I stage

Finding out of discrepancies of the languages,text interpretations, choice of strategies, text decoding

Set realization on the adequacy, equivalency of the original and the text in TL, competencies, strategies and tactics realzation

Translation competency

Thinking over and understanding исходного текста

1. Intercultural competency

2. choice of strategies and tactics

3. knowledge of the norms and values principles of culture of other people

4. knowledge of the compensation and elimination devices,knowledge of gaps

outworking

Working out

Working out of the text by the receiver

Fig.11 - Cognitive-activity model translation activities 6.2.2.Examples Example No. 1 Adequate replacement Quick relief - ambulance, Quickly to help Good rid - dance - good riddance! Example No. 2 In J. I. Retsker the notion of equivalence applies only to the relationship between microadenoma text, but not on intertextual relations. This equivalent was understood as a constant equal match, as a rule, does not depend on context Dodder "dodder", dodman (snail), dog-bolt (swing bolt), supermarket (supermarket). 6.3. The reference module. Reference frames. "Glossary". List of basic and additional literature". "Reference sites" 6.3.1. Glossary The theory naturally matches the theory, which contributes to the classification under which are taken into account when translating from one language to another. Transformation - translation-unit conversion OIA Equivalents constant that does not depend on the context of the compliance units of the source language units of the target language. Theory of levels of equivalence - model translation activities, based on the assumption that this is a similar equivalence relations are established between similar levels of text and translation. 6.3.2. The list of basic and additional literature Key readings Alekseev, A. S. Theory of natural correspondences as an unsolved problem //proceedings of the XXIX interuniversity scientific-methodical conference of professors and graduate students. Vol.8. Actual problems of theory and practice of translation. - SPb., 2000. Alifirenko N. F. Theory of language. - M.: Academia, 2004. Commissioners Century. N. Theory of translation (linguistic aspects) - M.: Higher school, 1990. Commissioners Century. N. Modern translation: a Course of lectures. - M.: Publishing house "ETS", 1999. Sdobnikov centuries, Petrov O. Century translation Theory. - M, AST: East-West, 2007. Further reading Vinogradov C. C. Translation: General and lexical issues. 3rd ed. - M.: KDU, 2006. Cadet O. Problems of translation in the light of communication theory //problems of the theory of translation in foreign linguistics. - M.: International relations, 1978. Karaulov Y. N. Linguistic engineering & thesaurus literary language. - M., 1981. Commissioners Century. N. A word about the translation /Essay linguistic doctrine of translation/. - M.: International relations, 1973. Revzin, I. I., Rosenzweig C. Y. fundamentals of General and machine translation. - M.: Higher school, 1964. Paducheva E. C. Mode of interpretation as a technique //Izvestiya. A series of literature and language, 2005. So 64. Webelieve, that is, Language as a means of access to the processes of cognition //Vestnik KazNU. Philological series, No. 6(96), 2006. Schweitzer, A. D. Translation and linguistics. - M.: Voenizdat, 1973. Lederer M. La theorie interpretative de la traduction: un resume //Information-communicative aspects of translation. Part I. - N. Novgorod: Lunn them.N. A. Dobrolyubova, 1997. D. Seleskovitch Interpretind for International problems of Language and communication. Washington: Pen and Booth. 1994. 6.3.3. "Reference sites" www.wordsmyth.net www.alleng.ru www.perevod4ik.com Uz-Translations:For translators

6.5. Control submodule. Supervisory personnel . "Questions and answers on them." "Tests for intermediate control on". 6.5.1. Questions for self-assessment and answers to them Who formulated the theory of natural correspondences? What is the essence of situational-denotation model of translation? How many stages of transformation of the original message is provided in the transformational model of translation? What is the advantage of interpretative translation models? What levels of equivalence stated in the theory of levels of equivalence Century. N.Komissarova? What is the disadvantage of interpretative theory? What is the essence of cognitive-activity model of the translation process? Options ataov Button response A. I. J. the Retsker of Danet Century. Century. N.Komissarov Yes no A. As the situation is, the set of denotata, you should pass the situation and specify the items in her five-Yes no Century. the fact that any situation in different languages adequate Yes no A. Three phase Yes no C. In the transformational model N. Chomsky, Y. Nida, there are three phases:1) phase transformation of complex structures in nuclear; 2) the stage of transfer of nuclear structures of the source language in the nuclear konstruktsii five; 3) the stage of transformation of nuclear structure S in the complex design of the five-Yes no Yes no A. five levels of equivalence Century. N.Komissarova these levels of equivalence: the target level of communication; Yes no C. In the model equivalence Century. N.Komissarova these levels of equivalence: the target level of communication; describe the situation, the message level level word level structure remarks Yes no A. cognitive-activity model of translation focuses on the study of translation as an interpretive activity phenomenon. Yes no C. In the cognitive-activity model of translation translation is considered as a set of interpretative activity operations: in the first stage, the essence of this activity is manifested in the fact that the translator in the process of raspredsetevaya text in FL interprets, comprehends it, decodes, converts it to text in a second language, i.e. preglacial in the text of the translation language, then this objectified interpreted them accordingly to the norms of perception and understanding of the recipient of the text on the second of askedu.net 6.5.2. Tests for intermediate control on the subject What knowledge you need to know for the translator to understand the theory of natural correspondences I. J. of Retsker? A) Translation skills and Omnia C) knowledge of intercultural competence C) the Theory of equivalence Century. N.Komissarova D) Strategy and tactics of translation E) Knowledge about equivalence, functional analogues, knowledge about adequate replacements 2. What model of translation suggests the possibility of replacing the names of items in a given situation S to the corresponding names in the translation language? A) Transformational model of translation C) Interpretative model of translation C) Denotation model of translation

D) Denotation - situational model of translation E) Cognitive - pragmatic model of translation 3. Who of scientists develops the theory of levels of equivalence? A) A. D. Schweitzer B) L. K. Latyshev (C) K. J. The Retsker D) In. N.Commissioners E) N.Chomsky, Y. Naida 4. What is the advantage of interpretative translation models A) In the development stages of interpretation In the development of the theory of understanding C) focus on pragmatic theory of translation D) In the development of the theory of equivalence E) In the development of the theory of understanding, understanding and interpretation of the text in FL and text on five? 5. How many stages of transformation involves the transformation model N. Chomsky? A) One C) Two (C) Three D) Four E) Five 6) any translation activity draws the attention of cognitive-pragmatic model of translation? A) On the activity entity translation B) For the interpretation of the translation in FL (C) the necessity of understanding the source text D) the necessity of knowledge of cognitive operations used in the translation process (E) the need knowledge of the strategies of interpretation OIA and five and types of translation actions in the process of translation activities 6.6. Statistical submodule. The resulting frames (feedback) 6.6.1. Answers to questions Question # 1 A. the Correct answer. B. Incorrect. Question No. 2 A. the Correct answer. B. Incomplete response Question No. 3 A. response Surface B. a Detailed answer. True. Question No. 4 A. Incomplete response B. a Detailed answer. True. Question No. 5 A. response Surface B. a Detailed answer. True. Question No. 6 A. Incomplete response B. a Detailed answer. True. 6.6.2. Code to the tests 1) E 2) D 3) D 4) E 5) 6) E

Case module # 7. Realities perevodovedenie and transfer them to another language. 7.1. Theoretical submodule. Theory. Information frames. 7.1.1 Problem determination realities and their types Despite the wide use of the term "reality", so far, neither in linguistics, either in linguistics or in perevodovedenie not sufficiently clear criteria for determining realities, not touched for almost a question about the essence of national realities. Only in some works on the theory and criticism of literary translation, linguistics and perevodovedenie (A. I. Fedorov, Gachechiladze, Century Rossells, A. S. Ermagambetova, S. Vlahov, J. A. Zhakupov, S. I. Florin, D. Tomakin) realities were considered as words that give an idea of the specifics of everyday life, culture and lifestyle of representatives of any linguistic and cultural community. The reality is words, mostly associated with the specifics of national color. They are words that have national-cultural components values. National specifics of their expressed not only in form but also in content. In perevodovedenie when defining realities focuses on the national coloring of their referents (color)and basicvideo.net meaning of their words identified in the translation process. The reality, as bearers of national or historical flavor, do not have equivalents in other languages and cannot be directly translated into other languages. That is why S. I. Vlahov and S. P. Florin define them as "words, words, naming objects, characteristic life (life), cultural, social and historical development of one nation and another alien; as bearers of national and/or historical flavor, they usually do not have an exact match (equivalent in other languages) and, therefore, cannot be translated "common grounds", requiring a special approach" [Vlahov, Florin, 1980]. Reality is not only the facts, phenomena, objects, and their names are words and phrases [Vlahov, Florin, 1970, 432-456]. Those concepts that are reflected in the realities are of a national character and materialize in non-equivalent vocabulary: words used to Express concepts that are missing in another culture, in another language, words relating to individual cultural elements, i.e., to the cultural elements that are characteristic only for culture But not in culture B, and words that have no translation into another language, in a word, reality does not have equivalents outside of the language to which they belong" [Vereshchagin, Kostomarov, 1973, 53]. A. I. Fedorov also believes that the realities are used to denote concepts and phenomena of social life, material life, specific only for a particular people or country [Fedorov, 2002]. In addition to the normal realities of marked non-equivalent vocabulary, are in special realities, called associative realities. These realities are associated with a variety of national historical and cultural phenomena and very peculiar embodied in language. According to C. S. Vinogradov, "associative realities are not reflected in the special words, in non-equivalent vocabulary, and "entrenched" in the words of the most common. They find their expression persisted in the components of the meanings of the words, the tones of the words in the emotional-expressive overtones in the internal form of words, etc. by detecting information of the different concepts, but similar words in the two languages" [Vinogradov, 2006, 38].

