17/Literature of XIX century. The Romantic Movement.

Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution. In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature. The French Revolution was an especially important influence on the political thinking of many of the Romantic poets. The Romantic movement in literature began around the end of the 18th century in Western Europe and flourished in the first half of the 19th century. Romantic literature is characterized by an emphasis on emotion, passion, and the natural world. Nationalism was an important factor in the Romantic movement, and many authors turned to folk tales and native mythologies as source material.Romantic 'nature poems' have a wide concern because they are usually meditations on "an emotional problem or personal crisis". In English literature, the key figures of the Romantic movement are considered to be the group of poets including William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and the much older William Blake, followed later such novelists as Walter Scott and Mary Shelley, and the essayists William Hazlitt and Charles Lamb. In the period when they were writing the Lake Poets were widely regarded as a marginal group of radicals. who all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century.The three main figures of what has become known as the Lakes School were William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey.

The most significant novelist in English during the peak Romantic period, other than Walter Scott, was Jane Austen, But around the mid-century the undoubtedly Romantic novels of the Yorkshire-based Brontë family appeared, in particular Charlotte's Jane Eyre and Emily's Wuthering Heights, which were both published in 1847.

18/Walter Scott. His Life and Work. “Ivanhoe”

Sir Walter Scott ( 1771 – 1832) was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright, and poet.

Scott was the first English-language author to have a truly international career in his lifetime,[1] with many contemporary readers in Europe, Australia, and North America. His famous works include Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, The Lady of the Lake, Waverley, The Heart of Midlothian and The Bride of Lammermoor.

Throughout his career combined his writing and editing work with his daily occupation as an advocate, judge. Scott was an active member of the Highland Society and served a long term as President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1820–32).

Ivanhoe is a historical novel by Sir Walter Scott published in 1820 and set in 12th-century England.

In his masterpiece Ivanhoe Scott treats themes conflict between the Saxons and Normans focuses on the losses both groups must experience before they can be reconciled and thus forge a united England. The particular loss is in the extremes of their own cultural values, which must be disavowed in order for the society to function. For the Saxons, this value is the final admission of the hopelessness of the Saxon cause. The Normans must learn to overcome the materialism and violence in their own codes of chivalry.

The book was written and published during a period of increasing struggle for the emancipation of the Jews in England, and there are frequent references to injustices against them.