- •1) The subject of theoretical grammar. The scope of linguistics.
- •2) The grammatical structure of the English language.
- •3) Morphology and syntax as two main parts of grammar.
- •4) Language as a system and structure. Language levels. The notion of isomorphism.
- •5) The dichotomy of language and speech.
- •6) Systemic relations in language. Syntagmatic relations.
- •7) Systemic relations in language. Paradigmatic relations.
- •10) The word as the smallest naming unit and the main unit of morphology.
- •8) Linguistic units and their peculiarities.
- •9) The morpheme as an elementary meaningful unit. Classification of morphemes.
- •11) Lexical and grammatical aspects of the word. Types of grammatical meanings.
- •12) Grammatical (morphological) categories. The notion of opposition as the basis of grammatical categories.
- •13) Oppositional analysis. Types of oppositions.
- •15) Grammatical categories in communication. Reduction of grammatical opposition.
- •16) Parts of speech. Different approaches to the classification of parts of speech.
- •17) Criteria for establishing parts of speech: semantic, formal and functional. Notional and functional parts of speech.
- •18) The noun as a part of speech. Morphological, semantic and syntactic properties of the noun. Grammatically relevant classes of nouns.
- •19) The category of number. Formal and functional features of the number category. The problem of number in different subclasses of nouns.
- •20) The category of case. The evolution of theoretical interpretations of the category of case in English.
- •21) The problem of gender in English. Personal pronouns as gender indicators of nouns. Sex distinctions in the system of the noun.
- •22) Noun determiners. The article. The problem of the zero article.
- •23. The verb as a part of speech. Grammatically relevant subclasses of verbs (transitive/intransitive, terminative/nonterminative).
- •24) Verbs of complete predication, link verbs, auxiliary verbs.
- •25) Syntagmatic properties of verbs.
- •26) Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of finitude.
- •27) The verbal categories of person and number.
- •28) The category of tense in English. Tense oppositions. Absolute and relative tense meanings of English tense-forms.
- •29) The problem of perfect.
- •30) The category of aspect. Aspect opposition.
- •31) The category of voice. Voice opposition. The number of voices in English.
- •32) The category of mood. The problem of mood opposition. Mood and modality.
- •33) Function words in Modern English.
- •34) Syntax as a part of grammar. Kinds of syntactic theories.
- •35) Modern approaches to the language study: textlinguistics, pragmatics, discourse analysis.
- •36) Basic syntactic notions: syntactic units, syntactic relations, syntactic connections.
- •37) Coordination. The notion of parataxis.
- •38) Subordination. The notion of hypotaxis.
- •39) General characteristics of the word-group.
- •40) Nominal word combinations. Noun-phrases with pre-posed adjuncts.
- •41) Nominal word combinations. Noun-phrases with post-posed adjuncts.
- •42) Verbal word combinations. Types of verbal complements.
- •43) Predication. Primary and secondary predication. Predicative word combinations.
- •44) The sentence. Structural and semantic characteristics of the sentence. Different approaches to the study of the sentence.
- •45) Sentence - proposition - utterance - speech act.
- •46) The simple sentence. Principal, secondary and detached parts of the sentence.
- •47) The hierarchical structure of the sentence. Immediate Constituents analysis.
- •48) The paradigm of a simple sentence. Kernel and derived sentences. Syntactic processes.
- •49) The utterance. Informative structure of the utterance. The theme and the rheme.
- •50) The utterance. Communicative and pragmatic types of utterances.
- •51) The complex sentence as a polypredicative construction. Types of subordinate clauses.
- •52) Text as a syntactic unit. Coherence, cohesion and deixis as the main features of the text.
- •53) Textual connecting devices. Reiteration, collocation, endophoric relations.
- •54) The notion of deixis. Textual deictic markers.
- •55) Pragmatic approach to the study of language units.
- •56) Basic notions of pragmatic linguistics.
- •58) Classifications of speech acts.
- •59) Іndirect speech acts.
- •60) The study of language in use. Discourse analysis.
16) Parts of speech. Different approaches to the classification of parts of speech.
The parts of speech are classes of words, all' the members of these classes having certain characteristics in common which distinguish them from the members of other problem of word classification into parts of speech still remains one of the most controversial problems in modern linguistics. The artitude of grammarians with regard to parts of speech and the basis of their classification varied a good deal at different times. Only in English grammarians have been vacillating between 3 and. 13 parts of speech. There are four approaches to the problem:
Classical (logical-inflectional)
Functional
Distributional
Complex,
The classical of speech theory is.based on Latin grammar. According, to the Latin classification of the parts of speech all words were divided dichotomically into declinable and indeclinable parts of speech. declinable words, included nouns, pronouns, verbs and participles, indeclinable words - adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections. Based on the the principle of declinability/indeclmability is not relevant for analytical languages. Functional - To/nominative parts of speech belonged noun-words (noun, noun-pronoun, noun-numeral, infinitive, gerund), adjective-words (adjective, adjective-pronoun, adjective-numeral, participles), verb (finite verb, verbals - gerund, infinitive, participles), while adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection belonged to the group of articles. A Distributional approach to the parts to the parts of speech classification can be illustrated bythe classification introduced by Charles Fries. He wanted to avoid the traditional terminology and establish a classification of words based on the ability of words to combine with other words of different types. At the same time, the lexical meaning of words was not taken into account. In modern linguistics, parts of speech are discriminated according to three, criteria: semantic, formal and functional. This approach may be defined as complex. The semantic criterion presupposes the grammatical meaning of the whole class of words (general grammatical meaning). The formal criterion reveals paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words, their specific inflectional and derivational features. Thus, when characterizing any part of speech we are to describe: a) its semantics; b) its morphological features; c) its syntactic peculiarities. The linguistic evidence drawn from our grammatical study makes it possible to divide all the words of the language into: those denoting things, objects, notiona, qualities, etc. - words with the corresponding references the objective reality. – notional words those having no references of their own in the objective reality; most of them are used only as grammatical means to form up and frame utterances – function.
17) Criteria for establishing parts of speech: semantic, formal and functional. Notional and functional parts of speech.
In modern linguistics, parts of speech are discriminated according to three criteria: semantic, formal and functional. This approach may be defined as complex. The semantic criterion presupposes the grammatical meaning of the whole class of words (general grammatical meaning). The formal criterion reveals paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words, their specific inflectional and derivational features. The functional criterion concerns the syntactic function of words in the sentence and their combinability. The lexemes of a part of speech are united by their meaning. This meaning is a category-forming one. Therefore, it is referred to as categorical meaning. Lexemes that have the meaning of substance or thingness are nouns, those having the meaning of property are adjectives; those having the meaning of process are verbs; those having the meaning of circumstantial property are adverbs. As categorical meaning is derived from lexemes, it is often called lexico-grammatical meaning. In the surface, lexico-grammatical meaning finds outward expression. For instance, the meaning of substance, or thingness, is realized by the following lexico-grammatical morphemes:-er,-ist,-ness,-ship,- ment. It is also realized by specific grammatical forms constituting the grammatical categories of number and case. These outward features are a formal criterion of classification. The functional criterion concerns the syntactic role of a word in the sentence. In accordance with the said criteria, we can classify the words of the English language into notional and functional. To the notional parts of speech belong the noun, the adjective, the numeral, the verb, and the adverb. To the functional parts of speech belong the article, the pronoun, the preposition, the conjunction, the particle, the modal words, and the interjection. The notional parts of speech present open classes while the functional parts of speech present closed classes, i.e. the 19 number of items constituting the notional word-classes is not limited while the number of items constituting the functional word-classes is limited and can be given by the list.