1.2 Illustration submodul. Illustration frames.

1.2.1. Graphics

Fig. 1 – Object of the science of “Translation studies”

Fig. 2 – Subject of the science of “Translation studies”

1.2.2 the Examples: Example No. 1: The translator is a person who is mediating intercultural activities of the communicants, for example: Translator, leaning to the major, quickly began to translate the words of Alsina. - You are a support to each other. Will be in agreement - will be able to rule the people. Unless you can manage bradbrad? Quarrels and squabbles will kill you. Work under. And if they cannot agree, consult with such as we (M Auezov. The path of Abai, s). Example # 2: Next, tilting her head to one side, stood a cross-eyed, snub-nosed, fat-translator translate words superiors. Not did Orazbay rude swearing Koshkina, or approved the emergence of Abai, which he saw through the door, but he, taking her usual proud and haughty look, shouted to talmaciu: "Tell oyasu: I don't Oralbai, I'm not the accused and not the defendant. Zhyrenshe and Asylbek said is true, and I'll say the same: no one here for Oralbai can't answer (M Auezov. The way of Abay, C. 416). 1.3. Reference submodule. Reference frames. The Glossary. The list of basic and additional literature. "Reference sites". 1.3.1. Glossary The object of the theory of translation is something that is directed cognitive research activity of the subject of translation. The object of translation theory, identified by the criterion of "essence of existence", is a secondary reproductive translation activity, which is the product of the interaction of the subject of translation and objective reality. The subject of translation theory is the result of the translation industry. Subject 1 theory of translation - the translator performs translation activity. Subject 2 translation theory - scientist, for which translation is the research object of his cognitive activity. 1.3.2. Key readings 1. Aliyev UG General disciplinary theory of science. - Almaty: Gylym, 1996. 2. Altybaeva S.M., Madanova - literary translation and comparative literature. - Almaty: National publishing office of the Kazakh Academy of education imielinski, 2000. 3. Lilova A. Introduction to the General theory of translation. - M., 1985. 4. Sdobnikov V.V., Petrov O. Theory of translation. - M, AST: East-West, 2007. 5. Schweitzer A.D. Theory of translation: the status, problems, issues. - M.: Nauka, 1988.

Further reading 1. N.D. Arutyunova Language and the world of man): Languages of Russian culture, 1998. 2. YU.N. Karaulov. Russian language and linguistic personality. - M.: Nauka, 1987. 3. Komissarov V.N. Theory of translation (linguistic aspects) - M.: Higher school, 1990. 4. Kondubaeva MR Culture of Russian speech (in terms of bilingualism). - Almaty: Ana tili, 1993. 5. Kunanbaev S. Modern foreign language education: methodology and theory. - Almaty, 2005. 6. Left as the Art of translation. - M., 1974. 7. Evvoia J.V., Dolina E.V. Textbook on the theory of translation (English material. - M.: Philomatic, 2004. 8. Seals SV translation Theory. - M.: Gardarika, 2004. 9. Fedorov A.N. The foundations of the General theory of translation (linguistic problems). 5th ed. St. Petersburg: the Philological faculty of St. Petersburg state University. - M.: Publishing house "Philology three", 2002. 10. Shaimerdenova NJ, Avakov R.A., Language and ethnicity: tutorial - Almaty: Kazakh University, 2004. 11. Nenbert A. Text and translation //über-setzungswissenschaftliche Batrage 8 - Leipzig. 1985. 12. Stolze K. Grundlagen der Textüber setzung. - Heidelberg. 1982. 1.3.3. Reference and informational sites www.onelook.com Http://dmoz.org Http://wwwtenmaxcom 1.4 Control training submodule. Operating personnel. "Job". "Exercises". Tasks for independent work of students (IWS) 1. Be summarized paragraph "Subject, object and tasks of linguistic theory of translation in the book You, Ovitrelle "Theory of translation". - M, AST: East-West, 2007. - Pp.62-72. 2. Briefly summarized section of Chapter 1, "the status of the theory of translation" in the book Addwater "Theory of translation: the status, problems and aspects", - M., 1988. - P.6-36. Tasks for independent work of students under the supervision of a teacher (SRSP)

1. Draw in his notebook the schema object translation theory". 2. Determine the subject of translation theory and understand for themselves in terms of the translation activity, product translation activities". 1. Explain the essence of the term "entity translation activities". 2. Determine what is the General object of translation theory in concept A. Purple, described in the book "Introduction to a General theory of translation" (M, 1985). 3. Write the definition of the object according to the criterion of "essence - existence" of monograph WE Aliyev General disciplinary theory of science". - Almaty, 1996. 4. Determine what is the nature of the translation process. Identify for this purpose, the ratio of translation theory from related disciplines, name them. 5. Select the activity essence of the translation. This article outline L.V. Scherba "About three aspects of speech activity and about the experiment in linguistics" in the book: L.V. Shcherba the Language system and speech activity. - L., 1974. 6. Install, what to do with the process of translation is cultural studies. Determine what is the differentiating feature of culture. Read the book NG Shaimerdenova and R.A. Avakova "Language and ethnicity". The tutorial. - Almaty: Kazakh University, 2004. 7. Define the concept of "Language picture of the world". Review the definition of the language picture of the world, this N Arutyunova in the book: N.D. Arutyunova "Language and the world of man". - M.: Languages of Russian culture, 1998. 8. Check whether the subject of the translation complex. Review the definition of a subject of translation, this VN. Komissarov in the book: guards NR. Theory of translation (linguistic aspects). - M.: Higher school, 1990. 1.4.2. Exercises Exercise # 1. Rewrite the test in a notebook, define the functions of the interpreter, after reading the following text: Communication between cultures covers all levels and spheres of life, therefore, the representatives of different linguistic and cultural communities use a translator to communicate. However, the translator not only helps people who speak different languages to understand each other. In the negotiation process he not only translates from one language to another, it largely depends on whether you created the right atmosphere, which will help to achieve the desired understanding. Exercise No. 2. Hurry up, fill in the information about Lantra", remember that modern technology in the Internet provide a unique opportunity to create an international clubs. These clubs are called newsgroups. These teleconferences have translators. One of them Lantra brings together more than a thousand translators from different countries of the world. The conference operates around the clock. So the question can be asked at any time of the day or night. Exercise # 3. Define the social function of translation. Initially, the translation fulfills an important social function by enabling cross-language communication. Its main purpose is to meet the social needs of people in bilingual communication, to the maximum extent close to the monolingual. The social meaning attributed to the translator of independence in the public purpose of translation: to provide bilingual communication, close to monolingual.

Exercise # 4. Determine what is the object of the translation activity, read the statement WE Aliyev "the Object of scientific disciplines are things, phenomena, processes of reality, interact with the subjects of science in cognitive research. Here the object is the product of the interaction of subject and objective reality. The object of research is something that is directed cognitive research activity of the subject of this science. 1.5 Control submodule. Supervisory personnel. Questions and answers on them. Tests for intermediate control on the topic. 1.5.1. Questions for self-assessment and answers to them 1. What are the components allocates Urzulei in the concept of "categorical structure of science"? 2. What is the object of translation theory? 3. The focus cognitive activity of researchers in science "theory of translation"? 4. What is the subject of science "theory of translation"? 5. Distinguish whether you are of the notion of "translation ability" and "translation competence"? 6. In what forms is the subject of the translation activities?

Answers A. categorical structure of science is the idea of the object and the subject of this science B. this view of its components: the object, the subject, the subject method, the functions, the A. translation activities B. Secondary translation and translation ability A. Cognitive activity of researchers in science "Theory of translation" aims to identify the entity translation B. Cognitive activity of translatologists aimed at the study of translation activity A. the Subject of translation activity is the result B. The subject of translation activities are the result of the translation, and language ability of the translator A. Yes. Translation the ability to learn the target language. B. Translation ability is mastering a second language, its norms, competence, knowledge, skills A. the Translator is a person providing bilingual communication. B. the Translator is a mediator in intercultural communication, as well as the researcher is concerned with the problems of translation

1.5.2. Tests for intermediate control on the subject 1. Who of scientists believes that to build disciplinary theory needs to identify the categorical structure of a particular science? A. J. J. Catford B. Aliyev UI C. L.K. Latyshev D. VV Sdobnikov E. SV seals 2. What is the object of science "theory of translation"? A. Translation activities B. Reproductive translation activities C. the faculty of Language translator D. Translation competence E. Reproductive activity as a translator and language ability translator 3. What is the subject of science "theory of translation"? A. The result of the translation industry B. Translation competence C. the translation Process D. The field of interpretation and translation competence E. the Process of identifying entity translation 4. Who is the subject of the translation industry? A. Bilingual B. The Mediator C. the sender of the text D. the recipient of the text E. Bilingual mediating translation activities and providing bilingual communication 5. What discipline is a component of the ontological nature of translation, promotes understanding between author and translator, between the translator and the recipient? A. Cultural Studies B. Contrastive linguistics C. Pragmatics D. Cognitive psychology E. Sociolinguistics 1.6 Statistical submodule. The resulting frames (feedback) 1.6.1. Answers to questions: Question No. 1: A. Wrong. The answer is not complete. B. True. Whiz! Question No. 2: A. Incorrect. You made a mistake. B. You answered correctly. Question No. 3: A. True. Whiz. B. You answered incorrectly. Question No. 4: A. an Incomplete answer. B. True. Whiz! Question No. 5: A. an Incomplete answer. B. the Correct answer. You gave the definition of these concepts. Question No. 6: A. You answered incompletely. B. True. You said of the two faces of the translator: as a mediator and as a researcher of translation activities.

1.6.2. Cipher tests: 1. In 2. E 3. D 4. E 5. D Case module # 2. Methodology and methods of science "Theory of translation". 2.1 Theoretical submodule. Theory. Information frames. 2.1.1 Methodology "translation Theory and scientific principles of its research Methodology - the study of the system of scientific principles, forms and methods of research. A common understanding of the methodology allows to consider it as the doctrine of the structure, logical organization, methods and means of activity. In a narrower sense, the methodology is understood as a particular approach or set of approaches to the proposed activity at all stages. In science methodology is a "set of basic principles that guide the scientist in various stages of research, starting with the definition of its objectives and to formulate the resulting conclusions [Melnychuk, 1986, 21]. Methodology of science "Theory of translation" has a three-tier structure. On the first level it examines the scientific principles that are fundamental in nature and constitute a proper methodology. These include principles such as anthropocentric, cognitive, activity principles. At the second level methodological framework discusses the scientific research methods used in the practice of translation. On the third level describes the specific methods used to address special research tasks related to translation issues. The fundamental principles are scientific in nature, as it is based on a General, philosophical positions, reflecting the most significant properties of objective reality and consciousness taking into account the experience gained by the person in the course of their cognitive activity. Such, for example, activity and anthropocentric principles that play an important role in the cognition of the essence of language. So, Essembekova exploring the nominative aspect of speech activity, reveals the methodological role of the principle in the knowledge of language (Kubrakov, 1986, 19-20). The basis of activity the concept of language and translation activity the concept of the person. And the gist of it is that essence is the process of production itself, its life, its content [nysanbaeva, 1991]. In the original and the translated text, as well as in language, are as common forms of human activity, and specific manifestations of mastering man his human reality, in its experience of development and cognition.

In the translation process the translation can be viewed as a form of human activity (function); 2) language codes (language - the source text and the target language) are attributes of communication and information exchange in the process of translation as intercultural communication (attributes of communication and communication translation); 3) translation (the text of the original and translated text as the methods, the results of the verbalization of the human experience. The essence of an active principle in a more narrow sense is defined as a functional consists in the study of language in action, in its functions" [Lee, 2003, 19]. A broad understanding of the function as a purposeful human activity - member of the society consistent with the theory of speech activity (Alt), which is based on obsessionality activity theory (Anionte) an active principle of social philosophy, pragmatic conception of language. The actualization of this principle in the translation process occurs in the course of becoming objectified in the text language characters in living reality, their dynamic deployment process raspredsetevaya their translator and subsequent clarification for myself and understanding. At the stage of transformation and interpretation of the text, the translator turns raspredelenie signs of substance already in another language. In this case, the language units are functioning in speech activity, moving from substantial status in living reality, and again turning into a frozen characters in the result of objectification in the text in another language. Anthropocentric principle focuses on the human factor, when language is seen in human activity. In this case, look at language as the source of knowledge of the person. In addition, language is studied in the aspects: "what speaks the language of man", "what knowledge about the world he invests in his own language, as the language correlate this knowledge about the world", "how to manipulate people with knowledge of the language". In the process of a comprehensive study of language in speech and cognitive human activity, as well as from the study of his speech behavior can be known of the man himself in all his guises as the language of identity, communicate, translator (creative person), writer, professional, thinker and knower, etc. This principle is manifested in the field of translation theory is that when research translation activities of the personality of the interpreter; his secondary reproductive activity language also investigated as a source of knowledge of the identity of the translator, his translation competence and abilities. During the translation industry a comprehensive study of the language in various aspects "as understood by the translator of the meaning of language units of different codes, their meaning, knowledge about the world puts people in a language, as knowledge about the world are manifested in different language pictures of the world", "as the translator manipulates linguistic knowledge in the process of using two codes" contributes to a better understanding of the language personality of a translator, gives some idea of his abilities and skills. The cognitive principle is associated with a General philosophical theory of knowledge. It is the basis of the cognitive paradigm, according to which language is viewed as a form of consciousness and thinking, which implemented the system of human knowledge about the world, speaking and thinking in a particular language" [Lee, 2003, 14]. The feature of the cognitive approach to translation theory is manifested in the fact that considering language as a form of consciousness and thought translator, first, studying the language, consciousness, speech-thinking closely in the communicative-cognitive system", second, closely linking cognitive and linguistic patterns in the minds of individuals, proceeds from the assumption that they, as components of linguo-cognitive bases of human consciousness, all become inadequate in language pictures of the world. Moreover, varies as a mental structure is the result of the peculiarities of national mentality of ethnic groups and the way of expressing them in different languages. On the basis of features of the language picture of the world representatives of different linguistic and cultural communities (the subject of the source text and the recipient of the translated text (the translator identifies discrepancies and gaps in language pictures of the world and the cultures and languages of the sender of the text and the recipient, making the skills and abilities in order to eliminate the gap, bridge the gaps, to find functional equivalents and equivalents in the target language. And in this case it needs different knowledge - a set of information in any field, is necessary for understanding the source and reproduction of the source text.