Case module # 7. Realities perevodovedenie and transfer them to another language. 7.1. Theoretical submodule. Theory. Information frames. 7.1.1 Problem determination realities and their types Despite the wide use of the term "reality", so far, neither in linguistics, either in linguistics or in perevodovedenie not sufficiently clear criteria for determining realities, not touched for almost a question about the essence of national realities. Only in some works on the theory and criticism of literary translation, linguistics and perevodovedenie (A. I. Fedorov, Gachechiladze, Century Rossells, A. S. Ermagambetova, S. Vlahov, J. A. Zhakupov, S. I. Florin, D. Tomakin) realities were considered as words that give an idea of the specifics of everyday life, culture and lifestyle of representatives of any linguistic and cultural community. The reality is words, mostly associated with the specifics of national color. They are words that have national-cultural components values. National specifics of their expressed not only in form but also in content. In perevodovedenie when defining realities focuses on the national coloring of their referents (color)and basicvideo.net meaning of their words identified in the translation process. The reality, as bearers of national or historical flavor, do not have equivalents in other languages and cannot be directly translated into other languages. That is why S. I. Vlahov and S. P. Florin define them as "words, words, naming objects, characteristic life (life), cultural, social and historical development of one nation and another alien; as bearers of national and/or historical flavor, they usually do not have an exact match (equivalent in other languages) and, therefore, cannot be translated "common grounds", requiring a special approach" [Vlahov, Florin, 1980]. Reality is not only the facts, phenomena, objects, and their names are words and phrases [Vlahov, Florin, 1970, 432-456]. Those concepts that are reflected in the realities are of a national character and materialize in non-equivalent vocabulary: words used to Express concepts that are missing in another culture, in another language, words relating to individual cultural elements, i.e., to the cultural elements that are characteristic only for culture But not in culture B, and words that have no translation into another language, in a word, reality does not have equivalents outside of the language to which they belong" [Vereshchagin, Kostomarov, 1973, 53]. A. I. Fedorov also believes that the realities are used to denote concepts and phenomena of social life, material life, specific only for a particular people or country [Fedorov, 2002]. In addition to the normal realities of marked non-equivalent vocabulary, are in special realities, called associative realities. These realities are associated with a variety of national historical and cultural phenomena and very peculiar embodied in language. According to C. S. Vinogradov, "associative realities are not reflected in the special words, in non-equivalent vocabulary, and "entrenched" in the words of the most common. They find their expression persisted in the components of the meanings of the words, the tones of the words in the emotional-expressive overtones in the internal form of words, etc. by detecting information of the different concepts, but similar words in the two languages" [Vinogradov, 2006, 38].

C. S. Vinogradov singles out the following realities: 1) household (housing, property, clothing, hats, food, drinks; labour and employment; monetary units; units of measure; musical instruments; folk dances and songs, artists; folk festivals, games; treatment); 2) ethnographic and mythical realities (ethnic and social groups and their representatives; the divine, fantastic creatures; legendary place); 4) the realities of the natural world (animals, plants, landscape, landscape); 5) the realities of public administration device and public life (current and historical) - administrative units and state institutions, public organizations of the party and so on, their officials and participants; industrial and agricultural enterprises and trade institutions; basic military and police units and offices, civic offices and professions, titles, titles; 6) onomastic realities (anthroponyms, toponyms, names of literary characters, names, companies, museums, theatres, palaces, restaurants, shops, beaches, airports, etc); 7) associative realities [Vinogradov, 2006]. In the Kazakh language are the following realities: -socio-historical realities (Bai, Myrza, tamnar, AA-Sultan, IATA, etc.); -the realities associated with the customs and traditions of the people: (crdc, eroc, Arash); -the realities of designating national games (BGE, kkar, serke Tartu, girl-uu, game-kumalak, atiban and others); -the realities associated with the conduct of ranches (KNTEU, cseu, Zhailau, it); -the realities associated with religious concepts (rn, Shariat, Molda, Hazrat); -the realities associated with the names of the clans and tribes (Kerey, zyban, Tabyn and others); -realities denoting family relations (toal, baibishe); -realities indicating folk concepts (Zhyr, aitys); -the realities associated with the names of everyday objects (tekemets, organ, Alasha and others); -reality, expressing features of the national character (AK PAL, Babil aus and others). J. A. Zhakupov singles out the following realities: 1) words denoting natural and ethnographic concepts; 2) folk realities; 3) domestic realities; 4) words denoting the social and historical realities [Zhakupov, 2004, 51]. In these three classifications realities classification is carried out on the basis of different criteria: thematic principle (C. I. Vlasov, S. P. Florin, V. S. Vinogradov) and extra-linguistic and linguistic (D. Tomakin). In perevodovedenie more acceptable is the classification based on the comparison of language systems. Therefore, in this science is the distinction between reality and gaps. Reality is non-equivalent words that do not have matches in the other culture and denote specifiesa concepts of culture of any nation. Gaps is the denotation or connotation pits that occur in the process of translation or mapping of the conceptual shades or connotative meanings of the same word. The concept of designating any phenomenon coincides in different languages, it may be universal, but the shades of meaning of words denoting the concept itself of shades concepts, subjective evaluation values connotations may not be the same in different languages. And in this case we speak of the gaps.

8.1.2. Gaps as a type of non-equivalent words Gap is one of the types of non-equivalent words. The difference in the gaps from the realities is that first, the realities of close otmoetsa with referent and denote concepts - the idea of the subject, available in one country and the other missing. Gaps Express the notion of an object, existing in the two countries, but they mean it in the process of expressing semantic shades concepts; secondly, the realities associated with the value expressed through concepts and gaps is meaning well. They indicate shades of meaning, not in the views of the residents of one country; and third, the realities are not associated with associations, inadequate in relation to the subject, and gaps are native speakers of a language do not coincide Association, which is associated with values and beliefs of the native speakers of a language. Therefore, C. S. Vinogradov mention associative gaps still emphasized that such realities are "entrenched" in the words of the most common. They find their expression persisted in the components of the meanings of the words, nuances of words, emotionally-expressive overtones in the internal form of words, etc. by detecting information of the different concepts, but similar words in the two languages [Vinogradov, 2006]. The emergence of associative gaps associated with existence in the semantic structure of the word special national-specific components. Thereto Century, the SAC considers these seven, which either differ from the corresponding SEM in lexical correspondences language comparison on the contents or status, or differ in the absence of a comparison of SEM in the same language if they are in another (other) [GAK, 1977, 162]. National-specific seven included in the structure of lexical meaning of the word. Judging from the meaning of the word, as the relations of words to the denotatum, mediated through the signified (the referent), and the reality of the word relates to denote items not directly, but through the signified (the referent), which can be defined as the subject of thought, reflecting the subject or the phenomenon of objective reality and forms the conceptual content, which relates this language unit. Words realities, in addition to the direct denotation of values, may have other connotative values. The lexical meaning of the word includes two main macro: denotation and connotat. The national specificity of the word is manifested both at the level of denotation, and at the level of connotate. In the denotation component words are specified distinctive features of objects and phenomena of objective reality. At the level of denotation meaning of national specificity is evident in my choice of distinctive features in the perception of the phenomena of reality, in another group in this sense. Cross-language equivalents are differences in connotative component of lexical meaning. Thought Century. N. Telia, connotative part of the meaning of the word "subject of objectivation is not the world, and the attitude that displays some form of emotive reactions of the subject to denote" [Telia, 1986, 134].

Connotative values differ because in them the elements connotations are estimates, associative imagery, emotive and functional-stylistic components. It is the discrepancy between connotative components of the lexical meanings of words in different languages leads to a different kind of subjective semantic gaps. And it is quite natural, as subjectively meaningful gaps are updated in the context mapping words from different languages is not only an objectively real meaning, but also connotative, a component which can be subjective semantic values, i.e. values that expresses a subjective attitude speaking to the subject of thoughts, his reactions, his associates. Subjective meanings Express background knowledge contained in the lexical background of the word. Lexical background of the word, which presents background knowledge, acts as a special kind of word meaning. The semantics of words in linguistics conceived as the unity of lexical concepts, acting as the means of nomination: due to the minimal number of semantic shares that make up the scope, people recognize, classify objects, recognize and call them) and lexical background, which is conceived as the totality of all attributed to the word-concept of information available in the mass ordinary consciousness of native speakers. Lexical background has an individual status as language, objective meaning of words in context, acquire additional personal meanings: subjective values (units), speech by the speaker's intention, his assessment of the situation, knowledge of the speaker, his assessment of the situation, knowledge of the rules of communication skills. Therefore, A. N. Leontief argued that conceptually-mediated, subject correlation and associative structure relationships with other words and define its objective public meaning as the first aspect is "reasonable meaning." The second aspect is subjective personal meaning, which, firstly, is that the word "means" for the native speaker, because, according to A. N. Leontief, personal meaning expresses it (subject) relationship to perceived objective phenomena" [Leont'ev, 1972, 227]. This attitude in speech activity is expressed, in particular, in the subjective emotional evaluation of words. In other words, subjective personal meaning is a kind of prism of individual refractive objective public meaning of phenomena as collective lessons learned by native speakers. Coupled objective public meaning of the verbal units and their subjective personal assessment as the first aspect of subjective personal meaning to form meaning (language) words. This subjective personal meaning acquired in the situation in the expression of the subjective relationship of the individual is closely linked with the basic meaning of the word. They inter-necessary and complement each other. The value of this objective, the permanent component of a lexical unit, and the meaning - changing, emerging in speech component words. E. D. Suleimenov emphasizes the interconnectedness of values and meaning, saying that the value and meaning "cannot be known as Autonomous entities: they are inseparable from each other. No sense can not be delivered without significant expressions" [Suleimenov, 1989, 9].

