1. Read the text and say why engineers must become more scientific and specialized.

Today machines have to withstand such tremendous stresses and to be able of such complex motions that complicated and specialized calculations taking hundreds of factors into account are needed in the design of even quite a simple machine like a motor-car engine.

So, as engineering progresses, engineers must become ever more scientific and specialized. Today the branches of engineering are so wide that it is impossible to classify them satisfactorily. But we may try to divide them into uses. The main divisions of engineering may be listed as follows:

1. Mechanical engineering.

Steam engines, internal combustion engines, turbines (steam, gas, water), pumps; compressors; machine-tools; mechanisms.

2. Electrical engineering.

a) Power: generators; motors; transformers; transmission (power lines and so on).

b) Electronics: radio, radar, television.

3. Civil engineering.

Dams; tunnels; roads, and so on.

4. Structural engineering.

The structural details of all large buildings and bridges.

5. Chemical engineering.

Any of these branches of engineering may require the special services of the following specialists: the metallurgist; the strength of materials expert; the thermodynamics of heat expert, the mechanics or machines experts; the various production engineering experts such as the engineering designer or the tool designer; the mathematician specializing in engineering problems and many more.

The engineer must also deal with the economists to assure himself that he is producing what is wanted, and economically.

2. Match the following words with their translation.

1. stress 2. complex 3. complicated 4. calculation 5. wide 6. impossible 7. satisfactorily 8. economically

a) складний, ускладнений b) підрахунок; розрахунок; обчислення c) неможливий, нездійсненний d) задовільно e) тиск, натиск f) економно g) складний; комплексний h) великий

3. Translate into Ukrainian the following words and word-combinations from the text: metallurgist; expert; mechanics; mathematician; generator, heat expert; tool designer; economist; engineering designer; strength of materials expert; turbine; tunnel; radio; steam engine; internal combustion engine; pump; compressor; machine-tool; mechanism; transformer; transmission.

4. Using the information from the text complete the following diagrams.

a )

b )

5. Match the beginning of the sentence with its end.

1. At present there are… 2. It is very difficult… 3. The main divisions of engi-neering are… 4. So, engineers must become… 5. In designing even a simple machine… 6. Thus, any branch of engi-neering may require…

a) more scientific and specialized. b) the special services of specialists from various branches. c) numerous branches of engineering. d) complicated and specialized calculations are needed. e) to give a satisfactory classification of these branches. f) mechanical engineering, electrical engi-neering, civil engineering, structural engi-neering and chemical engineering.