2.1.2 General Scientific research methods of "Translation Theory" Such methods used in different languages, such as linguistics, didactics, comparative typology, General linguistics are contrastive-comparative and component analysis. Contrastive-benchmarking is a method of pairwise and systematic mapping of the language systems of the primary and secondary languages, with the goal of identifying common universal elements and differences in the systems of languages. As a methodological tool of analysis uses the method of typological simultaneous comparison (matching). The key notion of contrastive linguistics is the notion of linguistic contrast or categories of contrastively [Suleimenov, 1996]. Language contrast is a specific feature of language And appearing that in comparison with any language C. the same phenomenon when comparing one language to another can act as a specific contrast phenomenon (category). Language contrast is a linguistic variable, which varies depending on the choice of language pairs. Contrastive study should include a systematic comparison of the forms and values of units of the structure maps of languages, based on the idea that different languages are available as a universal concept, and specific, based on the national systems of language. In the process contrastive comparative analysis focuses on the structural and systemic similarity of language means of the original and the translated text. Detected when comparing similar values, functions and forms form a cross-language equivalents. Shape, diverging on the semantics and structure in their use are contrastive or non-equivalent. They can belong to different levels. This analysis identifies similarities and differences between structural types, systems, and standards-based languages pairwise comparisons and comparisons language of the original and translation, gives the data for the actual translation analysis. Methodology contrastive comparative analysis includes the following steps: 1) develop an inventory of linguistic means in the language of the original and the target language; 2) determining their similarities in different languages; 3) the determination of their absolute and relative differences in the languages. Component analysis is used in translation theory when transferring to another language values multiple-meaning words based on the identification of the meaning of the components included in its semantic structure. Under component analysis is a sequence of procedures that, when applied to some of the original speech or language subjects, gives each object a certain set of sets of semantic features or components. This set is called the component view [Tawahina, 1989, 27].

Of the proposed methods component analysis to be more acceptable in translation is the use of the methodology proposed by DSC. Shmeleva and A. M. Kuznetsov. A. M. Kuznetsov highlights during component analysis differential and integral characteristics of speech that serve to distinguish and unite the minimum values of words in the semantic structure. The minimum unit of the lexical values are heterogeneous in several respects and differ depending on what level of abstraction are the data units - invariant or variant. The first are called semantic features, the second semantic components. So, in a group of related words son-daughter, brother-sister as a semantic characteristic is the sex of the relative. As semantic components of this semantic characteristic are its specific values: "male", "female". Semantic feature can be of two types depending on the role they perform in the formation of interrelated values, i.e. are they as discerners of word meanings semantic groups (differential characteristic) or combine words (integral) [Kuznetsov, 1980, 14]. D.N. Shmelev, except differential and integral signs, allocates another and categorical features, playing a special role in the semantic organization of the lexicon. According to the author, the whole vocabulary of the language can be represented broken on certain classes formed by the intersection of exactly categorical traits. Thus the integral signs are the ballast, which is overlapped with a single unit of lexical classes, and differential characteristics serve as the beginning, which in a certain way organizes the data units within a class of words [Shmelev, 1968]. In the process of translating the words of the language of the original in another language, use the following procedure component analysis: 1) be written in parallel columns the word of the source language and the word in the language-translation; 2) to identify the composition of semen in different languages; 3) to find the integral signs, combining lexico-semantic variants in the structure of words; 4) find the differential variations in the structure of words; 5) carry out a consistent speed the identification of semen words of the original with samename allocated in the translated word; 6) to identify similarities and differences in the composition of semen in different languages (words of the original and its translation); 7) identify, using the method of distributional analysis combinability of words in different languages; 8) to build the table nemnogo composition words in the original and language translation. 2.1.3. Specific (specialized) research methods "Translation Theory" The specialized techniques used within this discipline can be attributed to the method of segmentation of text and transformational analysis used by the translators, and this method of research, as discourse analysis. The method of segmentation of the text, most often used by translators, proposed R.K. minyar-Belarusian. The essence of this method lies in the segmentation of text and perform some action on a specific schema: (1) the definition of the segment of text that you want to process; 2) segmentation of the text you want to highlight in each speech text one, the main information. The selection of text segments is based on the principle of preserving the continuity of the speech chain by following a managed word control word; 3) highlight important information of each speech segment. Speech segments can be uneven. Some segments may contain one unit of information, and in other segments can be divided into two units of information; 4) after the main information in each segment is selected, it must be written. You can use certain characters, symbols; 5) the transition from signs and symbols to full text. The translator must create the text again, based on the information hidden in symbolic notation. It should be based on linguistic rules, which are peculiar to the language of translation; 6) after the outline of the text is ready, you can proceed to the final stage, i.e. the creation of the finished text. For this purpose, the outline of the text you want to compare with the original (matching), then the text should add information that was not reflected so far [minyar-Belorusov, 1996].

Method transformational analysis is used to distinguish meanings of individual words in a semantic field that are in identical environments (but not deployed), partially similar environments, have the same distribution formula and in different environments, but when abnoy distribution formula, i.e. by means of the transformational analysis, you can establish semantic differences that are not expressed on the distribution level. Transformational analysis emerged based on the teachings of Sharisa and Nhamkoro on transformations in the language. Under the transformation is understood in the most General sense, transformation of sentences, carried out according to certain rules, in which there are new proposals that do not differ from the original proposals lexical composition, but differ in structure, for example, asset - liability, declarative sentences interrogative and so on Grammatical transformations are in the process of conducting the operations to transform the so-called "nuclear syntactic structures", which may be the same in different languages and are characterized by the common logical-syntactic relations and lexical composition. The original text is minimized in a set of nuclear structures - components directly. Nuclear transformations are considered such proposals, the structure of which explains the structure of the other proposals. In this case, using the transformations of one or more nuclear deals can be obtained all sentences of the language. Sharrison was drawn up a list of such transformations, which include: 1) passive transformation; 2) transformation introduction; 3) transformation of word order; 4) transformation of nominalization; 5) transformation of adjectively; 6) the pronominal transformation; (7) the transformation of ownership; 8) the transformation of elimination [Helbig, 1966]. To this list we can add the transformation of substantively, the transformation of the question sequence, the transformation of srovnatelnosti etc. All can count to 24 or more transformations in the target language, in which nuclear proposals are deployed, the set of nuclear structures is replaced by equivalent structures of the target language, for example, nuclear sentence in the source language can be transformed into the following transformation in the language of the translation: 1) the transformation of passivization: architect prepared the project of the house; 2) transformation introduction: the architect, no doubt, will quickly prepare a draft of the house; fortunately the house was prepared by the architect for a short period of time; 3) the transformation of word order, the transformation of inversion: prepared by the architect house design; 4) transformation of nominalization: preparation of the project architect is not an easy matter; 5) transformation of comparison: architect house design will be better prepared than the superintendent; 6) the transformation of elimination: the design of the house; (7) the transformation of the question sequence: is a house project designed by the architect? Unless the house project designed by the architect? Made whether the project home architect? 8) transformation complications: the house project prepared by the architect, who developed it for months; the architect has prepared the project of the house, the head of construction Department praised the development; 9) the transformation of deployment: a young architect in record time developed the project of a nine-storey building and has submitted it for consideration in the design office; 10) transformation of denial: the architect is not prepared for the approved period house project and other Method of distributional analysis based on the study of the set of environments in which this element may occur, in contrast to the environments in which this element can not meet. The same distribution of the words indicates the closeness of their values. This gives grounds to assume that the semantic field really combines words with related meanings. On the other hand, using a distribution method, you can define semantic scope of individual words field. On the basis of distributional analysis, you can analyze and combinability of words as the basic elements of the meaning of the word, including its stylistic and emotional characteristics that are reflected in its distribution, i.e. in the structural model compatibility. Analyzing the distribution, which can meet the foreign language word (element), we can conclude proximity, or differences in the meanings of the words. To determine the semantic value of foreign words should take into account the peculiarities of the distribution of constituents semantic field, which is expressed in different forms. Usually the distribution constituentof semantic field can be of four types: 1) matching distribution, in which both fields have produced only in the General environment in the absence of specific; 2) additional distribution, in which the environments of the analyzed words no members in common, no intersection; 3) mixed distribution, in which one word field has, in addition to General, private environment missing from other, having shared only with the first environment; 4) partial distribution, in which the environment intersect, both have produced and shared and private environment. Distributional analysis is performed in two stages. First, in the texts vypisyvatsja all environment of foreign words and identifies the types of distribution. Then identifies the values and environments consider the words - Union of the set of text units distributions on the basis of similarities or differences. In this case, the same distribution of the words indicates the closeness of their values, and in terms of additional distributions meet different meanings of the same word (lexical-semantic variants of polysemantic words is LSV). The set of values of polysemantic words is its semantic structure and structural set of possible word meanings and shades of meaning, manifested in different contexts of use and located to each other in relations of additional distribution. 2.2 Illustrative submodule. Illustrative frames. "Graphics". "Examples". 2.2.1 Graph

Fig. 1 - Levels of methodology of science "Theory of translation" Examples: Component analysis of the semantics of the English verb " wonder " by identifying its composition: 1. To think, to think I wondered what I should say to Pyle. I was thinking what will I tell my Pyle. (Green) 2. The contradiction I wondered why she hated him so much - I don't know why she hated him. (S. Maugham). 3. The intention Actually he was wondering whether Clyde would be inclined from now on. In essence he was interested, did Clyde since then. (T. Dreiser) 4. Doubt And it came into his mind to wonder... And in his head he had doubts ... 5. Wonder So we all wondered what he was using to live on. And we were all wondering what he lives (U. Faulkner). In the process of English translation of the above English sentences with the verb " wonder " do not use the part of this verb components, because each component of the English verb is transferred to different Russian verbs. 2.3 Reference submodule. Reference frames. "Glossary". List of basic and additional literature". "Reference sites". 2.3.1. Glossary Component analysis is a method of identifying this component in the semantic structure of words of the source language and the target language by decomposition of the semantic structure of the words on the semantic factors that determine this on the basis of integral signs, and location of the various components through the use of differential characteristics. Contrastive-benchmarking is a method and pairwise semantic mapping units of the language systems of the primary and secondary languages in order to identify the universal elements and differences, contrasts in both languages. Method of distributional analysis is a method based on learning complex environments of words of the source language and the target language. Transformational analysis is a method of converting lexical and grammatical units of the source language in the target language in accordance with certain rules of transformation. 2.3.2. The list of basic and additional literature Key readings

1. Brandes. Style and translation (in the German language. - M.: Higher school, 1988. 2. Whether V.S. paradigm of knowledge in modern linguistics. - Almaty: Kazakh University, 2003. 3. Kubrakov Y.S. Nominative aspect of speech of human activity. - M., 1986. 4. Melnychuk A.S. ON the methodology of linguistic research //the Value Astronautic methods and methodology in philological science. - M., 1986. 5. Minyar-Belorusov R.K. Theory and methods of translation. - M., 1996. Further reading 1. Ivin A.A. Understanding and values - logical structure of understanding // Questions of philosophy, 1986, No. 9. 2. Thevagina FORCE TOWARDS a typology of methods component analysis Applied aspects of linguistics. - M., 1989. 3. Kuznetsov A. M. Problems of component analysis in the vocabulary. - M., 1980. 4. Nysanbaeva D.A. Subject-action Genesis of language // proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, 1991, No. 10. 5. Sabitova M.L. TO the question of cross-language correlation idioms in raznostoronnih languages // Vestnik Kazumasa, 2000, No. 1. 6. Suleimenov ED Kazakh and Russian languages. The basics of contrastive linguistics. - Almaty: Demeu, 1996. 7. DMITRY Shmelev. The problem of semantic lexical analysis. - M., 1973. 8. Gadamer H. Klеine schriften. - Tubingen, 1967. 9. Dilthey W. Gesmmelte schriften. Bd.VII. - Stuttgart - Gottingen, 1968. 2.3.3. Reference and informational sites Lantra - L (http:www.geocities.com/Athens/7110/lantra.htm. ) http://dmoz.org 2.4 Control training submodule. Operating personnel. "Job". "Exercises". 2.4.1. Tasks for independent work of students (IWS) 1. Describe communicative and active nature of language. For more details, review the D.A. Nysanbaeva "Subject-action Genesis of language" published in the journal "proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR", 1991 no 10. 2. Write the definition of contrastive linguistics from the book AT Suleymenova "Kazakh and Russian languages. The basics of contrastive linguistics". - Almaty: Demeu, 1996. Tasks for independent work under the guidance of a teacher (SRSP) 1. According to the position that said-thinking, secondary to mental activity, reproductive activity of the translator has three sides: 1) communication as a form of life translator (function); 2) a means of understanding and translation from a source language into a target language (primary and secondary languages as a means of understanding, interpretation and translation); 3) as a way of verbalizing the human experience (original and translated texts), how do you explain the action activity and anthropocentric principles in the process of translation activities? Make a chart of the interaction activity, anthropocentric and cognitive principles in translation. 2. Using the methodology contrastive-comparative analysis, a set of universal elements and categories of contrast in Russian and Kazakh, Russian and English languages. 3. Map phraseological equivalents in Russian and English languages, determine their types, the degree of equivalence white spot is blank spot side by side - side by side to be the master of its fate - be one's own master away, home is best - there is no place like home air castles - castles in spin to live like a cat with a dog - lead a cat and dog face to face - face to face lucky - good fortune like a yardstick swallowed - bolt upright powerful - high and mighties good riddance - good riddance 4. Using the method of component analysis, compare the composition of words AK, white, white in Kazakh, Russian and English languages.

1. Transform nuclear supply source of the Kazakh language Myung, euderma blind oimen and turn them into transformation of passivization, substantively, transformation introduction, transformation of srovnatelnosti, the transformation of woodnote, the transformation of the question sequence, etc. in the target language (Russian and English). 2. Segment of the source text, using the methodology proposed R.K. minyar-Belarusian. Translate it to English, decoding the symbols and conventional signs. Compare the original text and the translated text. The original text The text in the target language Soon diversity among herds were seen private Yurt. It was clear that the nomads were desales straight rows and arrived to the place at the same time: all villages have already installed kerege and now brought dome Yurt from long uyk, painted in bright red and visible from afar. Then they began to throw rug and all is calm green sea was covered with white domes. Soon in the heart of the villages rose vismistananda Large Yurt Ulzhan are buried. Barely finished its installation, as in all other villages began to appear their Large Yurt. All the Parking is located from akshoky no further than the length of run of the snow. While Ospan and his companions down to the village from the hill, got to the Parking lot Ulzhan are buried, installation Yurt ended everywhere. Fifteen villages, grew up in a deserted valley, immediately enlivened her, was filled with noise and movement. Not stopping at the Big Yurt, the brothers went straight to the funeral aul of Tatiana, located next to the Parking lot Ulzhan are buried. (Moutou. The path of Abai, s). 2.4.2. Exercises Exercise # 1: Read excerpts from D. Austen's "Mansfield Park" and interpret it on four levels hermeneutic interpretation (grammatical, stylistic, historical, subjective linguistic): But why go to the crew Crawford or in the crew? "said Edmund. Why not take advantage of Mama's Phaeton? When the days first started talking about this trip, I could not understand why not to go in the carriage, if we are talking about a family visit. How? "cried Julia. - This weather to be three in a closed carriage, when you can sit in the cab" (Doten. sobrac, Vol.2, s). The exercise No. 2: Using the method of the transformational analysis convert the proposal carpenters built a large house owner on the edge of the forest of the source language in the target language. Convert nuclear proposals in the transformation of the question sequence, comparative transformation, crossing, substantively, and other passivization Exercise # 3: Review the table Contrastive-comparative analysis of idioms and identify General and contrastive in different languages": Contrastive-comparative analysis idioms

Exercise # 4. Using the method of distributional analysis will compare the environment of the words AK, white, white, weibe in different languages. Identify them the same and additional distribution. 2.5. Control submodule. Supervisory personnel. Questions and answers on them. 2.5.1. Questions for self-assessment and answers to them 1) What is the methodology of science "Theory of translation"? 2) What scientific principles are the starting point for this discipline? 3) What scientific methods are used in translation theory? 4) what contrastive comparative analysis? 5) How is the procedure component analysis? 6) What methods of lexical transformation of the original words can you name? 7) What methods of segmentation of the text describes R.K. Minyar-Belarusian? 8) What are the levels of the method of understanding and interpretation in the process of translation activities you can describe?