G. M. Vereshchagin and C. G. Kostomarov indicate that in each word are in special semantic shares, part of which refers to the conceptual semantic shares, and part - to neponyatiynom. In their opinion, the conceptual semantic shares are those that "provide a classification of the subject, are part of the lexical concepts" [Vereshchagin, Kostomarov, 1973, 25]. Other semantic stakes not included in the conceptual belong to the lexical background. Lexical background are those, taken together, neponyatiynom DM are samemu, but do not participate in mediated by language classification of human activity, and Express extra-linguistic content. Lexical background, i.e. individual meaning, has an individual status, he comes into the mind of this, it is a specific person, as a retainer knowledge. However, in the basis of individual lexical background of lay knowledge common to all native speakers of the language and culture. Lexical background the phenomenon of cultural-linguistic. It lies on the intersection of language and culture, so without knowledge of the lexical background impossible disclosure of meaning, connotations, allusions, implications, and sometimes impossible, and understanding the word in its objective value. Therefore, the gaps should be considered not only words, no conceptual correspondences in comparable languages (due to the absence of the objects themselves), but also words background vocabulary, expressing background knowledge - of words which differ in their backgrounds due to the mismatch of individual semantic components that are not in concepts and backgrounds called "minor signs". "But the thing is, what these semantic fraction expressing the lexical background, play a crucial role in attributing the words to this culture, so it is in this "particular" is the national identity of the designated data word phenomena" [Tomakin, 1988, 14]. One word for the concept in the most General form (generic and therefore quite specific), which is owned by a foreigner, native language contrasts dozens of names of specific items related to that common as species to genus with some of these items (and accordingly, the corresponding words) belong to the national peculiarities of the culture and form groups realities do not have matches in the other cultures. The names of these objects do not have equivalents in the translation into other languages. Gaps stand out not only because of the full discrepancy indicated by their subjects in the matched cultures and their individual characteristics. Therefore, in linguistics realities should be considered as words denoting objects related to the history, culture, economy and lifestyle of the country of studied language, which differ completely or partially separate semantic shares their lexical concepts) from the lexical concepts of words matching language. Words, different semantic shares beyond concepts, refer to the background vocabulary [Tomakin, 1988, 15]. In our opinion, to the realities should include the words, completely different from the lexical concepts of words matching language. And words, different semantic shares their lexical concepts are gaps. In this case, there are semantic and conceptual gaps. Y. A. Sorokin, I. Y. Marcovina interpret gaps in the following way: "the lacuna is some text in which there is something strange, strange, wrong (something that can be evaluated on the scale of "unclear/clear", "unusual/usual", "unfamiliar/familiar", "wrong/right" [Sorokin, Marcovina, 1988, 77]

The mapping between the source language and the target language shows that in comparison, they found two types of gaps: 1) meaning "well" and 2) the actual gaps. Semantic wells Y. A. Sorokin, and I. Y. Marcovina give the following definition: "Meaning well is some piece of text, where the sum (field) denotata is vague due to: 1) nepredstavleniem those or other elements of the denotation of the structure of some phenomenon in the analyzed text; 2) inadequacy of images of the denotata of the receiving device (formation samples projections based on existing text elements of the denotation of the structure of some phenomenon); 3) quasicondensate designata, hindering the identification of the denotata as belonging to different conceptual-semantic fields" [Sorokin, Marcovina, 76]. In the translation the term "meaning well" to understand the actual denotation of the realities of expressing national-specific concepts that are missing in other cultures. It is their conceptual nepredstavleniem in other cultures leads to the appearance of gaps, the denotation of "yum". The actual "gaps" should be marked connotation realities that have connotative meanings in the semantic structure of the word. These gaps indicate the state of some conceivable world reducyrovana (incomplete). Such incomplete gaps are called partial. They include that in the original language have full set of these things, but in the translation of these seven are expressed incompletely. A number of these things, some components segment exceeds the number of SEM in the translation of this fragment, for example, in the translation of text from the works of E. Hemingway: "He always thought of the sea as la mar which is what people call her in Spanish when they love her" (E. Hemingway), "he always thought of the name of the sea as la mar which is what his name is in Spanish people who love him" (E. Hemingway. The old man and the sea, S. 347). la mar is a partial gap, as in the process of translation in the text is lost relationship she - sea; she - la mar (she - sea), which indicates the author. In Russian language "sea" is translated as the word is neuter in English has no gender category, so in this language the gender assigned arbitrarily or other inanimate objects. When comparing languages are words that match their substantive values, but not the same connotations. Word connotation gaps relate to the background lexicon. Connotations are expressed not in non-equivalent vocabulary, and words denoting the same objects in the comparable cultures, but their differences are rooted in the national identity of the associations produced by the word. The connotation of the realities of their persisted find expression in the components of the meanings of the words, in shades of meanings of words in a verbal domestic form, etc. by detecting information mismatch conceptually similar words in the two languages. Differences in connotative meanings of words are explained by cultural-ethnographic identities of the peoples of different countries and denominated in the background knowledge. Background knowledge is mutual knowledge of the realities of the speaker and hearer, which is the basis of linguistic communication. This background information, including skills as a generalized image of the actions, behaviours, expectacy, speech postulates words, embodying social experience of the people - all this relates to socio-cultural information that is specific to a particular nationality. They mastered the members of this ethnic society and reflected in its language. To background knowledge E. M. Vereshchagin relates also knowledge of the social history of communicant. They are also included in the background knowledge: "the participants in the act of communication must be to a certain extent the General social history. Under the social history of man are understood to be those characteristics that he encountered within a particular social group or broader language community. These include human behavior, the system's worldview, ethnicity estimates, aesthetic tastes" [Vereshchagin, 1969]. Social history of communicant is the background knowledge that have been accumulated in each of the communicants to the act of communication. Each of the participants of the speech act must have a certain experience as linguistic (language)and non-linguistic (knowledge about the world). For communication is necessary, first, a common language; secondly, the participants in the act of communication should have a certain commonality of social history, and, thirdly, they must have a voice situation, i.e., the specific conditions of a given act of communication. The language depends on the possibility of a communicative act from the General social history depends on the content of the messages, from the speech situation - their linguistic form [Vereshchagin, 1969]. Community social history finds its expression in the background knowledge. Background knowledge in a broad interpretation is almost all the knowledge that should be possessed by the communicants.

D. Tomakin in the field of dissemination divides them into the following subgroups: 1) universal knowledge; 2) regional information; 3) information available only to members of certain ethnic and linguistic community (nation); 4) information available only to members locally (residents of the area) or socially closed group - in linguistic terms, this corresponds to territorial and social dialects (for example, the names of the local geographic features and related associations); 5) information in the possession of only the members of this microcollection: such as family, educational and industrial group, etc., (e.g., nicknames, known only to a small circle of people, associations, connected with the history of this microcollection, incidents, not beyond) [Tomakin, 1980, 84]. Connotative gaps reflect the diversity of background knowledge in different cultures. Such gaps Express six types of connotations or meanings: 1) fine (presentation); 2) emotional; 3) cultural-civilizational: 4) thematic (semantic field); 5) informative (level of knowledge); 6) worldview [Komlev, 1992]. Among these kinds of connotations for holding interest connotations associated with zabavnymi (modal, evaluation and emotionally expressive elements of the lexical meanings of the word). Linguistic manifestation connotations are portable meaning of words (crow, hat, stepson and others) Have the same words in different languages may have different connotations, such as "rat" - eng. Rat traitor, other rat "stingy man". Ratte "people who work with passion", eng. Rat "void primigenia service man" [Komlev, 1992]. H. K. Temirgazina, speaking about the conceptual gaps, explains the appearance of gaps for the following reasons: "gaps (emptiness, space, skip)- - arises in a particular language words and concepts available in another language. Gaps appear not because there is no phenomenon or concept, and because of this culture as a matter irrelevant to the selection of one or another aspect, one or the other side of reality" [Temirgazina, 2002]. H. K. Temirgazina right in the sense that the appearance of gaps is not necessarily due to lack of words or concepts in the other culture, as the ethnic groups living in different ecological and socio-historical, cultural, geographical landscape conditions, perceive the world in its own manner, under the point of view of perception. Therefore, they are one and the same world conceptualiser in different ways, inadequate concepts. That is why only you can say that gap is the lack of appropriate concepts in the culture of this nation. The concept is an idea that represents a synthesis of the characteristics of the subject and highlight objects of various classes according to their characteristics, the Association based on common characteristics of denotata belonging to the same class. The notion of an object is based on selection of features that distinguish one object from another, generalization of these signs and draw some General conclusions about the characteristic properties of the subject. Based on this, the subject of the definition. Representatives of different linguistic and cultural communities differently divides the objective world, allocating those objects, or other signs that seem significant for a representative of this culture. On the basis of the marked characteristics of this ethnic group is the concept about the subject. But these same characteristics may seem insignificant, not typical of other media culture, perceiving this objective world through the prism of their culture. Reality is perceived differently in different languages, as it is conceptualized by representatives of different linguistic and cultural communities through the prism of their cultures. Certain differences between the conceptual division of the world in different cultures is the result of inadequate awareness of different linguistic and cultural communities. Different perception of the world through ethnic-linguistic picture of the world contributes to the fact that the bearers of different cultures may choose as the basis of communication different sides of the same phenomenon. The objective world is the same for different ethnic groups, however, structuration in the conceptualization different. Together with the existence of semantic universals - the universality of the categories and known community in the designation of the same fragments of the real world. Moreover, the absence in some cultures fractional fragments of the General concepts is evidence that General concepts, universal for both languages, can be expressed as the integer or as something dismembering this General concept. In this case, the concept is expressed in a few words or phrases that link concepts with the word may be direct, or indirect, expressed in a sustainable combination or using a relative definition. Therefore, for the selection of verbal gaps should consider a few cases, the ratio concepts and words: 1) in all cultures and languages of the world are missing as a concept and its verbal expression, for example, in English there is no word "mother-in-law"; 2) in any culture (cultures) defined the concept finds expression in the language, not directly, but indirectly, through other concepts, verbal in the form of the same type combine derivatives, for example, mother-in-law (Rus) - mother - in-law (mother-in-law - mother-in-law mother - not by blood, but by marriage). In this case, the leading concept of "mother" (mother, wife), there is a hidden, implicit. In these cases, "leading concept there is a latent, only in this series, for example, FR. pommier (Apple), prunier (plum tree), poirie (pear tree); 3) originating in the mind, the concept for some time can to exist in the form of either a) cumbersome phrases, or b) detailed description, which is not deployed in order to more fully define something known, and in the absence of a suitable name for the concept, for example, sometimes speaking in any situation, look for the most adequate word for incurred but not yet decorated language concepts. The classification analysis of gaps shows that different scientists inadequately describe them, highlighting their different types. A. A. Lacquer, considering the cultural gaps that arise in the process of intercultural communication, distinguishes four types of gaps: 1) subject gaps (gaps, reflecting the national-cultural peculiarities of communicants belonging to different linguistic and cultural communities). These gaps result from the mismatch of the national psychological types of the communication parties. The existence of the "character" of the gaps caused by specific features of the national character of the local media of different cultures; 2) cultural and emotional gaps. Their appearance is caused by the peculiarities of manifestation of national temperament; 3) "carnival" gaps indicate national-specific modus of being funny in different cultures" [Lacquer, 211-212]. B. So Kulibaeva are the following types of gaps: 1) the subject; 2) cultural background; 3) associative or symbolic gaps; 4) ethnoconnotation gaps; 5) non-verbal gaps; 6) behavioral gaps [kulbaevo, 2010, 17]. In our work, gaps are treated as semantic and functional wells arising from the inadequacy of speech, kinesiska and emotive state behavior of speakers of different languages belonging to different linguistic and cultural communities in the process of intercultural communication, when the inadequacy of the language picture of the world in their minds leads to unequal structuring of the world in languages and different conceptualization. We are distinguished on the basis of the totality of verbal and non-verbal state behavior of speakers of different languages belonging to different linguistic and cultural communities, the following gaps: 1) intercultural gaps are snippets of statements, strange, incomprehensible to communicate considering a different culture at the initial stage of culture shock through his own and ethnocentrism. These gaps can be attributed to the mismatch of the customs, rites, rituals that each culture is interpreted and implemented differently, for example, the tradition of celebrating New year in Kazakhstan, Russia, Greece different; 2) ethnographic gaps - gaps that occur when the communicants are not familiar with the words-realities, giving an overview of the national color of the ethnic group, calling the concept of life, toponyms, clothing, etc.: 3) behavioral gaps. Principles of conduct in different people inadequate, so the positions of different groups according to the principles of behavior are not always the same, that is a sign of a different perception of the world, the existence of different pictures of the world, different stereotypes speech behavior enshrined in conventional form in the consciousness of the ethnic groups; the inadequacy of the speech behavior of representatives of different linguistic and cultural communities is the result of locality and identity of cultures, and behavior - an integral component of culture; 4) the subject-emotive gaps arising from the peculiarities of manifestation of national temperament carriers of different cultures; 5) the subject-mentality gaps that occur because of the different worldviews, attitudes, value orientations of ethnic groups, the features of their national character; (6) conceptual gaps that arise due to the absence of the concepts in a different language or different transmission language in another language (based on the implementation of the concepts of type combine-combining; 7) idiomatic gaps - gaps that appear because of the different graphic representation of the objective world in different Nations and his second nomination, conceptualization; 8) stylistic gaps - gaps that occur because of the different set of words to different functional styles in languages related to enablescrolling; 9) language gaps semantic wells; gaps that occur because of the different non-verbal States partners in the process of intercultural communicative act, different interpretations will cast, inadequate motor skills non-verbal behaviour among representatives of different gaps.

