12.1 Write these nationality words in the correct column.

Belgian Welsh Dutch Russian Chinese German

Japanese Polish French Chilean Turkish

contains /ʤ/	contains /ʃ/	contains /ʧ/
Belgian

 12.2 Complete this conversation using the following words. Then listen and check.

ships chips Jeep cheap

SID: It's fish and…….for lunch, Joe!

JOE: …….!? I can't eat…….., they're too big!

SID: I said………., you know, fried potatoes!

JOE: Oh, I see,………with a CH, not……….with an SH.

SID: That's right. You're a genius, Joe!

JOE: Was the fish expensive, Sid?

SID: No, it was………….

JOE:……..!? You bought a …?

SID: No,………, the opposite of expensive,………….

JOE: Oh, I see,……….with a CH, not………….with a J!

12.3 If a word ends with a /ʤ/ or a /ʧ/, and the next word begins with the same sound, you say the sound twice. If you say Dutch cheese with only one /ʧ/, it sounds like Dutch ease. The speaker made this mistake in these sentences. Write what they meant to say. Repeat, making the difference clear.

Example Does she tea Chinese in the school? →teach Chinese

1. I don't know which air to sit on.

2. Everyone at the match ears when their team scores.

3. I never what chat shows on the TV.

4. The actor on stay joked with the audience.

5. Foxes sometimes come to the farm and cat chickens.

6. Do you want to chain jackets before we go out?

 12.4 Listen and underline the word you hear.

1. Watch or wash? You'll have to watch / wash the baby.

2. Riches or ridges? You'll find riches / ridges like you've never seen!

3. Save or shave? He didn't save / shave at all last year.

4. Use or juice? What's the use / juice?

5. What's or watch? What's / Watch the time?

6. Trees or cheese? I saw something in the trees / cheese!

UNIT 13

The consonant sounds /l/ and /r/

 Listen to the sound /l/. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this sound. Notice that you can make it into a long continuous sound, and there is voice from the throat.

Listen to the target sound /l/ in the words below and compare it with the neighbouring words.

fries	flies	fries
rent	lent	rent
correct	collect	correct
code	cold	code

Listen and repeat these examples of the target sound.

leave litre life

slow caller help

fill final whistle

Clara's really clever but Lilly's a little silly.

Listen to the sound /r/. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this sound. Notice that you can make it into a long continuous sound, and there is voice from the throat. But when you finish the sound, the jaw opens a little and the tongue goes straight again.

Listen to the target sound /r/ in the words below and compare it with the neighbouring words.

late	rate	late
play	pray	play
chain	train	chain
jaw	draw	jaw

Listen and repeat these examples of the target sound.

right wrote rhyme

carrot sorry dress

far away war and peace

The rabbits raced right around the ring.

In South East English and many other accents, you only pronounce /r/ if there is a vowel sound after it. So for example, in far /fa:/ and car /ka:/, you do not hear it, but in far away /fa:rəwei/ and car engine /ka:renʤin/, you pronounce it because it is followed by a vowel sound. In other accents, including American, the /r/ is pronounced.

SPELLING

	frequently	sometimes	notes
/l/	L (leg) LL (call)		L can be silent (half, calm, talk, could).
/r/	R (run) RR (carrot)	WR (wrong) RH (rhyme)

EXERCISES

13.1 Add the sound /l/ or /r/ to the beginning of these words and write the new words. Remember: think of sounds, not spelling. For example, if you add IlI to the beginning of ache /eik/, you get lake /leik/. The sound is similar but the spelling is completely different. There may be more than one possibility. Then say the pairs of words.

Example ache →lake (or rake)

1. eight

2. owes

3. earn

4. end

5. eye

6. egg

7. each

13.2 Think of a computer which people speak into and it writes what they say. Here, the person speaking didn't make the difference clear between R and L. The underlined words are wrong. Correct them.

late arrive

I worked rate that day and I didn't alive home until

10 o'clock. I was very wet because of the lane.

Then, to my supplies, my key didn't fit in the rock.

So I looked closely at my keys and saw that they

were the long ones. I had left my house keys at

work. So I got back on my motorbike and load back

to the office to correct them. I got home really tired,

so I went to bed, led for half an hour, switched off

the right and went to sleep.

 Listen to the correct text. Then read it out yourself, making sure that you pronounce the corrected words clearly.

13.3 Underline the word in which the letters L or R are silent.

Example cold calm collect film

1. court correct curry dairy

2. follow fold folk file

3. hurry hairy hungry hair

4. shoulder should sailor slow

5. artist arrow arrive around

 13.4 Listen and underline the word you hear.

1. Surprise or supplies? The surprise / supplies came later.

2. Collect or correct? I'll correct / collect it tomorrow.

3. Flight or fright? We had a great flight / fright.

4. Trees or cheese? I saw something in the trees / cheese!

5. Jaw or drawer? She broke her lower jaw / drawer.

UNIT 14

The vowel sounds /a:(r)/ and /eə(r)/

 In many accents in England, the letter R is not pronounced after a vowel. In other places, the R is pronounced, for example in most parts of North America. But in both cases, the letter R makes the vowel before it sound different. If the vowel is A, we usually get the vowel sounds in

car /a:/ or care /eə/.

Listen to the sound /a:/. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this long vowel sound.

Listen to the target sound /a:/ in the words below and compare it with the neighbouring words.

fur	far	four
bore	bar	bear
hurt	heart	hate
much	march	match

Listen and repeat the examples of the target sound.

Examples

calm card cart

star starve start

harm halve half