A. Methodology is a set of scientific principles B. the Methodology of translation theory are the principles, methods (scientific and astronaute) A. For the theory of translation of the source are anthropocentric, cognitive, activity B. Anthropocentric principle A. In translation theory, component analysis is used B. To scientific methods are competent analysis, distribution analysis, the method of comparative-contrastive A. Contrastive-comparative method compares the values of two languages B. Pairwise comparison of the units of the two languages in order to identify similarities and differences A. Procedure component analysis consists of the following steps: 1) decomposition of words of the original language and translation components; 2) identification of differential components; 3) identification of the integral components; 4) conclusion A. Techniques of lexical transformations are: generalization, specification, narrowing B. Hyper-hypokiniesia replacement, generalization, specification A. (1) the definition of the segment of the text; 2) segmentation of the text; 3) highlight important information; 4) recording main information by means of symbols; 5) the transition from character to full text; 6) creation of text B. the Division of the text into segments A. the First level of understanding and comprehension of the text; The second level of interpretation in linguistic and cultural terms The third level of interpretation at the level of norms of the recipient Levels of understanding and interpretation

2.5.2. Tests for intermediate control on the subject 1. What principle is aimed at the study of language in the process of human life? A. Cognitive B. Anthropocentric C. Pragmatic D. Activity E. Dialectical 2. Due to how the language can be studied as a form of creating and thinking A. Cognitive B. Anthropocentric C. Pragmatic D. Activity E. Dialectical 3. What kind of analysis is aimed at identifying the environment of the word, A. Method of transformational analysis B. Method of distributional analysis C. Component analysis D. Contrastive-comparative analysis E. Method of segmentation of the text 4. By what method can convert the units of the source language in the target language? A. Method of transformational analysis B. Method of transformational analysis C. Component analysis D. Contrastive-comparative analysis E. Method of segmentation of the text 5. By what method it is possible to comprehend and interpret the text of the original? A. Method of distributional analysis B. Method of distributional analysis C. Competent analysis D. Contrastive-comparative analysis E. Method of understanding and interpreting 2.6. Statistical submodule. The resulting frames (feedback) 2.6.1. Answers to questions Question No. 1. A. an Incomplete answer. B. You answered correctly Question No. 2. A. You answered correctly. Whiz! B. Incorrect answer. Question No. 3. A. Incomplete response B. You answered correctly. Well done! Question No. 4. A. Incomplete response B. You answered correctly. Question No. 5. A. that's the Wrong answer. Think again. B. You give a detailed answer to the question. Question No. 6. A. Incorrect B. the Correct answer. Question No. 7. A. You gave a detailed answer. Whiz! B. Incomplete answer. Question No. 8. A. You answered correctly. B. You give a superficial answer. Tests' Cipher 1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. E

Case module # 3. The essence of the translation 3.1. Theoretical submodule. Theory. Information frames 3.1.1. Translation as an activity Activity approach to translation allows to represent the process of translation as an activity of the spiritual and practical nature, related to communication and language with procedural and dynamic nature. The activity essence of the translation can be expanded on the basis of the provisions of L. C. Szczerba, about three aspects of speech activity and the dialectic of objectification and raspredsetevaya. L. C. Szczerba, studying three aspects of speech activity, gave them the following definition: The first aspect is speech activity, including the processes of speaking and understanding; the second aspect is the dictionaries and grammars of languages - language system; the third aspect of language material, i.e. the set of all languages spoken in the particular situation in a particular epoch in the life of this social group [szczerba, 1974]. In the translation of the secondary rehabilitating activities the process of speaking and understanding takes place in a situation of simultaneous interpreting, and while translation the attention of the translator focuses on the understanding of the source text based on the primary language code (primary language system). Source text - the trail of the activities of communicant or the author, whose properties as a subject of activity turned into a converted form object properties activity. According to the law of dialectics every human activity involves primarily the process of transformation properties of the entity acting as the characteristics of its operation, its movement and life in the properties of the object of activity, characteristics that are transmitted by human-to-object and get a new form of existence is inseparable from its subject media. K. Marx called this process opredeljivanje: "the Process dies in the product... Work connected with the subject of the work. The labour embodied in the subject, and the subject in the form of activity [Unruhe], now on the side of the product is in the form of resting properties [rudende Eigenschaft], in the form of being" [Marx, Engels, 1963]. The product of labour can be assigned consumed as any gift of nature, completely regardless of and with indifference to the fact that the commodity is the result of human labor. But the product of labour can be assigned to and in this way, when it acts as objectified labour as subject form active abilities. Last work out in the product and turned to resting property, reborn to new life and re-enters in the form of human activity. This process raspredsetevaya. The dialectic processes of objectification and raspredsetevaya during translation activity is manifested in the fact that the translator in the process of understanding the text of the original has to deal with objectified, turned into object properties text that captures the traces of the activity. It is the subject form of the active abilities of the author of the text. The translator in the process of understanding and interpretation of this text raspredsetevye it, restoring it to new life. When this unit's primary language code, resting in objectified form as language material-product, come back to life in rehabilitating language-the text of the translator's activity. After the source text is understood, comprehended and understood by the translator, it transcodes raspredeleny text in the target language, again turning it into an objectified product of its interpretive secondary activity. This translation is the result of creative reproductive activities translator in objectified form, but in another language comes to the addressee, which again raspredsetevye it using the signs of language in a dynamic form. Imagine the processes of objectification and raspredsetevaya in diagram No. 3: As you can see, activity nature of translation is manifested, first, in the actualization of the processes of speaking and understanding in the process of raspredsetevaya objectified source text; secondly, in the use of units of language systems of the primary and secondary codes, thirdly, the transformation of the source text in the translation product of labor already in the second language and the newly objectified on the basis of the secondary code, fourthly, in raspredsetevaya destination specific product of translation activities in the language of the recipient.

3.1.2 Translation as intercultural communication The translation process can be seen as an act of intercultural social communication, during which the exchange of information between speakers and recipients. The translation can be thought of as the process of recoding of the thoughts expressed in one language by means of a second language. Translation as an activity for the exchange of information can be considered in terms of information theory, as it has all the components of the communication that includes the following elements: information source (the speaker), the communication channel (the environment in which the transmission of the message), the receiver (the device receiving the information (the recipient), the code is a means of exchange of information), the product of the speech text. Communication as a process of exchange of information is carried out in intercultural environment, the subjects of which have a common language and a shared social experience, the same system of cultural values and orientations. Unlike communication, translation is a bilingual communication, when the communication is by means of two language codes. Stakeholder communication in translation more, because in addition to the two interactants (sender and recipient) has the person engaged in the translation process decoding messages on the primary code and encoding it with sign language secondary language. It is the translator who is fluent in two languages. He is the mediating link between a source (the author of the text, the speaker and the addressee, the recipient information in another language. However, the translator can act as a recipient of the message from the sender, and the role of the message sender to the recipient in another language. In the translation process, the sender (the author of the text, speaking) transmits a message or objectified in the form of (text) or passes directly in raspredelenno (oral communication). This message is encoded in the primary, source language code. Interpreter who speaks a primary language, it takes the encoded message, decrypts it, interprets and clarifies for himself. Then the received message is transformed by the translator in the same message, but in another language, when a translator, interpreting the received information after seeing it in raspredelenno (marks primary code into dynamic elements rehabilitating activity), again opredmechivaetsya it, turning it into objectified text - converted form of their life. The recipient of the message - recipient in the process of exploring objectified in the secondary language is a product of the translator's work again raspredsetevye this text, but on the basis of characters of a different language system. Consider the process of translation as intercultural communication scheme No. 5: Translation is viewed as a form of communication, because its components are similar to the structural components of communication: the communicants, interaction, code, function, result. However, this type of communication has its own characteristics, which shows, first, that in the translation of the subject of communication more. In this case, communicate not two communicate (speaking and listening), and three - communicant, mediating communicant, recipient. Secondly, the processes of speaking and listening as if repeated, as initially transmits information between the sender of the original message and the translator, which acts as the recipient. This recipient, receiving information on the primary language code and decoding it. In the process of transformation of text using the characters of the second language and its transmission to the recipient, the medium of another language, the translator acts as the sender of the message, but in another language. Recipients in this case will be the recipient of the message translator. Thirdly, in the process of translation activities are two language - primary source language (S) and the secondary language is the language of the translation (translation language). Fourthly, during the updating of translation activities are performed certain functions, such as communication (communication and information exchange), representative (the representation of the source text in a second language, remaining faithful to the original), regulatory (rules, postulates communication). Fifthly, intercultural communication is a type of mediating communication. A distinctive feature of the process of mediated communication is that it, in addition to the two normal for any communicative process (generation of the source text partner and perception of the text partner), there is an intermediate phase (transcoding from one natural language to another). This phase is referred to as linguistic mediation (sprachmittung), and the person providing language mediator (sprachmitter) [Jäger, 1975].

The concept of mediated translation, Jaeger correctly draws attention to the special place of translation mediated communication, however, this trait is not differential for translation. Sixth, classifying the sign of translation as a form of intercultural communication is its public purpose, the essence of which consists in the ability to meet the needs of society. On the thoughts of L. K. Latysheva, the public purpose of the translation is its permanent sign that is present in all implementations. "The public purpose of translation, " writes L. K. Latyshev, - is that the maximum (data linguistic or extralinguistic conditions) to bring bilingual communication with translation to natural language communication as to perform communicative functions, and from the point of view of their implementation" [Latyshev, 1988, 9-10]. Seventh, the result of translation as intercultural communication differs from the usual intercultural communication, as the product of translation activities should be issued no common language, owned by partners, and other third language - the language of the recipient of the translated text. Eighth, the specificity of translation as intercultural communication is, according to C. N. Komissarova, in the triune identification of two multilingual texts. Such communicative comparison of the source and target text distinguishes translation from any other transmission mode for another language" [Commissioners, 1980, 33]. The translation is not limited to the act of writing or speaking translator. It is an act of intercultural communication involving two voice works in different languages, combine in this act as different forms of the same message. Therefore, in translation it is always assumed the existence of two texts plus their Association in the process of communication. In other words, here we deal with three different speech acts: (a) the act of communication through OIA, creating original; b) the act of communication with the help of five, creating the translated text; C) act of Union (communicative equating) speech works, which were achieved through communication acts (a) and (b)" [Commissioners, 1980, 34]. Ninth, translation as a kind of intercultural communication not only determined by the sociolinguistic factors (social and situational variables)included in the socio-cultural rehabilitating activity partners in the translation process of social history communicants, "channel" exchange information, social language codes), but is governed by cultural variables, as in the process of translation activities are of special importance to the adequacy of normative attitudes, value orientations and values and principles of the subjects of the source and target texts. It is the similarity of stereotypes, postulates of communication, values and norms contributes to the understanding of the subjects of translation activity and correct interpretation of their source and target texts. In a situation of transfer of the knowledge of the cultural systems of the partners is a condition of effectiveness of the process of translation, since "culture is a set of meanings, values and norms that are owned by the interacting entities, and a set of media that objectivist, are engaged in socializing and reveal these values" [Sorokin, 1992, 218]. Tenth, in the process of translation activity creates a secondary text, which, although it reflects and transmits the basic information contained in the source text, but contains traces of creative activity of the translator. Therefore, according to A. D. Schweitzer, the translation can be distinguished from other types of intercultural communication on the basis of two characteristics: secondary text and installed on the replacement (the representation of) the source text in a different language and cultural environment.

3.1.3. Translation as a textual activity The confusion of the concepts of "text" and "discourse" in the literature due to the fact that many researchers and these concepts were seen as products rehabilitating activities speaking and listening. M. M. Bakhtin exactly defines the text, viewing it "as a result of the activity testoobraznogo specific producer, directed to a specific recipient" [Bakhtin, 1979]. The discourse was also determined as language material formed in the process of symbolic interaction. At the present stage of development of cognitive science discourse is studied in broader terms, communicative interaction, combining the process and the result. Thought I. A. van Dyck, "the discourse is speech stream, the language in its constant motion, absorbing all the variety of historical periods, individual and social characteristics as communicant and communicative situation in which communication occurs. In the discourse reflects the mentality and culture, as a national, universal and individual, private" [van Dijk, 1989]. The text from the perspective of linguistics is seen as a holistic unit of communication, the General design and the content of which is transmitted through the language unit. T. M. Dreze gives this definition: "the Text as a complex sign and complete unit of communication is a system of semantic elements functionally (i.e., for the specific purpose of communication) combined in a single closed hierarchical communicative-cognitive system General concept or idea (the communicative intention of the subjects of communication) [Dreze, 1984, 57]. In psycholinguistic terms, the text is studied in the framework of a specific communicative situation; however, the form and content of the texts are determined by psychological characteristics of individuals participating in the communication, as textprovider producers. Therefore, in speech activity, the text examines how verbal, symbolic form is fixed (in oral or written form) the product rehabilitating activities. And in this case it also seems correct definition of the text, this L. C. Szczerba, which takes into account linguistic and psycho-linguistic characteristics of the text as objectified labour and the processes of speaking and understanding of the subject of communication: "all language values with which we operate in word and grammar, as concepts, in the immediate experience (either psychological or physiological) we are not given and can be displayed by us only from the processes of speaking and understanding, that I call in such of their functions language material... Under the latter I can understand, therefore, not the activities of individuals and the set of all languages spoken in the particular situation in a particular epoch in the life of this social group. In the language of linguists who are texts" [szczerba, 1974, 26]. I. R. Galperin, considering the text as a work receptorsare process, objectified in the form of a written document, literary processed in accordance with the type of this document, the product consisting of the name (title) and some special units, such as paragraph unities combined different types of lexical, grammatical, logical, and stylistic connection with a specific focus and pragmatic installation" [Halperin, 1981], stated on such signs text as a header, different types of links and the number of special units - components of the text. In addition to these signs, the text has such features as unity, wholeness, including thematic, communicative and structural unity. Can be called as the signs of the text modality, functional-semantic relatedness, informative, good structure.