The presence of non-verbal subcultures - aggregates only kinesiska and emotional States of individuals as representatives of some psychic types allows you to select kinesiska gaps. Kinesiska gaps are gaps that occur due to the inadequacy of paralinguistic-ical States, paralinguistic behaviors of different cultures. Kinesiska gaps - the national-specific nonverbal behavior of interactants intercultural communication, representatives of different ethnic groups. Such communicants in terms of intercultural communication, entering into contact with members of another linguistic-cultural community and even speaking in the language of the latter act according to its behaviour, use "its" kinesiska, proxemics system. And in this case we can speak about intercultural nonverbal gaps - paralinguistic elements, ambiguously interpreted in different cultures. 11) Connotative gaps that arise due to mismatches in different languages subjective evaluation the subjective attitude of the subjects towards the object of thought in different cultures, which is associated with the realization of their values and negative or positive value orientations; 12) Associative gaps. 7.1.3. Classification realities in perevodovedenie and ways of their translation In perevodovedenie realities should be classified on the basis of the criterion of privodimosti-non-transferability. This raises the question: are there any equivalents of these words in the language of the translation, whether the conceptual relatedness of words, denoted by the realities or arise denotation "the pit" - gaps. In our opinion, the reality can be viewed as lexical gaps, as realities as non-equivalent words have no equivalents in the other language. If such gaps should speak not only about the lack of equivalent words in another language, but also about the lack of an equivalent in the form of phrases that word. The appearance of such gaps is due to the fact that each national language-specific, therefore, according to A. Verbickas, "in language reflects not only the unique environmental conditions and culture, but also the originality of the national character of its speakers. Not surprising that in the eskimo language has many names for snow, in the Arab - camel, and Chinese rice. The language reflects the conditions of existence of his people and contains the names and realities, specific people" [Verbitskaya, 1996, 21]. However, it is necessary in this case to use the common term "reality". In perevodovedenie realities reflect in their structure due to the natural and geographical environment in which people live - media language, culture and peculiarities of the political structure of society, the life, manners, customs, traditions, folk beliefs, folklore, cultural-historical and cultural associations related to different realities. Denotation realities represent objects and phenomena that are characteristic of the culture, but does not have a corresponding mapped culture (corresponding words attributed to non-equivalent vocabulary). Non-equivalent words have no semantic mappings in the system contents inherent in another language. Their existence is explained by the divergence of cultures, cf.: soup, pickle, hash, soup, beer, pancakes, dress, boots, mittens, fathom, yard, mile, spool, pound, pounds, peddler, my Lord, the mayor, the Assembly, petition, estate, servant, slave, bondage, good fellow, fair maiden, Sivka-burka, the Firebird, honey, beat the forehead, raise the alarm, Kolomenskaya versta and other

Those realities include proper names and onomastic lexicon. Following the formation of the translated language gaps that occur when "semantic wells", "conceptual wells", inadequacy associative views of the speakers, the connotation of zaznaczenie words in different languages. So, for the connotation of the gaps are cases when the notion enclosed in the structure of the same words in different languages, but additional connotative meanings of the word are not the same and cause in the minds of the media, certain cultural and historical associations, for example, rooster, Fox, eagle, spider, pig, wolf, br, EU, bltr, at and other such words evoke different associations, for example, if in Russian and Kazakh languages the word "cock" has the connotation is "bully", in France "cock" is a symbol, the official emblem of France - a symbol of courage and fighting qualities. Connotative meaning in Proverbs "C'est le cog du village" ("It is a rustic rooster" - the first guy in the village"), "C'est un bean cog" ("This is a beautiful rooster" - the philanderer), "Il se bat comme un petit cog" ("He fights like a Cockerel - the bully) positive, whereas in other cultures subjective attitude fluctuates between negative and positive. Classification realities in carrying out should be made primarily on the basis of the differentiation of reality and gaps. The reality is basicality words that are not found in this language, but there are other, as denote specific concepts of the culture of the people. It is impossible to find the equivalents in the other language, because language is not a concept found in the source segment. The lacuna is the word that have the same subject-objective value with the word of the original, but includes connotative values, expressing subjective attitudes, subjective-evaluative sense. It is expressive, emotional components values. Moreover, the emergence of gaps caused by different conceptual, semantic connotations of the word in different languages. The denotation of the pit arise from inadequacy and associative views of different peoples associated with the same object, phenomenon. The main methods of transmission of the realities on the language of the translation by the authors treated differently. So, C. S. Vinogradov identifies the following ways of translated words realities: 1) transcription (transliteration); 2) Hypo-hyperemesis translation; 3) assimilation; 4) izafa translation; 5) calques [Vinogradov, 2006, 119-120]. S. I. Vlahov and S. P. Florin provide multiple means of conveying reality in translation: 1) transcription (transliteration); 2) the actual translation. It includes: a) neologisms (Calca, Polyanka, development, semantic neologism); b) replacement of realities; in) approximate translation (genus-species replacement, functional equivalent, description, explanation, interpretation); d) contextual translation. Occasional receptions offered by S. I. Vlachova and S. P. Florini appear to be too vague, it is difficult to be used in the translation process. The authors in the selection of the techniques did not produce a careful selection of the realities because, firstly, one group included and occasional borrowing (subject to transcription and transliteration, translation) and mastered, assimilated in language-receptor words which have become elements of the lexical system of the host language; secondly, it differentially to learn words realities in the original and in translation. The emergence of new words realities in translation will not always be successful and partially compensates for the national reality; third, the term "rough translation" can be recognized as a failure. In the process of transferring words realities you should use the basic techniques, proven by many interpreters: 1) transcription (transliteration); 2) assimilation; 3) compensation gaps; 4) descriptive translation; 5) calques; 6) genus-species replacement; 7) functional analogue; 8) translation review. Consider some of them.

Assimilation is a translation methods, similar to Hypo-gipertonicheskoj replacement. The difference between them is that liken words rather call concepts, apocynaceae in relation to the generic concept, and not a subordinate and subordinate concepts, for example, bombas - bloomers, Balice - pins. Transcription of reality involves mechanical shifting realities of OIA in five graphical means of the latter with the closest approximation to the original phonetic form: light brown. dumplings - Bolg. Pelosi. The compensation gap - acceptance of transfer realities, when the translated word increases the number of SEM, it is more than semantic structure of a word of the original, for example, scones - pancakes, milk - Russian "milk". The concepts are the same, but depending on the characteristics of its storage in the United States are distinguished: homogenized milk (homogenized milk; chocolate milk (chocolate milk)vanilla milk with vanilla); butter milk (buttermilk); joghurt (yogurt, product type Varentsov). In the Russian reality, to talk about milk, cream, sour cream, sour milk. Therefore, when the compensation of the realities of national specificity is not transmitted. Descriptive translation is welcome when the reality is transmitted descriptive, translator describes this phenomenon explains, for example, a Kansas cyclone is not just cyclone, tornado, whirlwind, up a huge cloud of dust and sweeping away everything in its path (hence the Cyclone state - one of the nicknames of Kansas). Translation and commentary is welcome to comment, is necessary when the recipient is unknown reality of the original. Translation in parenthesis or in a footnote explains the reality of, for example, canyon wind - canyon wind. The translator says this word using textlogo comment, says it's the night wind that occurs in the canyon during cooling of the walls. "Severka" Russian reality, denoting a cold wind, and Chinook - wet wind of the North-Western part of Pacific coast of the United States. Calques reception when translated internal structure of reality, the structure is saved in the new word is a neologism, created on the basis of the material elements of the target language, for example, the subdivision - the subdivision, raffine - refined, bear - bear, bull - bull and other Functional analogue of a technique for matching similar words in the target language, for example, order - order. Thus, the analysis of ways and means of conveying the realities of the original in the target language shows that the most difficult translation connotation realities. Close relationship with their spiritual culture of the people and his language often makes use of a translator for compensation, descriptive translation, translation review. 7.2. Illustrative submodule. Illustrative frames. "Graphics". "Examples". 7.2.1. Graph.

