4. Means of form-building. Synthetic and analytical forms.

Means of form- b & gram f are divided: 1)synthetical (bound m: inflextions, sound interchange (sell-sold), suppletivity)

2)analytical (with the help of semi-bound m) 1.2 parts(w-operator& notional p) 2.anal f develop gr idiomaticity(the mng of the whole differs from the mng of its parts) – is writing 3. within a cat anal f should be opposed to synth ones(is writing-writes) 4. funct as 1 memb in the sent 5. aux are lexically empty 6 lex mng is understood from the notional part 7. aux change grammatically

5. Parts of speech. Principles of classification

A part of speech-grammatically relevant class of ws which is specified on the basis of gr, semantic & lexical properties.

Criteria for grouping into classes:1)Semantic(mng)-generalized mng which is an abstraction from lexical mngs of constituent ws( N-substance)

2)Formal(morphological)-inflectional(form-b feat: fights) & derivational(w-b feat: whitness) features

3)Functional(syntactic). Synt properties are: distribution(set of all possible environments of a w=> combinability: adj with N) Typical syntactic func(N-subj, obj)

POS-as a field: central elements & marginal(substantivized adj)

1-criterion classifications:

1)Morphological(Sweet):in(particles)/declinable(N-ws, adj-ws…)

2)Syntactico-distributional(Fries)-each class of ws is characterized by a set of positions in a sentence=> 4 main classes of ws(1-N, 2-V, 3-adj, 4-adv) & funct ws(15 classes)

6. Notional and functional classes of words

Criteria for differentiating N & F ws: 1)the prominence of their lexical mng 2) peculiarities of their combinability 3) ability to be substituted by a w of a more general mng 4)ability to add(create new items)

N ws:1)complete nominative mng 2) self-dependent fnc, can be used in isolation 3)subst by a w with more general mng 4)open class.

F ws: 1)incomplete nominative fnc 2)obligatory combinability, linking/ specifying fnc 3)cannot be -//- 4)closed class

F ws(Fries): 1.with unilateral combinability(art, aux, modals, particles) 2.with bilateral comb(prep, conj which connect 2 or more not ws) 3. heterogeneous(interrogative ws, it/there)

7. The noun. The category of number.

I)Sem cr-substance & things, human beings, animals

II)Morph:a)form-building(the cat of number, case, gender, article determination) b)derivational (suffixation, compounding, conversion)

III)Func: a) left-hand prep combinability with N, adj, v, adv, casal comb( N’s +N), contact comb(N+N)-stone wall constr(speech sound), comb with articles & other determiners b)syntactic: subj, obj, other funct less typical.

The N. as a lexico-gr. Field structure: *nucleus & periphery are distinguished on the basis of lex-semantic properties and morph. subclass;* the nucleus – common-concrete-count-animate; *the periphery – abstract-material-uncount.

Category of NUMBER. Tree ( weak form ) vs trees ( marked form)

The grammatical category of number( in all languages) depends on the physical nature of the object. The object can be: Discrete vs indiscrete

Discrete ( it has no plural number; it consists of the number of homogeneous separated by visible bounds)Nouns:  discrete ( can be count( sg and pl) and uncount.(always pl “police”)  indiscrete ( are always sg,uncount)

Plural form of the noun can be lexicalized,it develops a new lexical meaning Ex: colour<-> colours- flag  lexicalization