Connectivity is explicitly expressed the relationship between adjacent sentences of the text. The main means of communication in the text: 1) lexical means of communication (synonymous, contextual, repetitions, full, repetitions, the pronominal substitute); 2) lexico-grammatical means (unions, Union adverbs, introductory words and phrases); 3) grammatical means of communication (- aspect verb forms, word order, syntactic parallelism); 4) serial link sentences in the text. In parallel connection, the first sentence says something in common, and each subsequent opens and completes its meaning. Means of communication such proposals are similarities in the construction of sentences, matching or contrasting words and sentences, for example: "was unbearably hot July day. The sun blazed in the sky, hovered, and the heat was relentless. The air was impregnated stuffy dust" (I. S. Turgenev). When the serial link every following sentence contains something new in comparison with the previous suggestion, but it remains with him closely related. 5) communications act repetition, pronouns, synonyms, for example: "I first came to the capital of Kazakhstan, Astana. Astana has made a big impression on me, as it is a modern metropolis". The structure of the text expresses the relations existing between the parts, elements, units of the given object). In the text are highlighted thematic, logical-composition and content (predicative) patterns. Thematic structure of the text forms the subject matter, i.e., as reported in the text. Logical-compositional structure of the text reflects the sequence of semantic units in the text, for example, article, review, report, have a special composition. The structure of the content. The content of the texts is reflected and reified through language signs knowledge of the fragments of reality. Language tools have formal symbolic expression in the form of lexical, phonological, grammatical and syntactic categories. The text has structural integrity, as it has an introduction, main part, conclusion. An indicator of the completeness of the text is the title reflecting the content of the text. The structural integrity of the text also implies taking into account the characteristics of its external and internal structure. The internal structure of the text differ in such structural-semantic parts: the beginning (start), main part (middle) and the ending. In the beginning is usually marked theme. It also provides information on the characters, the place and time of the event. The main part develops the theme outlined by the proem. It is observed sequence of events, changing storylines, actors, speech of the characters. The end of the text embodies the outcome of the story and indicates the completeness of the event, contains the conclusion. The integrity of the text implies its meaning unity, which implies the presence of deep meaning and thematic unity. Thought Century. Century. Red, deeper meaning is expressed through the concept, which minimized contains semantic structure of the text. "Concept, " writes centuries of Red, is the embodiment of intention as some psycholinguistic categories. From a substantive point of view, under the concept is understood as meaning a single semantic structure of the text, which is the embodiment of intention and through it the motive of the activity of the author, which led to the firing of the text" [Red, 1998, 57].

Concept as the embodiment of intention provides the author's intent. Intention, motive statements appear in the speech situation as the fragment objectively existing objective reality and includes a number of speech acts. During the actualization of the situation of the speaker and the listener, guided by a particular motive, feel the need of speaking and carry out their intentions - intentions that contains the author's intent. On the basis of intention arises concept, which contains the core of the text. It is a collection of element of the text's meaning and embodies its thematic unity. It is through a concept is meaningful, semantic unity of the text. Wholeness arises in the process of awareness and understanding of the text as a result of the analytico-synthetic activity of the recipient [Leontiev, 1979]. In the act of communication by the author of the text expresses some of the content, which should occur at reading in the perception of this text. Here is the contents that occur in the human psyche and can be defined as wholeness. Functional-semantic types of speech. Functional-semantic type of speech is a universal typological unit of text that is allocated on the basis of various characteristics (communicative-pragmatic, logical-semantic, structural and semantic). There are also such types of speech, such as description, narration, definition, reasoning, proof, message. Description - this is such a functional-semantic type of speech that contains information about the object, its properties, characteristics, character, structure, and different event modality. The text descriptions are typically used to describe the nature, expression of the human condition, his portrait of the situation. The kind of description is a definition. The purpose of the definition is characteristic of the subject based on the instructions of its essential features. The story is functional-semantic type of speech in which transmitted information about events, actions that occurred in the past, ever. The reasoning is functionally semantic type of speech, through which is passed the process of obtaining new knowledge about the object based on a logical conclusion about it. Text-reasoning the explanation of any facts, events, indicating causality. To build such texts need three parts: the thesis (main idea), evidence-based cast the argument proving the main idea of the thesis, conclusion (General conclusion), the message. The message is functional-semantic type of speech used to convey information about any events, circumstances. The purpose of the message is to inform about any objects, events, their characteristics and changes. The information content. The informative text is that the text passed to various messages. And depending on what is being communicated, there are three types of messages, called " information: factual, conceptual, and podtekstoval [Yuriev, 2006, 12-13]. Factual information text is a description of facts, events, venue, duration of action, reasoning of the author, the movement of the plot. Conceptual information is the expression of the worldview of the author, his main thoughts, ideas works. Extratext information. It is only implied. It occurs due to the ability of words to conceal a hidden meaning. 3.2. Illustrative submodule. Illustrative frames. "Graphics". "Examples" 3.2.1. Graphics

Original text – product of process of speaking and understanding of communicants. Subject form of activityabilities of the author.Converted form of activity of a person.

Subject of the translation activity,which in the process of understanding of the original is outworking

Secondary reproductive activity of a translator in the process of outworking of the original text in the translating language and transforming it into the result of the translating language-text activity

Text in the language of translation is the converted form speaking-thought interpretation activity of the translator

Outworking of the text of translation by the addressant in the process of it's understanding and converting it into the worked out in the second language of work of a translator into a dynamic form of activity

Process of outworking

Process of working out

Fig.5 - Dialectic processes of objectification and set distribution in the translation industry

Fig.6 - Main stages of the reproductive translation activities

К1

К2

К2

К1

Communicant 1 (message origin)

Transformer of the information recieved

Translator-mediating unit, decoding the information in the first language code in the process of the working out (recipient1)

Transformation of the information received by the translator

Coding with the help of the signs of the secondary code and sending of the message. Translator – information origin in a second language

Message Reciever in the secondary code (recipient 2), who decodes the message in the second language, works out the outworked in the secondary code the text

Fig.6 - Translation as intercultural communication

Fig. 7 - Text in the process of translation activity and its characteristics, types 3.2.2 Examples Example No. 1: the process of raspredsetevaya text in the target language N. A. Rubakin considered the text as correlated with the reader, producing preconstruction text based on their own mname as "a word, phrase, mnema memory. P. Simon considered as an organic ability of living cells to absorb, store and transmit impressions. The book is not the essence transmitters and exciters psychic experiences in each individual mneme (CIT.by: Sorokin, 1985, S. 136). The objectivation of translation is, as you can see, in the process of perekonstruirovany text, the experience of it. Example # 2: The first condition for the establishment of a good translation - a deep understanding of the content and the meaning of the text of the original. The first step in commencing it is a careful, close reading of the original text, trying to understand everything. Itself read by the translator of the book, which he intended in the future to transfer, must be different from reading another person. If others read for themselves, the interpreter reads and for themselves, and primarily for readers (S. Abdrakhmanov, 2008, 135). Example No. 3: Wrong reading of the original text, the lack of understanding of the realities in the original text leads to errors during decoding, for example, trimmed with fur slipper from tales of Charles Perrault's "Cinderella" in the Russian translation was crystal. 3.3. Reference submodule. Reference frames. "Glossary". "List of references". "Reference sites". 3.3.1. Glossary Objectification is the transformation of the labour of the subject, the result obtained during the life of the subject, resting in the property. Objectified labour is a transformed form of life and properties of the abilities of a subject in a static integer. The objectivation process of turning a static language characters in dynamic, in the process of speech activity. The text is part of the speech, the speaker as a result tekstologiia activity producers characterized by integrity, information content, coherence, modality, conceptuality, the presence of a certain structure and header. The text in the target language is objectified in the language of the addressee of the text, acting as a transformed form of the activity of the translator and preserving a property of the identity of the translator, his / her skills, competence and abilities. 3.3.2. The list of basic and additional literature Key readings Halpern P. Y. the Text as an object of linguistic research. - M., 1981. Drize T. M. Textual activity in the structure of social communication (problems of semiotically). - M.: Nauka, 1984. Commissioners Century. N. Linguistics translation. - M., International relations, 1980. Latyshev L. K. Translation: problems of theory, practice and methods of teaching. - M.: Education, 1988. Szczerba L. Century. the Language system and speech activity. - L., 1974. Further reading

Bakhtin, M. M. the Aesthetics of verbal creativity. - M., 1979. T. A. van Dijk. Language. Cognition. Communication. - M., 1989. Zalewski, A. A., Kaminska, E. E., Medvedev, I. L., Rafikova N. In. Psycholinguistic interaction of words and text. - Tver, 1998. Red Century. Century. From concept to text and back//Vestnik MGU. Ser.9. Philology, 1998, No. 1. Leont'ev A. A. Statement as a matter of linguistics, psycholinguistics and theory of communication //the Syntax of the text. - M., 1979. Leontiev, A. N. The General notion of activity. //Fundamentals of the theory of speech activity. - M., 1974. Sorokin P. Man. The civilization. Society - M., 1992. Tarasov E. F. Sociolinguistic problems of the theory of speech communication //fundamentals of the theory of speech activity. - M.: Nauka, 1974. Yur'ev A. N. The Russian language. Types and styles of speech. - Almaty, 2005. Jäger G. Translation und Translations - linguistis. - Halle (Saale), 1975. 3.3.3. Informational sites www.m-w.com Http://search.thesaurus.com www.anriintern.com/slovari/toc.htm www.google.kz/?hl=ru 3.4. Control training submodule. Operating personnel. "Job". "Exercises". 3.4.1. Tasks for independent work of students (IWS) Insert, what is the dialectic of human activity. Draw a diagram of the correlation processes raspredsetevaya and of objectification in the aspect of "language - speech". Map the schema of subject and translation activities. Find their similarities and differences. Tasks for independent work of students under the supervision of a teacher (SRSP) Identify the function of translation as intercultural communication, describe them, find out how they differ from each other. Compare the definitions of text and discourse, data P. I. Galperin, L. C. Szczerba and T. A. van Dyck, and identify what is their difference. Describe the characteristics of the text and answer the question, what means of communication are used in the text. Determine what functional-semantic type of speech is this text: We entered the house. A young fellow, in a long robe of thick blue cloth, met us on the porch. From the front covered different colorful paintings, we entered a small room - Cabinet Radilova. I took off his hunting armor, put the rifle in the corner. (M Turgenev. Notes of a hunter). Determine what functional-semantic type of speech applies this text. Translate into English. Contrary to usual care Cossacks about the cleanliness, the room was all dirty and in the greatest disorder. On the table were thrown bloody coat, half of the sweet cakes and beside her osianna and torn calka for feeding the hawk. On the benches, scattered, leadi pistons, gun, dagger, pouch, wet dress and rags. In the corner, in a tub of dirty, stinking water, pulp other pistons; there was a rifle and a filly. On the floor was thrown network, several dead pheasants, and around the table were walking, tapping on the dirty floor, tied by the leg of the chicken. (L. Tolstoy. Cossacks).

Determine what functional-semantic type of speech applies this text. Bring on the Kazakh and English languages. People should be intelligent. And if he profession does not require intelligence? And if he could not get an education: both circumstances? And if the environment does not allow? And if intelligence will make a black sheep among his colleagues, friends, relatives, will just interfere with his relations with other people? No, no and no! Intelligence is needed in all circumstances. It is needed and for others, and for the man himself. This is a very, very important, and above all to live happily and long: Yes, long time! For intelligence equal moral health, and health need to live a long life, not only physical but also mental. (D. Likhachev. About intelligence). Determine the type of text. Earthquake similar one to another. Geologists and geophysicists studying the development of the Earth, have long realized that her appearance is constantly changing. But it happens, usually very slowly. Only earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are related to rapid - and because of the catastrophic events that seem to represent these changes. To date, no single theory adequately describes the evolution of our planet and at the same time explaining how the driving forces of change and their results are visible on the surface of the Earth. (Zhuravlev, M. Geoecology: a training manual). Carefully read the text, determine its internal and external structure. Analyze the text and make a diagram of the processes of perception and understanding of the translator's source text. 3.4.2. Exercises Exercise # 1. P. G. Chebotarev in his book "translation as a tool and subject of communication" (M, 2006) indicates that when translated in the General scheme of communicative interaction we have not two subjects and three, that is, the sender information, translator and recipient of information. The translator is "wedged" between the sender and receiver of information on the translation stage. Accordingly, the roles of the participants are classified from the point of view of communication in a special way: sender information first passes it to the translator in one language, and one becomes the recipient of the information then the interpreter becomes the sender of this information in another language, and transmits it to the target recipient (Chebotarev, 2006, S. 58-59). Define social roles of the interactants and build scheme of interaction of role partners.

Exercise # 2 After reading the definition of "genre" define the genre of the text, with whom you will work in the future. The genre of the text is typical of a single text or group of texts reproduced the text characteristics that distinguish it from other texts that define the scope of its use, subject-logical content, purpose, sequence, solve communicative tasks and the language design. Exercise # 3. Read an excerpt from a business text. Explain how it manifests: a) objectivity; (b) accuracy; clarity; g) standardisierung; e) completeness. For the investment of pension savings You can choose one of the managers of the companies which signed with PFC relevant contract. In this case, the chosen management company will be directed retirement savings reported on Your individual personal account on the date of the transfer of funds to the management company. The statement about the choice of the management company should be directed to the PFC no later than 15 October 2011. Applications submitted after October 15, 2011 will not be considered. Information about the amount of funds transferred to Your chosen management company, will be brought to Your attention additional upon execution of your application and will contain data on income received before the date of transfer of funds to the management company. Information about managing companies required to fill the application form can be obtained from the media. Information about the organizations that PFC authorized to certify Your signature, You can get in a work place, postal and banking institutions, in the media. On issues arising in connection with the receipt by You of Notice and application, You can apply to the territorial authority PFC at the place of residence or address: Department of PFC on, Astana, Kazakhstan, 050020, Ul. Sary-ARKA, D. 73. Pension Fund of Kazakhstan Exercise # 4 Examine the Internet sites of Newspapers (for example, www.rg.ru, www.aif.ru). Compare how covered the event in Newspapers in different directions (opposition, democratic). Translate passages of text into another language. Pay attention to the modes of transmission of metaphors, verbal aggression and verbal manipulation. Exercise No. 5. Determine the method of presentation in a scientific text. Parcel 1: All engineers know math Parcel 2: Igor Smirnov - engineer Conclusion: Igor Smirnov knows math 3.5. Control submodule. Supervisory personnel. "Questions and answers", "Tests for intermediate control on" 3.5.1. Questions for self-assessment and answers to them Why translation is seen as a secondary reproductive activity? What are the stages of reproductive translation activities can you name? Why translation is considered as a kind of intercultural communication? Why we can talk about translation as testoobraznuyu activity? What types of texts dealing with an interpreter?