Fig. 14. Typology realities in perevodovedenie

Fig. 15 – Typology of lacunae in translation studies

Fig. 15 - How to transfer realities in translation studies 8.2.2. Examples Example No. 1. Denotation realities Domestic realities Cemping-site Kit I, LME, OS, Sertoli I, there Otau, lken I, PTER, Krka, our tbel I, AK Shaan, Zheti ' I, Horde, he C ' Horde, Otau, Kara shirakata, bungalow (Bungalow), aparthment building (apartment house), mobile home (mobile home), mobile home park, inn (a small embankment or hotel), heakth food shop "healthy food"), highrise (apartment house), harrods (one of the famous Department stores), grosery (grocery store), first and chip shop (eatery serving fried fish), efficiency apart ment (Studio apartment), semidetached house, two-family house), detaliched house (single family home) and other Example No. 2 Banknotes Tiyn, Asa, PL, legend, ruble, Euro, dollar, Altyn, kumis, jumby, tai TA kumis, Altyn asamese dollar, Bick nickel-and-dime (dime), nickel (Nickel), New Zealand dollar (NZD), quinea (gold coin at 21 shillings), half croun, florin (coin at two shillings), farthing (bronze coin in a quarter of a penny), pens, money (money), ducat, coin (coin threepence) Example No. 3 Traditions, customs speakers take, Nauryz mereces toulou, balasana ASAP take Bastani, eroc, ymis mwyndy, Ydir tn, one CTO, one ASON take sybaga Kelo, Amanat, surely, sonar, AST, itty, toymaster, organ Kelo Toya, trcnd, tberg take shidehara, Timea fat, шашуShrove Tuesday (pancake day), ladies day (Lady day - the second day of the races at Ascot, when women wear unusual hats), Halloween, Guy father's Night (the Night of guy Fawkes), Inauguration day inauguration), farter (garter, the bride wears the wedding day) 7.3. Reference submodule. Reference frames. "Glossary". List of basic and additional literature". "Reference sites" 8.3.1. Glossary Connotations - extension (modal, evaluative and emotional appraisal and emotional-expressive) elements of the lexical values. Connotation the connotation is more, modal, emotionally-expressive meaning of the word. Gaps denotation, conceptual, connotative well that arise in case of a mismatch, lack of meaning, zaznaczenie, conceptual shades of the same words, universal for all languages, but have differences in different languages due to inadequacy or absence of shades of meaning, concepts, connotative meanings of different cultures. Reality is non-equivalent word or concept that refers to a specific occurrence of any culture. 7.3.2. The list of basic and additional literature

Fig. 15 - How to transfer realities in translation studies 8.2.2. Examples Example No. 1. Denotation realities Domestic realities Cemping-site Kit I, LME, OS, Sertoli I, there Otau, lken I, PTER, Krka, our tbel I, AK Shaan, Zheti ' I, Horde, he C ' Horde, Otau, Kara shirakata, bungalow (Bungalow), aparthment building (apartment house), mobile home (mobile home), mobile home park, inn (a small embankment or hotel), heakth food shop "healthy food"), highrise (apartment house), harrods (one of the famous Department stores), grosery (grocery store), first and chip shop (eatery serving fried fish), efficiency apart ment (Studio apartment), semidetached house, two-family house), detaliched house (single family home) and other Example No. 2 Banknotes Tiyn, Asa, PL, legend, ruble, Euro, dollar, Altyn, kumis, jumby, tai TA kumis, Altyn asamese dollar, Bick nickel-and-dime (dime), nickel (Nickel), New Zealand dollar (NZD), quinea (gold coin at 21 shillings), half croun, florin (coin at two shillings), farthing (bronze coin in a quarter of a penny), pens, money (money), ducat, coin (coin threepence) Example No. 3 Traditions, customs speakers take, Nauryz mereces toulou, balasana ASAP take Bastani, eroc, ymis mwyndy, Ydir tn, one CTO, one ASON take sybaga Kelo, Amanat, surely, sonar, AST, itty, toymaster, organ Kelo Toya, trcnd, tberg take shidehara, Timea fat, шашуShrove Tuesday (pancake day), ladies day (Lady day - the second day of the races at Ascot, when women wear unusual hats), Halloween, Guy father's Night (the Night of guy Fawkes), Inauguration day inauguration), farter (garter, the bride wears the wedding day) 7.3. Reference submodule. Reference frames. "Glossary". List of basic and additional literature". "Reference sites" 8.3.1. Glossary Connotations - extension (modal, evaluative and emotional appraisal and emotional-expressive) elements of the lexical values. Connotation the connotation is more, modal, emotionally-expressive meaning of the word. Gaps denotation, conceptual, connotative well that arise in case of a mismatch, lack of meaning, zaznaczenie, conceptual shades of the same words, universal for all languages, but have differences in different languages due to inadequacy or absence of shades of meaning, concepts, connotative meanings of different cultures. Reality is non-equivalent word or concept that refers to a specific occurrence of any culture. 7.3.2. The list of basic and additional literature

www.alleng.ru

www.perevo4ik.com

uz-Translations: for translators

Write a report on the theme "the realities of the UK". Write the annotation to the book D. Tomachine "Reality-Americanism". - M.: Higher school, 1988. Based on the classification given in the works of C. I. vlachova, S. P. Florina, make a classification of the realities in Russian and Kazakh languages. Tasks for independent work of students under the supervision of teachers (SRSP) Determine what kind of connotation realities-gaps is transmitted in the following context: In the translation of the book of Campora said, Two court ladies, crossing the New bridge, for some two minutes was able to see there and monk, and a white horse. Then one of them pushed her friend's elbow, said: "What up whores, then I can certainly do it to look out for no reason". Determine the culture of a people characterized by the following realities: "the Oval office", "honest Abe", "VAP Vipan", "Blue ox s", "stones cent". Determine reality "Fife-o-clock" characterizes the culture of any people. Whether this tradition with the traditions of Russian and Kazakh peoples? Check that the connotation realities are in the following context: "MyBase BL GE the created Psion CRD. Been sespa, Kok ElTR Timati La of jamerica Kip AP, Assasin as BCAP, meanina TANAP tirip, Haa aradi". Based on the study of thematic classifications realities define the group realities: poncho, Pala, sombrero, the espadrille, chiripa, Sagar and others Identify the group to which belong the following realities: maraca, Guiro, Ken, patuto, marimba, often, kweka, bambuco, vidalita, Samba, warach, : malambo, and other korido Determine which method of translation used in the following example "Mel guessed that his regular dispatcher had been relieved the time being, perhaps for some sleep in the "Blue Room" as Airport Standing Orders-with a trace of humor is called the snow crew''s bunkhouse" (Haily A. Airport. - Moscow, 1978, p.8). "Mel realized that the Manager was replaced, vozmozhno he went to sleep in "detox", as not without humour was called at the airport hostel for people who are snegouborki" (Haley A. the Airport. - M., 1978, S. 310). Determine the transfer of the following realities: New York, Daniel Boone, Honest Abe, David Crockett, cent stores. What kind of translation of the commentary is needed when translating the realities of the Commonwealth (Canada) "But there's supposed to be a big scene between two girls from Toronto and three women from French Canada who want independence from the Commonwealth". Identify whether there is "meaning well" when mapping the realities of the Kazakh, Russian and English languages. Take for comparing two groups of realities (political and ethnographic). 7.4.2. Exercises Exercise # 1. Compare the original text and the text in the target language and determine what kind of reception elimination or substitution in question in this case: He plied her with scones and jam He treated her pancakes with jam Exercise # 2. Rewrite the text in Russian and Kazakh language in the workbook. Compare and identify the value orientation of the Kazakh and Russian peoples, determine what connotative value notions "our", "brown" in different languages. “Yarsi salon our nde SESM CST” (Å.Slonov. Itemset, b.); “Dausin Italy: ESP TREN Kosh ist Maida our Selden musical whom EMEs” (Å.Slonov. Arman AISI, 101B.); “Oh, BL bi Bolan KS Bayram bol mA Eken? - finally IMSA our dauys shit” (O. Sarsenbaev. The Jew gligence, 11b.); “Al, ayinde! - BL Tay Yes Arabic Dausy - Myna EAS Bayaman, әlі de oir other. Sshe Mindy aralast. - Our tirmidi” (C. Imagenow. Asha, b.); “Kmdr - Dama, “BL I IRS?” Dema July abayon arse Latin, sonyman brge eBay da tym idea bol Berman our tbel sarasy bar, our tbel lard blur cbec Salatin” (K. Segev. Jol, b.); “Itan sabatin TCSP Sroubek IgE Celgene, Kel-balali EC on totoras our abaper Shay SP eaten-dy” (S. Begalin. Stan, b.). "The international community is alarming link between Austrian and West German neo-Nazis. However, one time the local brown tried to deny the existence of such contacts" (Communist, 1971, No. 66). "Brown speakers apparently becomes clear that the program planned "March of freedom" breaks (Literary Gazette, 1972, 16 Aug.). Exercise # 3. Compare the Association of the words "Sarah" and "yellow", Yellow in Kazakh, English and Russian languages, and identify what negative or positive orientation associated with these people with this color. Identify the meanings of these words in monolingual dictionaries. Determine the reality or gaps. Table 3. Associations with the word "yellow" in different languages СарыЖелтыйYellowСары aren Sarah zhilik Sarah TIC Sarah Torah she Sarah aus Sarah Ayaz Sary of Taban air Sarah sүrgіn, u IRIN Sarah toym ry Sarah etc serpyllum Sarah BA Jons Sari Gambas Sarah TSEK Sarah Ayaz Sarah wayim Sarah seek a Sarah RPC Sary Galgalta sunflowers Yellow newspaper Tabloids Jealous Cowardly Yellow man

