16.Verbals. The category of representation.

Inf- properties of the V & N . name the prosses.cat of asp, order, voice. Comb:with finite forms, non-processual parts of sp. Func: subj, obj, adv mod, att. The main theoretical problems are the lexico-grammatical status of the particle ‘to’ & whether the to-inf & the bare inf constitute 1 form of the V

The Gerund is a non-finite form of the V which like the inf combines the properties of the V with those of the N & primarily serves as a verbal name of the process. It’s characterized by the categories of order (asking – having asked) & voice (being asked). The theoretical problem – half G –categorial neutralization(his yawing – him yawing)– is related to ing-form in general.

The Pr Part (P I) is a non-finite form of the V, combines the properties of a V with an adj\adv. It serves as a qualifying prossesual name. plane of expression is homogeneous with the G ending –ing & distinguishing the same grammatical category of order, voice. It may combine with a N, proN as direct, indirect, prepositional Obj, adverb or a prep phr as an adv modifier, or with a N or adjective as a predicative. G & PI: posess diff categorical, funct, sem properties

The Past Participle (PII) - a non-finite form of the V which combines the properties of the V with those of the adj. it serves as a qualifying processual name. The PII ia a single form, havinf no paradigm of its own. order&voice written(both)-loved(pass)-gone(perf)

The cat of representation (Finitute). the 2 subparadigms are opposed both morphologically & synthetically. All finite forms (s) ÷all non-finite forms (w). The differential feature is constituted by the expression of verbal time & mood. The members of the opp are contrasted as predicative & non-predicative. Predicative are marked morphologically through the forms of tense, mood, person & number (so they are strong members) This form represents purely verbal representation. Non-predicative forms are unmarked. They demonstrate 2 types of verbal Predicativity: substantive representation (inf & G) & adjectival representation (PI &PII). Non-finite forms are language specific.

The question arises whether verbals should be included in the class of verb? Whether they should be considered as a separate part of speech? They should be included: 1.every stem takes finite and non-finite forms of the verb; 2. Criteria Principle: a. processual meaning; b. they have some of the v gr cat : voice, order, aspect; c. many of the w-building means are used in the non-finite forms; d. the syntactic functions are different e. the combinability is similar. Non-finite forms do not belong to the class of verbs, but they form a subclass of its own, because they have some specific features. The differences able to speak about the category of finitude which is built on the opposition of finite/non-finite forms.

17. Phrase. Principles of classification.

Ph is a SYNTAGMATIC GROUPING OF 2 OR MORE WORDS It’s important to distinguish free word combinations (phs) &anal forms of a word. There are 2 elements in an anal form. The aux usu carries the GM. The notional part carries the LM of the whole form. Moreover, they perform 1 syntactic function in a S. Like a word, a Ph is a naming unit, but it performs the naming function in a different way. The naming function of the Ph distinguishes it from the S the main function of which is communicative.

Class criteria:1)the inner structure of ph. a)synt rel btw components subordinative, coordinative and predicative phrs (subordination, coordination, predicative) b)morphol expression of the components: noun phrs, verb phrs, adv phr, pronominal and adjectival phr. c)position of the adjunct: with prepositive adjunct (cold weather), with postpositive adjunct (money to spend), with mitpositive adjunct (did not know), frame structures (as good as) d) according to the number of constituents: binary (cold weather) and multiple (a girl with blue eyes

2)external functioning of ph: a)According to the syntactic function of the adjunct: attributive (cold weather), object (writing letters), adv phrs (very interesting)

Jesperson: nexus-predicative rel & junction –attributive rel(связь и соединение)

Leo Bloomfield. Phrs: endocentric (headed, w gr takes the same position as itshead-w) & exocentric (non-headed)