What genres of texts you can call? Options ototokoi otveta. This activity aimed at the creation of the product translational activity of Deneb. Translation is the reproductive process, it is implemented linguistic-textual activity on the material of the two languages daneta. Three adapalene. I. Stage of comprehension of the original text; 2) analysis of the source text, interpretation, decoding; 3) preparation of text perioddrama. In the process of translation is the communication activities of Deneb. In the translation process is the communication between O. R. (translator), trans. - P. daneta. During translation, the translator creates objectified text in the target language of Deneb. Translation is a linguistic-textual activity daneta. Text-the original text in the language of periodograms. With two types of texts daneta. There are many different texts: business, journalistic, nucleants. Official business; public normativnye texts, art, conversation, religiosidade Tests for intermediate control on the subject 1. What is the nature of the activity translation? In language-text activity In creating a secondary text In reproductive activity Understanding and comprehension of the original text In raspredsetevaya-objectification; the transformation of the source text in the translation product of creativity 2. Why translation activity is reproductive? Because text is created in the target language Created objectified text Because the text as the product is created in the secondary language Because the translator replaces the language code and encodes the text Because in the process of translating the source text is not transmitted verbatim, and converted 3. What is the difference between translation as intercultural communication from the normal communication? In the language As part of communicants That the translator has to deal with two types of texts In the secondary product Communicants three uses two languages, objectified text is created in the target language 4. Who among researchers gave the following definition: "work receptorsare process, objectified in the form of a written document, literary processed in accordance with the type of this document, the product consisting of the name (title) and some special units" T. M. Dreze M. M. Bakhtin T. A. van Dijk L. C. Szczerba

I. R. Galperin 5. What functional-semantic type of speech conveys the process of obtaining new knowledge about the object based on the logical conclusion that it explains the facts, events, indicating causal relations Description Reasoning Narrative Message The definition of 6. What genre of text functions such as the function of the message function of the impact Official Scientific Journalistic Art Spoken 3.6. Statistical submodule. The resulting frames (feedback) 3.6.1. Answers to questions: Question No. 1: Incomplete answer. Detailed answer. Correctly. Question No. 2: A superficial answer. You answered correctly. Question No. 3: A superficial answer. Detailed answer. Whiz! Question No. 4: True. Well done! Incomplete answer. Question No. 5: The full answer. Well done! A superficial answer. Question No. 6: Incomplete answer. Detailed answer. True. 3.6.2. Cipher tests E E E E In With

Case module # 4. The language of the translator as the subject of translation activity 4.1.1. Features of the linguistic identity of the translator as a bilingual person and mediator in interlanguage communication Speaking about the interpreter as a bilingual bilingual person, we take into account the specific traits of personality, and well, treating them as typical properties inherent not only to a particular individual but to the collective notion of "identity", "linguistic personality", "the language of the translator". The concept of "linguistic personality of the translator" is a collective, it has several features that are unique to the language of the person who is engaged in translational activity. Such features characterizing collective image of the personality of the interpreter, are, first, the possession of two or three language codes; second, the individual with specific language skills; thirdly, with the secondary language consciousness; fourth, with a high level of social and cultural competence; fifthly, the person who owns cultural, and full types of bilingualism; sixth, which has a definite structure; seventh, tolerance for other cultures, internalize its norms and values in the process of acculturation; eighth, who belong to multiple socionormal, the members of which he is; in the ninth, owning translation professional competence, knowledge and skills; in the tenth, the ability to comprehend and interpret texts, to translate it into another language; eleventh, able to exercise reproductive activities related to major speech segments-texts. Consider first such feature of the personality of the translator as proficiency in several languages, which characterizes it as a bilingual or trilingual personality. Bilingual linguistic personality is determined by K. M. Abisheva "as one of the manifestations of personality, defined by the sum of its individual properties and characteristics, which are determined by the degree of communicative and linguistic needs of bilingual cognitive-cultural band, formed in the course of a learning experience and level of language competence bilingual, ability to choose communicative code of communicative systems (first and second language system)when the automation between the signified and signifier (new) provides a complete perception and purposeful-ing the transfer of information, as well as its ethnic compression in the process of intercultural communication" [Abisheva, 2001, 47]. The translator, as a bilingual person, characterized by the possession of coordinationin type of bilingualism, in which two languages are completely Autonomous, each language has its own set of concepts. Grammatical categories of the two languages are also independent. This bilingualism is called full. Thought E. D. Suleymenova, "full bilingualism involving knowledge of both languages perfectly, extremely rare phenomenon" [Suleimenov]. Full bilingualism as a high level of professionalism inherent in certain groups of people - writers, translators, therefore, S. of Talanov drew attention to the necessity of mastering the translator full, coordinationin bilingualism: "DLN itanda, iindia e the process - ek Halit get-can, Omir tigen terebene, alipasa in Balanesti Baladi. Salardi arasin blame brrrp, then getter - audiomachine seberle toady. Ons stew ushin Audrey originally oyya I tln, al Sona Audra bestaande original tln mytyp Otaru Kerek" [Talanov].

The possession of such coordinative full bilingualism meets the requirements of professional competence of a translator, as incomplete knowledge of a second language (when a second language is perceived through the prism native), mixing systems of the two languages mixed bilingualism (when there is a single mechanism analysis and synthesis of speech, and coexisting languages differ in the level of surface structures), leads to the appearance of interference errors due to defective competence in the second language. A specific feature of the translator-bilingual is a possession of the cultural type of bilingualism. This type of bilingualism is the result of proximity of bilingualism, when the individual layers of the society due to cultural interests, professional needs, conscious choice of a second language, due to its authority and necessity, become acquainted with the texts in this language, master a second language. The possession of such type of bilingualism due to the pressing needs of society in need of intermediaries in cases of bilingual communication, when an individual bilingualism individuals aimed at satisfying the needs of society in the translators, and to meet the public queries about the achievements of other cultures by translating books, scientific articles, publications, technical literature from one language to another. Cultural bilingualism is bilingualism, which is effected by written channels. This bilingualism implemented in cases pristrastnych contacts when the contacts of the two languages are satisfied cultural needs of society. This peritrate contacts are made on the basis of the literary forms of the two languages. Translators not only acquaint the representatives of their society with the achievements of other cultures, and meet the needs of society in new means of communication. In this case, they implement the mechanism of reinterpretation. The linguistic mechanism of reinterpretation can apparently be explained by the possibility of understanding the individual languages as an integral and yet complementary systems division objective reality. "Any individual language, " says C. F. von Humboldt, can be called a fragment only in a figurative sense...the whole is composed of a number of interacting and consistently targeted parts, but rather from a number of methods representing always coherent, but always different functioning of these parts. In this respect, languages, if not to consider their relationship, rather, complement each other" [Humboldt]. Each such "language-fragment", as a complete whole, with his usual picture of the world and the organization of technical means not only clearly and "irresistible" distinguished from all other languages, but also because of the same "additionality" is associated with other languages.

In the process of familiarization with the new language systems of bilinguals is faced with various specific implementations of the functional-semantic similar, as would be "invariant" grammar and wider - language categories. Arising in carriers of two language systems in the sense of "deficit" gives rise to the intention to search and reinterpretation. The translator is characterized by belonging to multiple communities, as a member of different linguistic and cultural communities, as proficiency in several foreign languages facilitates the integration of it into another society, identifying it with the other members of this or another linguistic-cultural community. And in this case, bilingualism is "as a communicative bridge between the two (or more) multi-lingual teams" [Karlinsky, 2007]. Thought A. E. Karlinsky, bilingual in such cases comes in three language communities: the primary linguistic commonalities with the primary language bilingual; secondary linguistic commonalities with secondary language bilingual; bilingual linguistic continuum with two languages, regardless of the degree of ownership [Karlinsky, 2007]. A characteristic feature of the translator is also mastering them secondary language consciousness in the process of acculturation in a different linguistic and cultural community. It should move freely in the language picture of the world of other peoples, to know the value principles of different cultures, norms, value orientations, to have a common socio-cultural experience, relevant experience as a partner of the primary communication (the sender of the text), and the experience of partner secondary intercultural communication (the experience of the recipient of the text). The formation of their secondary language consciousness is in the process of inculturation and socialization within a different cultural system, learned members of another society. And in this case, the translator must know at a high level not only a second language, but the culture of another people. And only in this case he will be able to adequately understand the original text, interpret it and decode, translate into another language, focusing on the norms of the recipient of the text. Understanding and interpreting texts (original and translation) helps in this case, the similarity in the overall speech activity, common conditions of communication (common language), the conditions of understanding the content of the text and speech intentions of the author on the background value contexts learned as the sender of the text and the recipient. The translator is the person performing the secondary reproductive translation activity, as during the decoding of the text, the understanding and interpretation carries out the further encoding it in a second language, translates text and creatively reinvents it, eliminating and eliminating gaps, adapting the translation to the normative preferences of the recipient. The essence of the reproductive activity of the translator is to reproduce the original text in the target language. During playback of the original text, the translator does not seek literally translate every word of the original text, and reproduces the information received in tangible units of a second language, perebiraja its meaning. After stage preverjanja sense of the information received, the translator identifies the translated text with the original, and if it finds that the information submitted in the language of the translation is incomplete, then seeking reimbursement strategies information. And in this case he does not simply reproduce the text of the original, and creative processes it by choosing the right words, phrases, fit lexico-syntactic and stylistic figure, grinding phrases, achieving functional-stylistic and genre compliance, the adequacy of the meaning and intent of the author in the source and translated texts.

Thus, the language of the translator is characterized by the presence of certain features (the knowledge of two languages, mastering full and cultural types of bilingualism, the implementation of reproductive translation activity, achieving a high level of translation competence, knowledge of the culture of another linguistic-cultural community, the realization of oneself as representative of various societies, and so on), peculiar only to him. 4.1.2. The structure of the language personality of a translator Y. N. The guards, in their theoretical and epistemological model "linguistic identity" distinguishes three levels, which allow to consider a variety of quality characteristics of language personality in terms of three characteristics: verbal-semantic, cognitive and pragmatic [Karaulov, 1987, 3]. The defining parameters of the linguistic identity of the translator, which allow to describe his personality, has certain properties and characteristics that enable a person with cognitive and cultural range, degree of communicative needs, intercultural competence, language skills, and abilities are: motivation, verbal-semantic, cognitive, professional, socio-cultural, pragmatic, functional, motivational. Motivational structure parameter of linguistic identity of the translator allows you to find the motivation translation activities. Motive is the need to meet public requests, the need for bilingual communication needs in mediating the person who introduces the members of his society with the achievements of other cultures. It is the need for reinterpretation and vocabulary of their language by means of another language, acquaintance with the achievements and values of other cultures, the need to bring to the attention of the recipient with the necessary information in the target language serves as an incentive translation activities. Translation communicative need is determined by the imperative of communicants partner intercultural translation and communication in the exchange of semantic and evaluative information, presented in a dynamic, raspredelenno in living rehabilitating activities, and in the form of objectified labour, preserving traces of the activities of the communicants and their properties during primary and secondary stages of intercultural communicative activity. The degree of motivation is determined by the power requirements, which is concentrated in a communicative setting of the translator, in his communicative intention. It is linguistic-communicative setting plays a significant role in the transition from the General meaning of the concept to the stage of internal programming of speech actions. It is like the unity of communicative needs and demands of external reality precedes the beginning of the process of speech in one language with the sender of the message, then organizes the subject of the action of the forces necessary for the implementation of the secondary stage of communication - the decoding of the source text, converting it to another language and translation. Communicative language setting performs organizing, integrating and selective function, which is manifested in the actualization of the following: organization and actuation forces required for the exchange of information on the primary and secondary languages, the integration of the two language systems, selection of language codes necessary for the exchange of information, as well as the selection of language features necessary to convey the content of the source text and the communication to the recipient of the author's intent. Verbal-semantic structure parameter of a bilingual translator includes proficiency in two languages and linguistic competence in two languages, i.e., knowledge of phonetics, vocabulary, grammar first and second languages. Includes the vocabulary of the two languages - entire stock of words and phrases, which the translator is in the process of translation from one language to another. The translator is the ability to use the linguistic means in accordance with the social differentiation of language situations, the subsystems of the national language, knowledge of the meanings of the words of the first and second language. Verbal-semantic parameter allows us to characterize the translator as a person who can manipulate in the cultural space of the bodies of the characters of the second language by associating with their communication partner of the same mental images. This requires him to assign and secondary culture of the society in which he develops his mental functions of speech, language, get used to them in the process of secondary rehabilitating activities. E. F. Tarasov emphasized that the society, giving each individual culture to assign and build his personality allows him to shape up, with one hand, as a public person, and on the other hand, limits its part of their culture, of cultural items... It is the commonality assigned culture ... enables symbolic communication when the communicants, manipulating in the intercultural space bodies of characters that can associate with them the same mental images" [Tarasov, 1996, 9-10].

The necessity of mastering as the bodies of the characters of the second language, and their mental images is the precondition for the understanding of communicants. To do this, the interpreter requires the formation of a secondary language consciousness. Linguistic personality must possess primary and secondary language consciousness, because they are, on the one hand, represent one of the variants of possible schemes of mastering the world (in each language has its own way of conceptualizing the world, so each language has its own special language picture of the world), on the other hand, linguistic consciousness is the means of creating, storing and processing of language signs. Consequently, the presence of the linguistic identity of the primary and secondary language consciousness presupposes knowledge of the language of pictures of different people, which leads to the existence of a common language and shared socio-cultural practices that contribute to the understanding of communicants. Cognitive parameter includes many characteristics that form in the process of cognitive experience of the interpreter of his inner world in the intellectual and emotional planes. Among the cognitive characteristics that are essential for language personality of a translator, it is necessary to specify, first, the knowledge of two language systems, providing adequate perception and understanding of semantic and evaluative information, knowledge culture media of another nation, its value standards. In this case we can speak about the cognitive aspect of language acquisition: "When we talk about communication or communicative-pragmatic aspect of mastery or proficiency, I mean how would a focus on the interviewee is ultimately communication because there is an optimal effect on the interlocutor. But acquiring a foreign language, we simultaneously digested inherent to the respective people of the world, a particular vision of the world through the prism of national culture, one of the most important component of which is language. The main task in the field of language acquisition can be formulated as follows: to learn to speak (or write) as says or writes native speaker (or at least strive to do so). Then the formulation of the main problem of such ownership in the cognitive aspect will be the following: learn to make orientation "as it is implemented by the native speaker" [Leontiev, 1999, 43]. It is the common cultural systems of the two Nations - the winners of the primary and secondary languages, the similarity of the images of the world will contribute to the success, relevance and understanding of the communicants in the process of translation.