Exercise # 4. Compare the rites and rituals of English and Kazakh peoples and determine what type of reality they are English realities of the Kazakh realities Easter egg (Easter egg), Easter basket (Easter basket), get married (to marry), betrothal (engagement), Struan Michel (pastries, bread St. Michael), Michaela''s Day, The cry of neck (Creek Shen), Horn dance horns), caieleach (the rite, the last sheaf, "the old woman")Neck Yu, TSAU the CES, Iryna tksu, TL at TL Atin, dauis fat, da TSU, Sara fat, OTA may u, betacar Exercise No. 5. Look socio-political literature, identify the realities that characterize political life of Kazakhstan, rank them according to thematic groups. Exercise # 6. Identify and describe the realities associated with the life of the Kazakh, Russian and English peoples. 7.5. Control submodule. Supervisory personnel. "Questions and answers on them." Interim tests on the topic. Questions for self-assessment How do you understand the term "reality"? Why reality referred to as non-equivalent words? What realities are called denotation? On what basis are classified words realities in linguistics? How do you understand the term "meaning well"? What types of gaps are highlighted in perevodovedenie? What are the realities and gaps on other language you know? Answer options answer Button 1A. The reality is untranslatable slowed no B. the Reality is words denoting the specific concepts of life, culture, way of life of any nation Yes no 2A. Because they don't have equivalents in other ASYCUDA no B. the realities of one of the types of non-equivalent words without semantic correspondences in other languages Yes no 3A. Denotation is called reality, denoting objects and phenomena typical for any cultured B. no Such realities called denotata Yes no 4A. In linguistics realities called non-equivalent words Yes no B. In linguistics consider the realities of words denoting objects related to the history, culture, economy, way of life of the country of the studied language. They differ completely or partially separate semantic shares of lexical concepts words matching language)Yes no 5A. Meaning well is the absence of meaning or meanings of words in any ASYCUDA no b By Y. A. Sorokin and N. Y. Marcovina given this definition of "meaning well": "Meaning well" is a piece of text, where the sum (field) denotata is vague due: nepredstavleniem those or other elements of the denotation of the structure of some phenomenon in the analyzed text; 2) inadequate images of denotata in perceiving communicated no 6A. In perevodovedenie allocated connotation Laconia no B. In perevodovedenie allocated connotation, associative, cultural, ethnographic, conceptual, semantic Laconia no 7A. Calques, selection of functional analogue no B. Comparison, transcription, compensation gaps, descriptive translation, translation review, functional analogd no

.5.2. Tests for intermediate control on the subject 1. Who gives this definition realities realities are words, phrases, naming objects, characteristic life (life), cultural, social and historical development of one nation and another alien" D. Tomakin A. I. Fedorov Century, Kostomarov, E. M. Vereshchagin S. I. Vlahov, S. P. Florin C. S. Vinogradov 2. What are the realities on C. S. Vinogradov give an idea of home, property, clothing, hats, food, drinks, types of work, money, units of measure, etc. Ethnographic and mythical The realities of the world of nature Household Geographic Socio-political realities 3. Who gives this definition the gap "the gap is some text in which there is something "strange, strange, wrong." Y. A. Sorokin, I. Y. Marcovina D. Tomakin D. Temirgazina I. A. Sternin (Moscow), O. I. Bykov Y. S. Stepanov 4. Who of scientists suggests that gaps is the lack of adequate shade concepts in the culture of this nation, as the ethnic groups living in different ecological, socio-historical, geographical landscapes perceive the world differently, a different angle of view, so the same world conceptualiser in different concepts Y. A. Sorokin, I. Y. Marcovina D. Tomakin H. K. Temirgazina I. A. Sternin (Moscow), O. I. Bykov Y. S. Stepanov 5. When in the target language increases the number of this word we can talk about what transfer non-equivalent words? About descriptive translation About calques About the functional analogue of About the translation commenting Compensation 6. What kind of transfer realities you can tell if a translation into another language of the internal structure of the realities with words translated language? About descriptive translation About calques About the functional analogue of About the translation commenting Compensation 7.6. Statistical submodule. The resulting frames (feedback). 7.6.1. Answers to questions Question No. 1. A superficial answer. Wrong. Detailed answer Question No. 2. Incomplete answer. Detailed answer. True. Question No. 3. True. You answered correctly. Wrong. A superficial answer. Question No. 4. Incomplete answer. Detailed answer. Correctly. Question No. 5. A common response. Not quite correct. Detailed answer. Whiz. Question No. 6. Incomplete answer. The right answer. You pointed out the main types of gaps. Question No. 7. A superficial answer. True. You answered correctly. 8.6.2. Ciphers to the tests. D C A C E B

Case module 8. The problem of multiple-meaning words translation 8.1. Theoretical submodule. Theory. Information frames. 8.1.1. The definition of "complex word" R. A. Budagov in the article "the Law of multiple meanings of the word" noted that "the vocabulary of a language increases not only and not so much quantitatively as qualitatively new meaning to old words, reviewed the relationship between the old and new values. A quantitative increase in the dictionary itself is important, but not supported by the qualitative transformations phenomenon would lead to the loss of continuity in the semantic development of words" [Budagov, 1975]. Polysemy or ambiguity of words that have the same words several interconnected meanings. The polysemy of the word occurs in the modification and development of the original meaning of any word. During this deployment the value is not in a straight line, and around the main values and each of the secondary values may in turn become a new centre of semantic use. According to the principle of asymmetry of the linguistic sign, one sign may carry multiple items of content, and one item of content may be indicated by several characters in terms of expression Karczewski [1965, 85-90]. Accepting this principle, we recognize that every sign is a content and each content is necessarily finds expression in a particular sign. Currently, however, this principle seems to be inadequate to understand and explain the relationship between content and expression, when elements of the plan content is not always expressed by the elements of expression, and their presence caused as a consequence, conclusion or premise of the components of the content, which found expression in words. Therefore, you should pay attention to the update on the semantic structure of the word values that exist implicitly as a consequence of domiciliaria subtext, and values resulting from secondary nomination. G. P. Melnikov distinguishes specific conceptual unit and an abstract representative of this unit, which is the value of the linguistic sign. Speech sign is a signifier for the linguistic sign and the linguistic sign is a signifier for the value. The value acts as a meaning for meaning. Meanings can be expressed in speech explicitly and to remain implicit. If explicitly expressed a sense acts as an intermediary to bind this value to the implicit meaning, language character gains one level oznacenych, i.e., the level of implicit meaning arising from a fatal contradiction between the multidimensional system of mental images, explained by the ability of the brain to simultaneously generate complexes of ideas, and the linear organization of language signs for deployment which requires time (and on the letter and space). As a consequence, all born inconsistencies plan content and plan of the expression, i.e., all attempts to fit in the plan of expression more units of meaning with fewer signs of language. Polysemantic word and represents a case where one linguistic sign contains many explicitly expressed and implicit existing units of meaning. Therefore, L. A. Novikov emphasizes that under the polysemy (multiple meanings) is the ability of words to have multiple meanings (semen), i.e., to denote different classes of objects, events, actions, processes, attributes and relations [Novikov, 1989, 189].

There are several areas in the development of polysemy. Representatives of the first believe that a significant word is the sum of the contexts in which it is used this word. In this case, the different contexts create the appearance of different meanings of the word, altering vague original value. The total value represents the sum of the individual proposals, implemented only in the context of [the Russian language and Soviet society, 1968, 121]. With this approach, the polysemy reduced to the sum of contexts, and poliamidnye words multivalued not in themselves, but only to the extent in which contexts create different values. This interpretation polysemy leads to the denial of ambiguity. Representatives of the second direction (A. A. Potebnya, L. C. szczerba) consider each value of polysemantic words independent word. The fallacy of this way is that the problem of polysemy is replaced by the problem of ambiguity and context [szczerba, 1958]. Supporters of the third direction assume that the meanings of words are units of the language system and exist regardless of the context not created them. Polysemy is the result of generalization, the group and the historical building of different values within a single word [Budagov, 1976, 242]. Polysemantic word may represent a combination of several interrelated values, actualising in the context of prisoners in the word in advance (i.e., in the word as an element of language structure) different values. The role of context in this case is the selection of a need at the moment virtual values and its actualization [Vasiliev, 1975, 4]. A fundamentally new approach in the understanding of polysemy is the point of view of L. A. Novikov and I. A. Sternin, considering the complex word as a unity LSV (lexico-semantic variants), the number of which equals the number of distinct values. Understanding of the linguistic sign - words as a set of lexico-semantic variants of the approach to the semantics of the term "semantic structure" [Novikov, 1982]. "Under the semantic structure of the word, we will understand, " says I. C. Arnold, the structural numerous possible for a word lexical values, options and shades and their emotional and stylistic colouring, manifested in different forms and contexts of use, i.e., being in the ratio of additional distribution" [Arnold, 1969].

For the semantic structure of polysemantic words characteristic of a semantic network, which is based on one source semema around this sememe grouped derivative sememe (LSV). LSV between the relationship of the derivative - epidymitis relations. Want epilepticheskie relationships were associated with at least two LSV, and one of them must be associated epidymitis with any third LSV, i.e., one of them must be explained through at least one of the others. In epidymitis values are usually basic and derived values that come from the main and derived from LSV. The main topic for which the main value is different from the non-core, is autosemantic first, i.e. the minimum dependence on context. Non-core value can be opposed to the basic values cinematically, due to the context. The context excludes the possibility of manifestation of the basic values, creating for him a weak position. Polysemantic word represents an organized structure for some of its values are linked by hierarchical relations in the sense that different meanings of the words are common semantic components that integrate data values and distinctive, for which these values are realized as different. Understanding complex word as explicit-implicit structure, we believe it is necessary to consider the semantic structure of polysemantic words in two aspects: the aspect of the types of SEM with regard to their severity and type this from the point of view of their expression. Both of these moments in the interaction form a semantic structure. The semantic structure of the word by the value represents a set of values, and if the review by the plan expression is a set LSV [Abisheva, 2000, 206]. The basic meaning of the word and the lexical-semantic variants (LSV) are paradigmatic relations as additional values LSV have both similarities and differences with the main value; similar because the same underlying value, is different because they have additional shades of meaning. Essential and non-core, additional values (LSV) differ integral and differential characteristics. Integral is the unifying characteristics. They show the similarity of the main and additional values. Differential signs - discriminating, when the primary and secondary values have different shades of meaning. The manifestation of the separate meanings of the word is manifested in terms of their compatibility with any other word, i.e., in terms of additional distribution when each lexico-semantic variant of a word (single value polysemantic words) is associated with some feature compatibility and on this basis differs from the other lexico-semantic variant (LSV) the same word. In our opinion, the distinction between the individual values of polysemantic words is in terms of additional distribution: in different contexts (explicit way the expression) and in the semantic structure of the multi-meaning words (implicit means of expression).

