol relating to communication of complaints was adopted in December 2011 and opened for signature on 28 February 2012. It came into effect on 14 April 2014;

• the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (ICRMW) (Signed on 18 December 1990, it entered into force on 1 July 2003 after the threshold of 20 ratifying States was reached in March 2003. in 2014 - 47 state parties);

• the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) (The text was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 13 December 2006, and opened for signature on 30 March 2007. Following ratification by the 20th party, it came into force on 3 May 2008. As of May 2014, it has 158 signatories and 147 parties, including the European Union (which ratified it on 23 December 2010 to the extent responsibilities of the member states were transferred to the European Union).The United States Senate failed to ratify the Convention on December 3, 2012, as ratification received just 61 of the 67 votes (2/3 of the Senate) required for ratification);

• the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (The text was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 20 December 2006 and opened for signature on 6 February 2007. It entered into force on 23 December 2010.^[4] As of July 2014, 93 states have signed the convention and 43 have ratified it)

• the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (addopted in 1989, came into force in 1991)

• the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid (on November 30, 1973, the United Nations General Assembly opened for signature and ratification. As of July 2008, 106 countries are states parties (with Suriname and Cook Islands set to join in October 2008), and a further 40 countries have signed but not yet ratified the treaty).

• The Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (The Convention was approved at a special United Nations conference on 28 July 1951. It entered into force on 22 April 1954. As of July 2013 there were 145 parties to the Convention, and 146 to the protocol) and the Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees ((also known as the New York Protocol) entered into force on 4 October 1967. 146 countries are parties to the Protocol)

• The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 9 December 1948 as General Assembly Resolution 260. The convention entered into force on 12 January 1951. The number of states that have ratified the convention is currently 146).