Cognitive characteristics include information not only about the language picture of the world's peoples, but also knowledge about the world, ideas about concepts, concepts of mental structures and methods for their explication in the language. Cognitive parameter requires an understanding of the meaning of the statement. When the understanding of the translator performs the exact choice of words, and is appropriate for the context. In the process of understanding the meaning, the translator updates the first factors associated with the perception of the text: 1) the factor of similarity of "own" and "alien" perceptions, overcoming ethnocentric attitudes; 2) the similarity rehabilitating activities of the communicants; 3) the similarity of the language systems (common language); 4) knowledge of the characteristics of the text (topic, coherence, cohesion, structure, information); 5) factors related to the specifics of personal consciousness (the degree of ownership of the thesaurus, the level of competence, the stereotyped language of thinking, the presence of background knowledge, and others). Socio-cultural parameter is associated with social variability of the first and second language codes; the ability to adequately transfer warerooms linguistic means depending on the social characteristics of the individual and of the text; the ability to adequately transfer the national-specific, embedded in a simulated text; adequate transmission of the artistic image of the text; search language equivalent means capable of reproducing cultural standards, standards, implemented in the source text, ethnic and cultural stereotypes, social norms, involvement of the interpreter as communicant-receptor in the process understanding the source of the messages, sayings, text in a network of social relations culture of the source language in the framework of social interaction with the first Communicator or with the original text, mastering the rules of socio-cultural interaction through text with native culture and language, socialization secondary plan in another society. Functional parameter includes the following main characteristics, namely: 1) a practical knowledge of stock of verbal and non-verbal means of two language systems to implement communicative, pragmatic and representative functions in the process of translation activities; 2) knowledge of not only the units of the primary and secondary languages, but the ability to use them in different situations, respectively situational variables, the ability to vary; 3) the ability to switch from one language to another; 4) the ability to perceive the source text (perceptual function), then translate it into another language (representa - tive function); 5) the ability to come in contact with partners in communication (the sender of the text and the recipient is in another language) - lymph function; 6) the ability to regulate communication by using language and cultural norms, postulates communicationregulatory function); 7) the ability to adequately convey visual tools feelings of the author of the text, its modal characteristics (expressive and emotional function). Pragmatic factor. This factor includes the characteristics of defined goals and objectives, primary and secondary level of intercultural communication in the process of translation. Pragmatic features also include knowledge of communication and translation strategies and tactics, knowledge of the communicative-pragmatic norms of communication on the primary and secondary languages, knowledge of the language specifics of cross-cultural speech act types of speech acts, knowledge of the etiquette and rules of speech behavior of interactants in certain situations.

Professional structure parameter of a translator includes such characteristics that are associated, first, with membership of a particular professional group strata of the society, group of people, associated with a specialized and institutionalized activities for a long time. These groups include people, for a long time engaged in linguistic and textual spiritual and practical activities, resulting in all members of this group have the same labour and socio-cultural experience, skills, and professional jargon. Secondly, knowledge of the translation industry as reproductive activity type; third, knowledge of several languages, fourthly, the level of professional competence, fifthly, the level of intercultural competence, sixth, knowledge coordinating and cultural types of bilingualism, the seventh, the ability to creatively rework the text to demonstrate their language ability and skills in the course of translation. Thus, the language of the translator, characterized by the presence of several parameters (motivational, cognitive, socio-cultural, functional, verbal-semantic, professional) differs from linguistic identity by its characteristics. 4.1.3. Language abilities of the translator and translation competence and its components Updating and development rehabilitering of the translator's activity involves the formation of specific functional systems, which are considered as properties of an interpreter. It is the faculty of language translator and translation competence. Language ability is considered th. N.Karaulov as one of the main characteristics of linguistic identity, as it was considered as "multi-layered and multi-component set of language abilities, skills, preparedness to implement the speech acts of different complexity, things that are classified, on the one hand, the kinds of speech activity (speaking, listening, writing, reading), and on the other levels of language, i.e. phonetics, grammar and vocabulary" [Karaulov, 1987, 5]. The concept of "language ability" is defined A. M Shakhnarovich "as a kind of functional hierarchically organized system, which is the result of reflection (and generalization) of the elements of the system of the native language, functioning on certain (unconscious) rules. Thus, the faculty of language is a system of elements and rules of their choice. In this system, having, apparently, a hierarchical structure, there are a number of components - phonetic, grammatical and syntactical" [Shakhnarovich, St. George, 1990, 42]. A. A. Leontiev language ability is considered in the framework of a ternary system "the faculty of language - language process - locale" [Leont'ev, 1965]. The faculty of language translator provides mastering, production, reproduction and adequate perception of language characters both primary and secondary languages. Language ability is manifested in the course of mastering the language of signs and cultural norms of the secondary language. It is equivalent to the process of assigning the culture of the society in an indirect form in the form of linguistic signs within interpersonal communication. The social nature of language ability, apart from its psychological side, which is a prerequisite for its development, is that it contributes to the cultural appropriation of the company. The social nature of language ability is determined by the fact that it is formed, on the one hand, in the process of learning the system of linguistic signs, which modeled the social dimension of human life, and on the other hand, the crucial role played by the form of the activity that creates the preconditions for this learning - interpersonal communication. The language ability of the translator in the process of learning a second language is manifested in learning the phonetic, grammatical and semantic components of the language, its phonetic, lexical and grammatical rules. The semantic component of language ability is formed in the process of structuring reality, when between "slice of reality" and reflecting his statement is the process of structuring reality, with the aim to identify selected elements of the situation with the help of linguistic means. It is this process and is the basis of mastering the semantics of the formation of semantic structures. This process is characteristic and for generating speech patterns. It takes place in the speech production process at the pre-speech stage, culminating in the construction of program statements. In this case, the model generation of statements between blocks of "intention - motive and the program has a place and a semantic component. At this stage, apparently, there is a "highlight" main semantically meaningful elements of the situation, giving them signs and building the hierarchy - importance. However, at the stage of programming statements is, in addition to the lexico-grammatical and syntactic, and even semantic programming, which is an implementation of the semantic component of language ability" [Shakhnarovich, St. George, 1990, 51].

Sykova the ability of the interpreter is based on psycho-physiological mechanisms of generation of speech utterances in a second language, the development of its phonetic, grammatical and semantic components, which, though correlated with the levels of the language system, but are General in nature, and the relationships between them are of a functional nature. The language ability of the translator as the development opportunities of mastering the mechanisms of generation of utterances in a second language as possible assimilation of the components of language ability should be distinguished from translation competence, which refers to the ability to acquire different knowledge. On thoughts Century Wilsa, translation competence is the competence of the migration underlying the translation process. In the competence transfer includes the competence of both linguistic and extralinguistic as receptive and reproductive. Then, as the translator conceptualize the text, as it builds and builds strategy, which he based on the circumstances, elects functional perspective statements, as it is based on the original creates a new text - it is his translation competence [Wills, 1997, 284]. Statements of D. Himes about communicative competence is closer to the concept of translation competence than the concept of the competence of the migration Century Wilsa. Communicative competence, Etc. Hims reflects the norms of behavior in real acts of communication. This concept includes four parameters: the grammatical correctness, feasibility, acceptability and frequency of occurrence. It is necessary, writes his, to explain the fact that a normal child acquires knowledge of sentences, not only with regard to their admissibility, in short, the child learns a repertoire of speech acts, becomes able to participate in the speech actions and to evaluate the speech actions of others. Moreover, the competence is inextricably linked with the attitudes, values, motivation, language and its use" [Hymes, 1972, 277-278]. Some components of communicative competence applicable to translation competence. So, acceptability (compliance statements to the context or situation) means in relation to translation of the necessity of taking into account as reflected in the text of the extralinguistic situation and context in which it is allowed to use one or another form in the source language and the target language. In addition, the notion of admissibility is accounting of the two communicative situations - the situation of generation of the source text with its participants, role relationships and communication facilities and the situation of the translation with the same parameters. The notion of occurrence also has a special significance in relation to the translation, since unit equivalents can occur in both languages, but differ significantly from each other by their frequency (occurrence). More correctly represented to us the definition of translation competence in the work of A. D. Schweitzer, which includes in its membership all of the qualifying characteristics, allowing the interpreter to carry out the act of interlingual and intercultural communication: a special "translation" speaking two languages (at least receptive mastery of the source language and reproductive target language), in which languages are mapped to each other; the ability to "translation and interpretation of the source text (i.e., to the vision of his eyes medium of another language and another culture); ownership of technology transfer (i.e., a set of procedures that provide an adequate reproduction of the original, including modifications required to successfully overcome the "cultural barrier"; the knowledge of the norms of the target language; knowledge translation rules governing the choice of translation strategy; knowledge of the rules of this style and genre of text; a certain amount of "background knowledge"necessary for an adequate interpretation of the source text and in particular what is called the "knowledge"necessary for the successful transfer of this specialization of an interpreter. The concept of translation competence can be specific to the different types of translation and include, for example, creativity necessary for art, and in particular, poetic translation" [Schweitzer, 1988, 28]. Components of translation competence are language competence (knowledge of language units of the primary and secondary languages), communicative competence (languages (first language on the level of understanding, and the second level of play texts, generate statements, secondary, and primary language codes, knowledge of linguistic units at certain communicative tasks in certain situations), sociolinguistic competence (knowledge of social norms, the acquisition of information about social and situational variables on social relationships, social roles and their aspectarian, about the forms of existence of language (literary language, territorial and social dialects, colloquial), functional styles, acquisition of bilingualism), intercultural competence (knowledge of the value of the principles and components of the culture of another people, knowledge of behavioral stereotypes, ethnic norms, value orientations inherent representatives another linguistic-cultural community), pragmatic competence (knowledge translation rules, translation strategies), business competence (knowledge of techniques and technology transfer, information about the peculiarities of translation, and so on). Thus, the main properties characterizing the interpreter as a language of identity, are the ability to develop your language skills and professional translation competence.

Conclusions The analysis of the concept of "linguistic personality of the translator" lets talk about it, how about the species concept of the generic "linguistic personality". "The language of the translator" is characterized by the presence of special features that are unique in the whole of linguistic identity and personality. "The language of the translator" is a collective term that includes a number of characteristics of persons engaged in translational activity. To such features include: (a) possession of several language codes; b) the ability to knowledge of language units of the second language, the ability to produce speech utterances in this language, the acquisition and development of phonetic, grammatical and semantic component of language ability; formedness secondary language consciousness; g) acquisition of full and cultural types of bilingualism; d) the presence of the structure; (e) the ability to acculturate to another culture; g) knowledge of the norms, principles and values of another culture; C) belonging to multiple communities; and) possession of translation competence; C) the ability of understanding and interpretation of texts; l) the ability to exercise reproductive activities in a second language. The structure of the linguistic identity of the translator includes a number of options: verbal-semantic (speaking two languages and linguistic competence in two languages), motivation (satisfaction of social needs in bilingual communication and mediator, able to bring to the medium of another language the information encoded in another language, the need to meet the demands of the society in the new language media), cognitive (cognitive language learning based on the learning image in the world of other people, the formation of secondary language consciousness, learning about their own and other cultural world), sociocultural (the ability to vary the language units of the primary and secondary languages depending on the situation, knowledge of the social history of communicant, social norms, rules of socio-cultural interaction), the functional parameter (the implementation in the process of translation activities of the various functions of language is communicative, perceptual, factual, regulatory, expressive, emotional, representative), professional (professional knowledge of the language, business competence, knowledge of two languages). 4.2. Illustrative submodule. Illustrative frames. "Graphics". "Examples". 4.2.1. Graphics

Мотивационный параметр

Мотив – удовлетворение потребностей общества в двуязычной коммуникации, в новых средствах обще-ния, знакомство с культур-ными достижениями других народов

Вербально-семантический параметр

Владение элементами языковых систем двух языков (знание фонетики, лексики, грамматики, владение общим языком, знание культуры народа-носителя языка).

Прагматический параметр

Знание постула-тов общения, переводческих стратегий, тактик

Функциональный параметр

Реализация в процессе пе-реводческой деятельности коммуникативной, фатической, регулятивной, перцептивной, репрезентативной функции

Переводчик как языковая личность

Лингвокогнитивный параметр

Адекватность вос-приятия коммуникан-тов, знание ценностей, ценностных принци-пов другой культуры, знание образа мира другого народа – язы-ковой картины мира, ментальных когнитив-ных структур, овладе-ние различными знаниями

Социокультурный параметр

Знание стратификационных, ситуативных и функцио-нальных переменных, зна-ние особенностей социаль-ного статуса, социальных норм, правил вхождения в определенные межэтничес-кие социальные отношения, выполнение социальных ролей и др.