Explicitely and implicit semantic structures can be manifest that the words, uniting together on the basis of the principle of the identity of their functionally determined characteristics and the principle of interdependence of identity and distinction of these signs, contact between a system of meaningful relationships and are included in the system of relations. Thus, in the semantic structure of polysemantic words separate LSV associated with a primary value on the one hand, the correlation relationships and are with him in the invariant-implication relations on the basis of the identities and differences of values, and on the other epilepticheskie relations as derived values, which were based on the primary, the direct meaning. The objectification of lexico-semantic variants of the word occurs in a context in terms of additional distribution. So, Y. D. Apresian proposes to distinguish between the individual values of policement on the basis of the principles of compatibility and transformation. Emphasizing that each relevant difference in terms of content corresponds to the difference in terms of expression, Y. D. Apresian indicates that such differences exist in the syntactic structure of the language: each value polysemantic words is correlated with specific syntactic features (distribution, transformation), which are formally similar values [Apresyan 1967]. A. N.Shmelev, K. P. Smolin believe that the manifestation of the individual values is typed in the contexts of different nature - contexts of the first and second types, called by the authors the context position [Smolin, 1986]. The question of the manifestation of individual values polysemantic words are connected with the question of the criteria of their differentiation. In the proposed method the selection criterion "typed contexts" is not entirely successful. A fragile and subjectivity of this criterion was written much. Attempts to use more objective, accurate methods to highlight individual values of policement led to the use of lexicology method of component analysis. In the works of M. M. Kopylenko, O. N. Seliverstova, M. D., K. P. Smolina, etc. have been proposed various methods of determining how the individual values of multi-meaning words, and composition of its semantic structure. For translation studies is important as a knowledge translator features of the semantic structure of polysemantic words of the source language and the ability to objectify some of its values - lexico-semantic variants, compare them to their original values in the semantic structure of the words of the original and words of the target language in order to most accurately convey the meaning behind any component polysemantic words. 8.1.2. Contrastive-comparative analysis of multiple-meaning words of the source and target languages, and identify differences in their structure Identify similarities and differences in the semantic structures of multiple-meaning words caused by the need to have information about the convergence and divergence of multiple-meaning words in different languages with the aim of preventing translation errors. Polysemantic words is a language universal, the result of the action of the universal laws of development of multiple meanings. However, the manifestation of the action of these laws in different languages is different, therefore the comparative-contrastive analysis of multiple-meaning words can note the following differences: 1) the words of the source language and target language differ in its semantic scope and correlation with various groups. A significant word in one language may appear as unequivocal, and the other is how many meanings. So, the word "Baur", "liver", "liver" refers to the same denotata, but the words denoting them relate to different groups of semantic patterns unambiguous and multilingual word. The volume of words "Baur" does not match the volume of the meanings of the words "liver" and "liver" in Russian and in English languages. In Russian the word "liver" only has meaning; "big iron man and animals, producing bile and participating in the processes of digestion, metabolism and circulation" [Dictionary of the Russian language, 1983, 119]. In English "liver" - "liver" is also not portable values. In the Kazakh language "liver" is a significant word, and in Russian and in English is unambiguous words, although in all three languages they denote the same concept. Contrastive-comparative analysis of multiple-meaning words helps to identify the differences in the structure of polysemantic words not only in terms of paradigmatic values (core and non-core meanings of the word), but also focuses on the similarities or differences of the syntagmatic relations of various words.

Syntagmatic relations in the lexicon appear in the rules of combination of words, ability to connect with the circle of the lexical units. Lexical combinability can be very broad and limited. Limited combinations of words can be considered as frazeologicheskii associated values. Century Century Vinogradov pointed out that "most of the words and meanings of words are limited in their relations within a language semantic relations of the language system. These lexical values can occur only in connection with strictly defined terms of concepts and their verbal signs. For such limitations as if there is no reason in logic or semantic nature themselves denote objects, actions and events. These limitations are specific to the language laws verbal communication of values" [Vinogradov, 1978]. 2. Not the same socetaemost potency of words in different languages. Thus, in one language lexeme can have a broad meaning and includes a wide range of compatibility, but in other languages this word denoting the same denotation, has a narrow range of compatibility, compare the range and combination of words AK, white, weiß. In the Kazakh language, there are 46 combinations of words white \126-137/ Compare the environment of the words in white Russian (white snow, white nights, bright, white heat, white bone, white meat, white poems, defeat white, white ticket, in broad daylight, white, white flag, white terror. See in German: weiß, ein weibes Blatt Papier (clean sheet), die weiber Fahne hissen - to raise the white flag; ein wieber Fleck auf der Landkarte - white spot (unexplored), weiber Flub - medical Beli, weiber Kohle - white coal, energy, water; weiber Schrecken - white terror; der weibe Sport - 1) winter sports,skiing; 2) tennis; der weibe Tod - death on the ice (snow), Weibe Woche - week sales of linen goods, der weibe Sonntag - religious Sunday after Easter, die weibe Frau - Sueve. White lady (Ghost, coercion). German combination with the word Weiß - white also differ from similar combinations in Russian and Kazakh. Therefore, there is a mixed distribution of the word "white" in the language in which one word fields, in addition to the General have their own environment. 3. Not the same connotative meanings of words multiple-meaning words in the original and translated languages, as connotative values Express the subjective attitude of the individual, ethnic group to any subject of thought, expressing positive or negative evaluation of Axiologic. Connotation, according to C. N. Telia is a way of expression evaluation. It is in the evaluation expressed the attitude of the subject (individual and collective): "this ratio value par excellence, " writes C. N. Telia, and it provides answers to the questions: who estimates that, as for whatever reason or motive, and from what positions. Terms: (variables) relationship, the subject (the person with her tastes and Outlook) and the object (the fragment of the world in his system links) - connected in this respect, a value judgment, which is expressed a particular liking of the subject to the world" [Telia, 1986

AK, in Kazakh, Russian and English languages do not match the estimated values of the words expressed in the connotations. In negative and positive estimates, expressed in connotative values do not match evaluative meanings, cultural and value-based shades. In General, negative evaluation in portable values generated on the basis of color perception, are the same in Russian, Kazakh and English languages: black armand (black armband), black soul (dark soul), black mail (black mail), black news, black day, black eyes, black enemy, but in the Kazakh language of negative assessments with the word black more: Kara Zurek, Kara niet, Kara nd, Arabic, Kara is, Kara Hasan (miser), Kara basin (evil desire) and other However, the word "Kara" in the Kazakh language has positive values: Kara trolled (healthy and strong), Kara NPR (the crowd), Kara a (army), Kara KS (deep autumn), Kara ones (native land), Kara Kazakh family (home) and other

8.1.3 the Techniques of multiple-meaning words translation Methods of multiple-meaning words translation from a source language to the target language are different. One of them is receiving due to the context of translation. C. S. kapovich, focusing on the difficulties of translating multiple-meaning words, indicates that the interpreter should give an answer to the question, what exactly expresses one or another complex word in what context it is used, and not in a hurry to "grant" the most frequently occurring value. There are plenty of examples due to the context of the English translation of Russian words, for example: 1) magazine is a periodical publication; 2) ournal - scientific journal; 3) the log book the log book; 4) register - class journal; 5) minute book, minutes - the journal of the minutes of the meetings [kapovich, 2006, 24]. Polysemantic words of the source language in the process of interpreting and translating it into another language should be analyzed in the context of the positions of the first and second types. "The context position is the position of words in a contextual environment, which is clearly represented Sammy part of its lexical meaning" [Smolin, 19866, 101]. The first type of the context position is determined by the place of the word in this context the environment that implements a particular semantic component in syntagmatic relations. The second type of context positions determined by the place in context the environment, identifying certain semantic position paradigmatically related words. Syntagmatic relations of words - system semantic context, which represents a minimal binomial a combination of words that can be considered as the context position of the first degree. One member of this Syntagma is semantically realized the word, different is the key word, which comes semantic hint. The second type of the context item is a larger environment (the proposal, the text in which the word becomes paradigmatic and sistematicheskie relationships with many words, is expanding its semantic meaning. The reception detection values policemanager words by using the method of distributional analysis. In the process of conducting distributional analysis compares socetaemost model multiple-meaning words native language and the target language and identify matching cases, additional mixed and partial distribution, then identify the values and environments; words in comparable languages and some conclusions are drawn, for example, the analysis of multiple-meaning words in comparable languages shows that: I. some multiple-meaning words of the source language and the target language differs matching or contrasting distribution. In this case, constituency have only shared environment; II. Words are for further distribution, in which the environments of the analyzed words are almost no members in common, no prevent. So, for example, surrounded by the words get copper in portable values, there is almost overlapping combinations.

Compare the meaning of the word copper in the Russian language Copper voice (voiced, sharp) Copper forehead (about pointless stubborn, stupid man). II. The words of Russian, Kazakh and German languages are partial distribution, if the environment intersect, as constituency have shared and private environment. 8.2. Illustrative submodule. Illustrative frames. "Graphics". "Examples

3-LSS

З-ЛСВ-

3л- лексико-семантическийй

Переносное заначение слова-лексико-семантический вариант(ЛСВ)

Fig.18- Semantic structure of the polysemantic word

Fig. 17 - ratio values and LSV polysemantic words 8.2.1. Examples 8.2.2. Example No. 1 Table No. 4. The meanings of new words, new, neu new Newnen 1. Newly made or newly acquired, not or little used Gauz neu die neuere Literatur2. Newly opened, invented by die Welt Heue das Neue Test-ament 3. Unknown, little known to anyone mit neuen Kräften an die Arbeit gehen 4. Introduced instead of the previous, former, replacing the former or one that will appear, will replace the old. 5. Related to the closest time period. 6. That have recently emerged, appeared 7. What was not anything again open, heard the Example No. 2 - Intersecting and private environment in a multivalued words "brain", "mi", "das Brain" the "brain" das Brain, das Hirn 1. The Central nervous system of humans and animals-the substance that fills the skull and the channel of the spine, the body mysle-tion in humans. ein langsames Brain haben ihm haben sie das Brain geklaut, er hat kein Brain 2. The main engine, steering center something stammt das nicht aus defined Cehirn, sein Cehirn treibt Blasen, Cehirnakrobat 3. Soft tissue filling the cavities of bones der Hirnfatzke die Hirnfuge das Hirngespinst sich mit Hirngespinsten quälen 4. Mind, the mental capacity of a 5. Dish from the brain of some animals 6. To the bone, to the last degree, with all his being. People with brains Spinal cord The brain 8.3.Reference submodule. Reference frames. "Glossary". List of basic and additional literature". "Reference sites" 9.3.1. Glossary Differential characteristics - distinctive signs. Implicit meaning is expressed by the meaning of the word. Integral signs which signs A significant word - a word that has several meanings. The basic meaning of the word - meaning, minimally dependent text. Non-primary meaning of the word value, dependent on context. Explicit meaning - the meaning expressed by means of the lexical units. Epidymitis relationships - relationships the derivative, when from the main poisondamage values Geminate additional derived values lexico-semantic variants of the word (LSV). 8.3.2. The list of basic and additional literature Key readings Abisheva K. S. Kazakh-Russian language contacts and questions of assimilation of words in the language system of the recipient. - Almaty: RIO VAK Republic of Kazakhstan, 2000. Arnold N. In. The polysemy of the noun and lexico-grammatical categories // Foreign languages at school, 1969 No. 5. SAC Century, a Comparative typology of Russian and French languages. - M., 1983. Novikov, L. A. Semantics of the Russian language. - M., graduate school, 1982. Sipowicz C. S. Handbook of translator from Russian to English Russian-English Translation Handbook. -Mn.: Terrasystems, 2006.