Профессиональный параметр

Принадлежность к страту общества-профессиональ-ной группе; владение про-фессиональным языком, жаргоном; профессио-нальная компетентность; знание двух языков; уме-ние осуществлять пере-водческую деятельность

4.4. Control training submodule . Operating personnel. "Job". "Exercises" 4.4.1. Job. Tasks for independent work of students (IWS) Read the book Y. N. Karaulova "Russian language and linguistic personality" (M, 1981), write down the definition of "linguistic personality". Write an essay on a topic of translation as a linguistic personality". Tasks for independent work of students under the guidance of a teacher (SRSP) Compare the structure of linguistic identity, the parameters of which pointed Y. N. Karaulov, and the structure of the language personality of a translator. Determine what options they differ? Determine which parameter of linguistic identity is specified in the statement of L. K. Latysheva "Translation meets the ever-evolving need for communication between people who do not speak a common language, or, in other words, separated lingualtechnik barrier" (L. K. Latyshev. Translation: problems of theory, practice and methods of teaching. - M.: Education, 1988). Ignorance of the value of phraseological cripples "skeleton in the closet", "dark horse" shows a lack of maturity at Bilingua which parameter? Determine what level of language personality is characterized by Y. N. Karaulov in the following statement: "...including goals, motives, interests, attitudes and intentionality; this layer provides the analysis of linguistic identity is natural and is due to the transition from the estimates made her speech activity to the understanding of real activity in the world" (Karaulov Y. N. Russian language and linguistic personality. - M., 1987). Determine what level are described in the following definition Y. N. Karaulov: "...units which are the concepts, ideas, concepts, folding each language identity in a more or less systematic worldview, reflecting the hierarchy of values; ...level involves the extension of the values and the transition to knowledge, and thus covers the intellectual sphere of the person, giving the researcher access through language, through the processes of speaking and understanding to knowledge, consciousness, the processes of human cognition" (Karaulov Y. N. Russian language and linguistic personality. - M., 1987). Check whether the linguistic identity of the sender of the text, translator and recipient representatives of the same linguistic and cultural community or not. Prove it or another position, arguing their findings. In Russian linguaculture language individuals can use the phrase black stockings, yellow house, tabloids, blue bird, white bone, blue blood. Check whether there are phrases in the lexicon of a language personality, knowing only their native language is Kazakh. If there is a match the value of the word, install their community. To ascertain the kind of competence and knowledge required to compensate for the "denotation Yam", the elimination of gaps. Prove why the differences between the cultures we are talking about gaps, why it is necessary to compensate for them. Determine what strategies are necessary for this. In the German linguaculture widely used symbols of man and his nature with symbols of birds and animals: Wandervogel, Spaβvogel, Spottvogel. In the Kazakh linguaculture used in these situations, the only marking of animals: Aidan oir, bot, Kozy, Arlan, it MNEs, at Baylor, at and Einaudi, the Tau Adam, the Stren it Apti. In Russian linguaculture to denote human and traits of his character quite often use the names of the grasses, plants, birds, Oats, Grachev, Soloviev, old bird, goose gripping, owl, crow, thieving magpie, tumbleweeds. Is it possible for these facts to draw conclusions about the features of the nominative of the strategies of German, Kazakh, Russian language personalities. 4.4.2 Exercises

Exercise # 1: Analyze the situation and make a conclusion about the importance of knowledge translator "usual" structures of different languages. The difference between "usual structures of different languages is often very thin, hard to grasp for a foreigner, but if you don't mind, can get ridiculous and rude. One of my friend Cech said that he had read the novel "the Gods are thirsty", referring to the Roman Frans A. "the Gods crave. American student who taught English, spoke of leaving, "Have a good day" (have a nice day) and suggested to "use the stairs" (use the stairs), and do not go up the Elevator. Exercise No. 2. Answer the question, why the interpreter should be aware of functional styles, social differentiation of language, for their ignorance, lack of discernment genres of texts leads to translation errors. The translator should be able to speak and write in their native language, i.e. not only have a large vocabulary, but also to know how to use it, be able to correctly reproduce the style of human speech, which he translates. Because it is often figurative speech of foreigners means we are not the literary Russian language, and not "kancelarie". And, more recently, in the translation of films on youth lingo, and then, for example, the President of the United States may complain to the adviser that the Congress took him. Exercise # 3. Determine why we are talking about linguistic and cultural interference at the wrong translation of the realities of Russian culture "the elder" as the old man the old man, although The Oxford English Dictionary offers several alternatives matches: elder old man elderly advisor spiritual adviser But these interpretations do not convey the essence of reality "the elder". 4.5. Control submodule. Control and personnel training. "Questions and answers on them." Interim tests on" 4.5.1. Questions for self-assessment and answers to them How do you understand "cultural bilingualism"? Why the translator can be considered as representative of the multiple linguistic and cultural communities? What are the parameters of the structure of language personality of a translator, you know? What characteristics includes motivational parameter? That includes verbal-semantic option? What characteristics includes functional parameter? How do you understand the term "the faculty of language translator"? What are the components of translation competence, you know?

Exercise # 1: Analyze the situation and make a conclusion about the importance of knowledge translator "usual" structures of different languages. The difference between "usual structures of different languages is often very thin, hard to grasp for a foreigner, but if you don't mind, can get ridiculous and rude. One of my friend Cech said that he had read the novel "the Gods are thirsty", referring to the Roman Frans A. "the Gods crave. American student who taught English, spoke of leaving, "Have a good day" (have a nice day) and suggested to "use the stairs" (use the stairs), and do not go up the Elevator. Exercise No. 2. Answer the question, why the interpreter should be aware of functional styles, social differentiation of language, for their ignorance, lack of discernment genres of texts leads to translation errors. The translator should be able to speak and write in their native language, i.e. not only have a large vocabulary, but also to know how to use it, be able to correctly reproduce the style of human speech, which he translates. Because it is often figurative speech of foreigners means we are not the literary Russian language, and not "kancelarie". And, more recently, in the translation of films on youth lingo, and then, for example, the President of the United States may complain to the adviser that the Congress took him. Exercise # 3. Determine why we are talking about linguistic and cultural interference at the wrong translation of the realities of Russian culture "the elder" as the old man the old man, although The Oxford English Dictionary offers several alternatives matches: elder old man elderly advisor spiritual adviser But these interpretations do not convey the essence of reality "the elder". 4.5. Control submodule. Control and personnel training. "Questions and answers on them." Interim tests on" 4.5.1. Questions for self-assessment and answers to them How do you understand "cultural bilingualism"? Why the translator can be considered as representative of the multiple linguistic and cultural communities? What are the parameters of the structure of language personality of a translator, you know? What characteristics includes motivational parameter? That includes verbal-semantic option? What characteristics includes functional parameter? How do you understand the term "the faculty of language translator"? What are the components of translation competence, you know? Answer options push-button. This oral communication on two ASYCUDA no B. Cultural bilingualism is bilingualism, carried out on written kanel and no 2A. Proficiency in several languages allows the interpreter to identify with representatives of different linguistic and cultural message B. no Translator can be integrated in different societies Yes no 3A. Seven parametrable no Century. In the structure of the personality of the interpreter are: verbal-semantic cognitive, motivational, socio-cultural, functional, pragmatic, professional parametrize no 4A. Allows you to identify the motivation of translation deyatelnosti B. no Translation is designed to meet the needs of obshestva no 5A. Verbal-semantic parameter includes proficiency in two languages Yes no B. Under this option, the translator must be fluent in two languages and be competent in their linguistic structure Yes no 6A. Under this option, the translator must use the language of units of two languages respectively situatied no B. the Translator must be aware of the functional styles, stylistic stratification of language sredstva no 7A. The faculty of language translator understood as acquired the ability to pick up language periodate B. no Language ability of the translator is developing the possibility of mastering the mechanisms of generation of speech utterances in a second language, the ability to learn the skills, techniques, strategies, translation deyatelnosti no 8A. Language competence, communicative competence, sociolinguistic competence, pragmatic competence, business competence Yes no B. Skills translation skills deyatelnosti no

Tests for intermediate control on the subject What type of bilingual identity is the translator? Bilingual, fluent in mixed bilingualism Bilingual, fluent bilingualism coordinationin Bilingual, fluent in cultural bilingualism Bilingual, fluent in full bilingualism Bilingual, fluent in a second language, knowing the culture of the people-native language 2. What is the constituent structure of the interpreter gives an idea about the knowledge of two language systems? Cognitive parameter Socio-cultural setting Functional parameter Motivational parameter Verbal-semantic parameter 3. What is the constituent structure of the interpreter gives an idea about the ways of cognition, language picture of the world? Cognitive parameter Socio-cultural setting Functional parameter Motivational parameter Verbal-tematicheskie option 4. Who gives this definition of language ability: "layered and mnogokomponentnyi set of language abilities, skills, preparedness to implement the speech acts of different complexity" Y. N. Karaulov A. M. Shakhnarovich A. A. Leontiev D. Haims A. D. Schweitzer 5. What component of translation competence includes knowledge, skills, abilities translation activities? Verbal-semantic Cognitive Functional Pragmatic Socio-cultural 4.6. Statistical submodule. The resulting frames (feedback). 4.6.1. Answers to questions: Question No. 1: The answer is incomplete True. Whiz! Question No. 2: The correct answer Incomplete answer. Question No. 3: Surface response Detailed answer. True. Question No. 4: The answer is correct. A common response. Question No. 5: Incomplete answer. Detailed answer Question No. 6: Incomplete response Detailed answer. True. Question No. 7: Incomplete answer. Detailed answer. True. Question No. 8: The right answer. Well done! A superficial answer. Code to the tests E E A A D

Case module # 5. The problem of defining the translation, its types and techniques. 5.1. Theoretical submodule. Theory. Information frames. 5.1.1. The definition of "translation" The definition of "transfer" is inadequate in the works of various scholars, as this concept is defined differently, depending on what is indicated if the translation as a form of human activity or its result, do you consider it as a type of linguistic mediation or accounted for its purpose. Therefore, the concept of "translation" requires a terminological clarification due to the collision of different views on the essence of the translation. Terminological disorder in the definition of "transfer" is the result of different trends in terminologization the concept of "translation": 1) the study of translation as a process and define it as an activity, as the activities undertaken by the translator, cf.: "Translation is the process of converting speech works in one language into the speech work in another language while maintaining the same content, meaning" [barkhudarov, 1975, 11]; "translation as a process is a specific oral or written activities aimed at recreating existing one language spoken or written text (works) in another language, while preserving the invariance of the content and qualities of the original, and the author authenitcate" [Lilova, 1988, 10]; "Under the transfer means this kind (verbal) of human activity, in which due to the special (special) the processing of the original text that exists in one language, creates a text (or texts), representing (representing) the language (languages) translation [seals, 2004, 10]; 2) translation as a result of the translation industry: "Translation is considered primarily as speech the work and its correlation with the original and due to the nature of the two languages, and with membership of the material to the different genre categories" [Fedorov, 2002, 14]; 3) the translation is purposeful activity. Representatives of teleological direction, take into account the fact that the translation is done with a specific purpose: 1. who the addressee (recipient, text) with the work in its original language; 2. right to transfer the contents of the original in another language, the full present original: "translation can be defined as a way to provide cross-language communication through the creation of a five (translating the language of text to a full replacement of the original" [Commissioners, 1997, 167]; 4) translation as a type of linguistic mediation. The study of translation as intercultural communication helped define the role of the translator as a person, indirectly transmitting the source information in another language, and translation as a process that implements the ability to transmit information through an interpreter to the recipient of the text. And in this case, the linguistic mediation facilitates the exchange of information between speakers of different languages, and the translation is a bilingual communication. The exclusiveness of the translation in this case is that the communicants through translator exchanged communicative equivalent information. C. N. Commissioners, seeing the exclusiveness of translation in ensuring communication and functionally equivalent information gives this definition of translation as a form of linguistic mediation: "Translation is a kind of linguistic mediation, which is entirely focused on the original. Translation is considered as a foreign form of existence of the message contained in the original. In other words, the text of the translation and the original are recognized communicative-equivalent, that is capable of performing the same function (or functions) in different conditions of communication. Therefore, the task of translation is to provide the kind of interlingual communication, in which the generated text in the language of the receptor could act as a full-fledged communicative replacement of the original and to identify the receptors are translated into the functional, structural and substantial relation" [Commissioners, 1990, 42]; 5) translation as a transformation of the characters of one language to another. Representatives of semiotic trends in perevodovedenie define translation as the replacement of signs: "...the translation can be defined as the transformation of signs or representations in other signs or representations. If the originals Express any value, we usually require that their display was expressing the same value or (more realistically)that it is possible expressed the same value. The preservation of invariant values is the Central problem of translation from one language to another [Dettinger, 1960, 104];

It follows that there are two types (subclass) of linguistic mediation: 1) is equivalent to the linguistic mediation or translation, in which the communicative function of the source and target texts are identical to each other and in terms of linguistic mediation is influenced by only natural (i.e. not affecting the communicative function) changes in the communicative situation; 2) heterovalent linguistic mediation or arrangement with the processing content (inhaltsbearbeitende Űbertragung) is the term adopted in the practice of interlingual communication in the GDR), which in the additional, not caused by the nature of linguistic mediation of changes in the secondary communicative situation, the final text performs a different communicative function than the original text, although between these texts found some regular relationship, it is quite understandable from the point of view of conditions of communication [Cadet, 1977, 31-33]. The analysis of the various definitions of translation shows that researchers, considering the translation of different positions, note the specific symptoms that characterize this process. But many of the definitions noted the vagueness, ambiguities in the clarification of the essence of translation. The lack of definitions given in the description of translation as a process or the result, not look at the purpose of the translation, the result of the translation is regarded as a "constant content", the preservation of the qualities of the original, which is the only definition of a good translation quality, but does not reveal its essence. More correctly it is possible to consider that the definition of translation, this Century. N.Komissarov, in which said target-oriented translation, considered its role in language mediation, the focus is on the communicative equivalence of the original and translated text. Definitions of translation, data scientists, also has several disadvantages. Osmosensitivity approach in the case of the definition of translation as a character translation of the source text in the translation, definition of transfer through the presentation to him of requirements, in particular requirements of equivalence does not reveal that the author does not take into account extra-linguistic conditioning of translation activities-Ty, when he talks about the processes and the verbalization of the source and target texts. Meanwhile, the author must consider the rules of the language translation peculiarities of perception of the communicants, the ratio of the two cultures in the translation process, the ratio of the two communicative situations. In our opinion, a more appropriate definition of translation is to recognize the definition given O. Cadet, which is treated as dwuhfaznosti translation, and the presence of two types of linguistic mediation (equivalent and heterovalent). Thought the Acting Cadet, dwuhfaznosti translation characterizes it as a special process. However, this definition also does not take into account the ratio of two cultures, the need to adapt to the norms of the recipient of the text. In determining the translation must be expressed in its essence, an indication of what characteristics the translation differs from other types of activities and intercultural communication, it should also be noted in the target exclusiveness, motive, determining the process factors, performance. Therefore, the translation can be defined as purposeful, satisfying the needs of society in bilingual communication reproductive-mediating activity, actualizing during the three stages of translation activities, for which there is a primary (between the source text and receptor-translator) and secondary (between the translator-the sender and receiver of the text communications are characterized by effectiveness (the original text and the text in the target language), the determinacy of extra-linguistic and socio-cultural factors (social history of communicants, situational variables, the postulates of communication, norms, values-based culture principles), a number of functions (communication, representative, accumulative, perceptual (perception and understanding, comprehension), lymph), the implementation of special operations, in addition to the processes of speaking and understanding (perception, understanding, representation, implementation of the installation for the transmission of the communicative effect, the intentions, the impact of the author), modified and creative rethinking, selection of strategies, tactics, choice of techniques of translation and other

5.1.2. The main methods of translation In the process of translation from one language to another should be aware of the ways of translation. Usually talk about two ways of transfer: transformation, interlineation, pragmatic. Transformational transfer method is the use of transformations in the process of translation of the source text. According to centuries Sdobnikova, O. C. Petrova, "any and all use of translation transformations (lexical, grammatical, stylistic and waiver of the formal-structural correspondences and implementation of the transformation method of translation" [Sdobnikov, Petrova, 2007, 261]. And. And. Rezwin and B. Yu. Rosenzweig interlearning way transfer call transfer according to the preset correspondences, known to the interpreter before the start of translation. In this case, there is a direct transition from the sign S to the signs of the translation language. The latter is the formal-structural correspondence of the sign of S (of the same type or readnotify), which respectively means interlinearly translation. Pragmatic transfer method involves the correlation of situations, postulates of communication, principles of communication in OIA and five. In the framework of the transformation method used such transformation as: specification, generalization, antonymy transfer, compensation, rearrangement, replacement of parts of speech, the replacement of members of the sentence, the syntactic substitution in compound sentence, addition, omission. Within interlinear conversion method using such techniques as transcription, transliteration, calques and literal translation. Pragmatic transfer method relates to methods correlated with other methods of transfer, such as explanations in the text (they can be in the form of additions, therefore, relate to the transformational method of transfer), podstroechnye footnotes and comments to individual phenomena in the text there is a way to save interlinearly translation. Let us characterize briefly the techniques of translation within the framework of the ways of translation. Thus, the transformation method, the implementation of such techniques that transform units of the source language in the translation. HP barkhudarov, developed a typology of translation transformations (permutations, substitutions, additions and omissions), argued that "the translation transformation is the numerous and qualitatively diverse cross-language transformations that are performed to achieve translation equivalence ("adequate translation"), despite the differences in formal and semantic systems of the two languages" [barkhudarov, 1975, 190]. Permutation is changing the sentence structure of the source language in the target language when the components of the sentences of the source language change in translation. In this case, changing the fixed word order, for example, the English sentence may contain a large group of subject with an indefinite article. This group is a Central message in the translation as they are issued at the end of the sentence: A big wave of actions by all species of fish - large and stall, river and sea, herbivorous and predatory - for places with more food and cleaner water is rising. Increases the movement of all species of fish, small and large, river and sea, herbivorous prey in places with plenty of food and clean water. Many persons have helped by discussions and editorial criticism. In the edition of the book was attended by many employees, who discussed and criticized the text. The interpreter translates the proposal, retreating from word order and changing its syntactic structure. Replacement of parts of speech is a technique for replacing missing parts of speech, not matching shapes and structures in the target language. If the original form is not in the target language, or perform other functions, it may be replaced with another or change its character. Replacement trick is used in cases of inadequate standards compatibility, standards usage in different languages, for example, the English sentence Bake the buns till light golden is imperative as a form of representation of the culinary action. In English, the imperative is replaced by the indefinite personal verb form that matches the form of the third person singular + particle-by: The buns are baked until Golden brown.

5.1.2. The main methods of translation In the process of translation from one language to another should be aware of the ways of translation. Usually talk about two ways of transfer: transformation, interlineation, pragmatic. Transformational transfer method is the use of transformations in the process of translation of the source text. According to centuries Sdobnikova, O. C. Petrova, "any and all use of translation transformations (lexical, grammatical, stylistic and waiver of the formal-structural correspondences and implementation of the transformation method of translation" [Sdobnikov, Petrova, 2007, 261]. And. And. Rezwin and B. Yu Rosenzweig interlearning way transfer call transfer according to the preset correspondences, known to the interpreter before the start of translation. In this case, there is a direct transition from the sign S to the signs of the translation language. The latter is the formal-structural correspondence of the sign of S (of the same type or readnotify), which respectively means interlinearly translation. Pragmatic transfer method involves the correlation of situations, postulates of communication, principles of communication in OIA and five. In the framework of the transformation method used such transformation as: specification, generalization, antonymy transfer, compensation, rearrangement, replacement of parts of speech, the replacement of members of the sentence, the syntactic substitution in compound sentence, addition, omission. Within interlinear conversion method using such techniques as transcription, transliteration, calques and literal translation. Pragmatic transfer method relates to methods correlated with other methods of transfer, such as explanations in the text (they can be in the form of additions, therefore, relate to the transformational method of transfer), podstroechnye footnotes and comments to individual phenomena in the text there is a way to save interlinearly translation. Let us characterize briefly the techniques of translation within the framework of the ways of translation. Thus, the transformation method, the implementation of such techniques that transform units of the source language in the translation. HP barkhudarov, developed a typology of translation transformations (permutations, substitutions, additions and omissions), argued that "the translation transformation is the numerous and qualitatively diverse cross-language transformations that are performed to achieve translation equivalence ("adequate translation"), despite the differences in formal and semantic systems of the two languages" [barkhudarov, 1975, 190]. Permutation is changing the sentence structure of the source language in the target language when the components of the sentences of the source language change in translation. In this case, changing the fixed word order, for example, the English sentence may contain a large group of subject with an indefinite article. This group is a Central message in the translation as they are issued at the end of the sentence: A big wave of actions by all species of fish - large and stall, river and sea, herbivorous and predatory - for places with more food and cleaner water is rising. Increases the movement of all species of fish, small and large, river and sea, herbivorous prey in places with plenty of food and clean water. Many persons have helped by discussions and editorial criticism. In the edition of the book was attended by many employees, who discussed and criticized the text. The interpreter translates the proposal, retreating from word order and changing its syntactic structure. Replacement of parts of speech is a technique for replacing missing parts of speech, not matching shapes and structures in the target language. If the original form is not in the target language, or perform other functions, it may be replaced with another or change its character. Replacement trick is used in cases of inadequate standards compatibility, standards usage in different languages, for example, the English sentence Bake the buns till light golden is imperative as a form of representation of the culinary action. In English, the imperative is replaced by the indefinite personal verb form that matches the form of the third person singular + particle-by: The buns are baked until Golden brown.

Antonymy translation is the phrase translation via antonymy within the meaning of the expressions, for example, nobody loves him in the team - team all hate; such a phenomenon is rare - this phenomenon is not common. I think no one will refuse to help - I think everyone will agree and help him. Effeminacy the original value is the neutralization of the original values by replacing more powerful, emotionally-evaluation of the meaning of the word in a neutral, for example, replacement of invective a source language into a more neutral expression, neutralization of verbal aggression replacement taboo, for example, instead of hell with him, you can say the jester with him or to bring foreign language expression, rather than a rough stinks you can say bad smells, bad smells, lover dear friend, lover, mar friend, cancer - canzer. Within interlinear translation implemented such techniques as calques, transcription, transliteration, word-for-word translation. The transcription. Translation transcription is a formal pafonine recreate the original lexical units using phonemes translating language, phonetic imitation of the original words. In the process of transcription of the original word is represented in a form adapted to the phonetic (pronunciation) rules and regularities translating language, for example, Shakespeare - Shakespeare: Russian form of the name should be partially read the rules of English writing sounds (sounds W, K, s, p are direct analogues of the original. Sounds transform them into approximately similar in those cases where, in Russian there is no phonetic counterparts. In this case, the English diphthongs become monotony e, and - according to the initial element of the diphthong). This method of transcription is a practical rule for the transmission of English names into English. Practical transcription of the record of foreign words by means of national alphabet based on their pronunciation. This transcription is based on the rules of transfer of graphemes or graphic combinations of one language graphemes or graphic combinations of another language. Unlike the transliteration of these rules must consider how graphemes and graphic combinations are pronounced in each case. One of the basic requirements of practical transcription is probably more accurate preservation of the sound pattern of the transmitted word, but along with this practical transcription should keep the morphemic structure of words, graphic features, phonemic oppositions language belongs to the transmitted word, provides ease of assimilation. In the practical transcription of foreign language words that are not being translated may be included in the text. Transcription will powerhouse proper names, geographical names, names of firms, companies, publishing houses, cars, periodicals, ethnonyms-names of things, folklore characters, terms, for example, Cherokee - Cherokee, Ford Mustang Ford Mustang, New Quarterly Press new Press Quaterly, Western Michigan University, Thanes River - the river Thames, the Haage - the Hague, Bank of London - the Bank of Logan, Ivan the Terrible Ivan the terrible and other Transliteration is a formal letter-by-letter recreate the original lexical unit with alphabet translating language, letter-by-letter imitation of the form of the original word. This method of translation of a lexical unit of the original by re-establishing its graphical form with the help of letters of the target language. This letter-by-letter sending texts and single words using one of the graphics system by a different graphics system, for example, Lapshin in the English language is passed as Lapshin, French Lapchine, Italian Lapsin, Polish Lapszyn, German - Lapschin. Calques is a process of translation of the inner form of the word, its structure through the use of the resources calciuma language, resulting in the language of the translation of new words, motivated by the meaning and structure of words.

There are several types cripples semantic, derivational, phraseological. Semantic calques are words and structures formed from the original material on the model of the inner form - motivation and semantic model of another language. In this case, the original word under the influence of another language expands its semantic structure, including in addition the new values arising from the semantic model of the source language. In this case, the word in the target language is used in the expansion is, for example, the Turkic word "hearth" was used only in the values: 1) stone Asan acylating ush ATI shear Temir; 2) stone Asan ASAP Tama psiren, tastan, kresten ALAP jasaan NRSE (Kazakh interpretation dictionary of Kazakh language, 7-s, b.). T he broad meaning of the word "hearth" in the sense of "home" appeared in English in the second half of the nineteenth century, and the value "Ochag" - "the focus of something" appeared in the mid-twentieth century, cf.: cultural centers, centers of industrialization, the hotbed of rebellion and other Motivation values ocag contributes to the emergence of the semantic structure of a native word "marvelously" additional values formed by semantic replication, for example: "Walden Myung-de almatyy, wasps neg ustulata Madeniet okay THMs" /F. Slonov. Girl Imbat, 369 b./; “Maidan tlaga Sikes, Zhastar nem artyon eryndlyn Council odaini bass Komir okay - categorise Donbass namster Olinda Alanna bar, Aranda NDRs system briny guldara Aranda ush ECE art tsken” /I. Yesenberlin. Mist Maidana, 59 b./; Alrdy Ondiris ocertain klenda asrd she tadani Kala alhamisi” /Asrg Oris Ali, 43 b./. Morphological calques are those words that reproduce the morphological structure calciumin of words, designs and models which they created with calcerous language. Morphological calques arose as a consequence Parfenova translate words. In our opinion, the derivative of tracing paper are the result of convergent influence of another language, manifested in the use of structural and semantic models one language to another. In cases of word-formation comes from the Kazakh new words appear in the design of their structural-semantic model of the Russian language. Most words with the Russian language, prefixes-lexical formations, calcerrada in the Kazakh language by words and combinations of words, combinations of root and affix, e.g.: glissandi (unemployment), Altara (manuscript), Baneasa (video), dnage cseres (worldview), it render (revival), TBE top (top), Oh trireme (reasoning), and other In the complex of Russian adjectives calcerrada in the Kazakh language the first part of the word, the second issued by the affixes-you, -t, -dy, -ly, -l, for example: CP polysty (multi), CP of tragedy (circulation). The whole expression is passed by morphological parts: the root is passed as the root and affixes Russian language are processed by the affixes of the Kazakh language: principal (principal), suits (architect), mazmundagi (content), Tabarly (trademark), laboranti (laboratory assistant), tapirus (task) and other Differences in grammatical structures of different languages often prevent accurate transfer of the internal structure of Russian models, therefore, may yield accurate or inaccurate morphological calques. In the exact calques structural arrangement of the components of the model and onion skins and their values are identical, cf.: toasty (refrigerator), morban (autobiography), Orynbasar (Deputy), scenes (applicant), Samaras (cleaner), aynalem (turnover), dabyl (Nabat), caldow (analysis), dildine (argumentation), cesars (opinion), Tim (payment), ran (motto), unchk (decade), HTS (agitator), inviting (the authority), bastami (proem), NSAU (instruction), Akikat (true), DS (method), Chechen (speaker), TPSA (original), taliya (full-blooded), and other

On-page footnotes - receiving explanations, when the word is explained below, in the bottom of the page, note, cf.: "Near the squadron of belongings, bags of flour, different Cooley lazily walks hour and envious looks on the holiday type of comrades" (Including Valikhanov. SOBR.Op. 5 t, so 2, S. 183). (Note - comrade (goal) - comrade); "June 23, at 9 o'clock went from Tezuka. The space between the [rivers] Kargaly and Agregaty called the Kirghiz Chubar" (Including Valikhanov. SOBR.Op. 5 TT, T. 1, S. 352). Below is given an explanation of the word: Chubar (motley grove). "They also said that the Sirt feel special udushlivost in the air that people and animals are a victim of tutuka" (Including Valikhanov. SOBR.Op. 5 TT, so 3, S. 61). Bottom note: So they called this phenomenon. Comment translation is a technique that accompanies the words at the lexical-semantic transformation. A comment is given in the case, if not known lexical background of the word, the word has a national-cultural component values or absent in the target language, and dictionaries are not given sufficient explanation or not fixed this word, for example, require a translation of the commentary phraseologies-we have a national-cultural specificity: hit as chicken in the soup, to rush headlong, the promised land, turocy on wheels, see?; reality - non-equivalent words, common words, words, the absence of which in the language of the translation leads to "denotation holes", for example, beskonak, Nauryz, soup, shoes, tortilla, mother-in-law, mother-in-law, tutek, hut, hut, carnival and other Thus, the analysis techniques of translation shows that they should, first, to correlate with specific translation methods; directing and clarifying the choice of techniques of translation; second, the use of certain types of transfer in accordance with the selected method of transfer; thirdly, the translation can be applied in the translation process in an integrated way.

Conclusions Definition of transfer in the literature is ambiguous. Terminological inconsistency in the definition of this concept is the consequence of the study of translation from different perspectives and with different approaches to the definition of its essence. Meanwhile, the concept of "translation" must take into account its essential features that distinguish it from other activities. Therefore, the translation can be defined as purposeful, satisfying the need of the society in bilingual communication secondary reproductive activity, actualizing during the three stages of translation activity, during which the processes are carried on the primary and secondary communication, comprehension, understanding, and interpretation of the source text within its adaptation to the norms of the recipient, recoding in the secondary language, spawning a secondary text - Predtechensky life of a translator. Types of translation are classified differently depending on the execution of any function: function of the message, communication (informative translation), the function of the aesthetic - literary translation, the nature of the execution of the translation action (whether oral, written, oral and written, pismenno-verbal and other); the degree of mechanisms. In the process of perception of the source material (written translation, simultaneous interpretation, translation worksheet, consecutive interpretation, paragraph-phrase translation, translation); the degree of contact of the primary and secondary languages in the process of translation activities (literal translation, free translation, simplify the translation, literal translation). Translation techniques varied. Systematization of their shows that they need to relate with certain ways of translation, in which they receive terminology orderly and systematic, and clarity. The main methods of translation - transformation, interlinearly, pragmatic, consistent with certain techniques for facilitating any translation operations, which are the same type of translation steps. Correlation techniques with translation methods shows that in the framework of the transformational way of implementing such typed translation steps, as: , transliteration, calques, literal translation, and the pragmatic - explanatory notes in the text: podstroechnye footnotes, translation comments. 5.2.Illustrative submodule. Illustrative frames. "Graphics". "Examples" 5.2.1. Graphics