Further reading Apresyan Y. D. Experimental investigation of the semantics of the Russian verb. -M.; Nauka, 1967. Budagov R. A. Man and his language. - M.: Nauka, 1975. Vasiliev L. M. Polysemy // Studies on semantics. - Ufa, 1975. Vinogradov centuries Lexicology and lexicography. M., Nauka, 1978. Dudchenko centuries Lexico-semantic analysis of the equivalence of the values of one of the thematic groups in Russian and German // Aspects of lexical meaning. - Voronezh, 1982. Russian and Soviet society. The language of modern Russian literary language. - M.: Nauka, 1968. Smolin K. P. Component analysis and semantic reconstruction in the history of words // Problems of linguistics, 1986, No. 4. Telia Century. N. Connotative aspect of connotative semantics units. -M.: Nauka, 1986. Ter-Minasova S., Language and intercultural communication. -M.: Publishing house of Moscow state University, 2004. Szczerba L. C. Selected works on linguistics and phonetics. -Leningrad: Leningrad state University, 1958. 8.3.3. Informational sites Uz - Translations: For translations P3yum. Narod.ru\ library 8.4. Control training submodule. Operating personnel. "Job". "Exercises". 8.4.1. Job Tasks for independent work of students (IWS) To write a paper on "Methods of multiple-meaning words translation". Summarize the section of "Transfer of multiple-meaning words and homonyms" in the book of C. S. of Kapovich "Handbook of translator from Russian to English Russian-English Translation Handbook. - Mn.: Terrasystems, 2006. - S. 23-31. Tasks for independent work of students under the supervision of a teacher (SRSP) What is the method of translation used in the transfer process connotative values in the following context (translated from French to English)? Athanase, ne dans la banliene rouge de Trelaze, Athahase lintrepide, alerta directement larcheveche. - Atanas, a native of Trelaze, red farmhouses of Angers, fearless Atanas appealed directly to the management of the diocese. What transfer method should be used when translating from Russian into English word "to write". What is the equivalence of multivalued verb in English, compare: write (total value) - write write (music) - cоmpose write (paintings) - paint write, compile (project) - design. Identify the composition of words: "solid", "atty", "hard", solid, using the method of component analysis. Analyze the environment of the words "solid" "atty", "hard", "solid" with the help of the method of distributional analysis. Using context is due to receive, investigate the value of lexico-semantic variants of polysemantic words in the following context:

"Vulgarity always found it hard and sharp judge" (A. M. Gorky, SOBR. Op. 16 T. M., 1979, 16, S. 51). Determine the correct translation of the word "Baur" in English, see the following contexts: "the First spoke Bearden. It for the whole summer he found nothing and now have got out earlier than others - Ochakov, my liver, God now promises you a good year" [, Musrepov. Awakened edge, S. 79]; "Sugars white soul, is of such words in the legs fell to Bulakbay. - My liver, my friend, to re-live start [, Musrepov. Awakened edge, S. 111]. Determine whether the range and combination of words "small" and "shallow". Determine the method of transfer in the context of the first position, realizing the value of lexico-semantic variant and multi-meaning words acute, sharp stars, sharp boots socks, acute cold, acute pain, acute hearing, a keen eye, sharp wit, sharp joke, sharp laughter, sharp, sharp judge, acute hatred, sharp focus, sharp memory, the pungent smell, etc. Put them in Kazakh and English languages. Determine whether the meaning of "dewiss" "of course", "Rene", "naturally" in different languages. What method in this case you can use? Determine the method of transfer in the words "der Arm upper limb of a person from shoulder to fingers), "die Hand "from wrist to fingers." In Russian and Kazakh languages the concept of "ol", "hand" used in the meaning of the word "hand". Identify, what is national identity nemnogo composition of concepts in different languages. 8.4.2. Exercises Exercise # 1 Write down in a notebook the meaning of the word "velvet" and identify the major and minor values given word (LSV), draw a diagram of the CE mantic structure of the given words: velvet dress, velvet eyes, velvet voice, velvet bells, velvet brow, velvet glitter, velvet laughter, velvet bass, velvet smooth, velvety sleep, velvet grass, velvet sand. Exercise # 2 Copy, paste instead of the points eligible on the meaning of words: Farcical ...., horse..., Sasani..., drum...satin...plush..., cast iron... Words for reference: Roth, laughter, style, vaudeville, leaves, voice, head. 8.5. Control submodule. Supervisory personnel. "Questions and answers on them." "Tests for intermediate control on". 8.5.1. Questions for self-assessment and answers to them 1.What do you understand by the term "semantic structure of the word"? 2. How can you define the concept of lexico-semantic variant? 3. What signs are called integral? 4. What signs are called differential? 5. What are the differences in the semantic structures of multiple-meaning words of the source language and the target language can you name? 6. How do you understand the term "additional distribution"? 7. Whether the method of anthropomorphism in different languages? 8. What is the essence of taking the "context-driven translation"?

9. What focuses the method of component analysis? Answer options Button 1. A. Semantic structure - the content of the word B. the Semantic structure is a structural set of possible word lexical values, options and shades of meaning - LSV Yes no 2.A. Lexico-semantic variant is the non-primary meaning of the word Yes no B. Lexical-semantic variant is a derived value, Apocalypses from the main, direct spaceneedle 3.A. Integral characteristics are the characteristics of the word discriminating values. Yes no B. Integral characteristics are the characteristics of unification. They show similarities direct and dopolnitelnih, minority znacheniya 4.A. Differenzialnye signs is a Discerner of the meaning of the words of Dane B. Differenzialnye signs is the unification of princedale 5.A. The semantic structure of polysemantic words of different languages differ in the value Yes no B. Semantic structure of polysemantic words of different languages differ in value and by compatibility, do not match their portable of spaceneedle 6.A. Additional distrubute is surrounded by the words Yes no 7.A. No, not solpadeine B. Anthropomorphism is a universal semantic law, when the properties of a living subject pripisyvaetsya inanimate. This law svoebrazno refracted in different languages Danet 8.A. Context-driven translation is a translation that takes into account the meaning of the word in contextedit B. This method of translation, which takes into account the contexts of the first and second posizione 9.A. The method of component analysis focuses on identifying components of the meanings of the word in two languages, the translator tries for translation to take into account all the components of the meaning of the word (seven) and translate, choosing the most appropriate option from the composition of these componentevent B. Verifies the values of mnogoznachnye

8.5.2. Tests for intermediate control

1. Who among data scientists talked about the fact that the vocabulary of a language increases not so much quantitative as qualitative? A) R. A. Budagov C) L. A. Novikov (C) Century Century Vinogradov D) I. C. Arnold E) A. N.Shmelev 2. Who among scientists gave this definition of a polysemantic word: "Under the polysemy (multiple meanings) is the ability of words to have multiple meanings (cemem)" A) R. A. Budagov C) L. A. Novikov (C) Century Century Vinogradov D) I. C. Arnold E) A. N.Shmelev 3. What scientists consider a multivalued word as unity LSV (lexico-semantic variants)? A) R. A. Budagov, Centuries Vinogradov C) L. A. Novikov, I. A. Sternin (Moscow) C) I. C. Arnold, D. N. Shmelev D) J. D. Apresian, K. P. Smolin E) M. M. Kopylenko, O. N. Seliverstova 4. What kind of analysis of multiple-meaning words reveals similarities and differences in the meanings of the words? A) Comparative method C) Distributional analysis (C) Method of component analysis D) Contrastive-comparative analysis E) Method of transformational analysis 5) What kind of analysis polysemantic words focuses on the environment of the word? A) Comparative method C) Distributional analysis (C) Method of component analysis D) Contrastive-comparative analysis E) Method of transformational analysis 6. What is the word called lexico-semantic variant? A) Direct value In a Derivative value C) Invariant D) Derived figurative meaning that is different from producing shades of meaning E) the Figurative meaning 7. What are the signs of polysemantic words belong to the integral? A) Discriminating C) Combined (C) Determining D) Differential E) Unite the signs indicating the similarity of the basic and additional values

8.6. Statistical submodule. The resulting frames (feedback) 8.6.1. Answers to questions Question No. 1. A. response Surface B. Detailed, correct answer Question No. 2. A. General, incomplete answer B. a Detailed answer. True. Question No. 3. A. Incorrect answer B. True. Well done! Question No. 4. A. the Correct answer B. Incorrect Question No. 5. A. response Surface B. Detailed. The right answer. Question No. 6. A. response Surface B. Detailed, correct answer. Question No. 7. A. General response. Incomplete B. Detailed, correct answer Question No. 8. A. the Correct answer B. Postateinyi response. Incomplete Question No. 9. A. response Surface B. Detailed. True. 9.6.2. Code to the tests 1) And 2) In 3) 4) D 5) 6) D 7) E

Case module No. 9. A national approach to idioms and problems of translation to another language 9.1. Theoretical submodule. Theory. Information frames. 9.1.1. General classification of phraseological units in linguistics and in perevodovedenie Before considering this problem, we define our relationship to the term "phraseological unit" and to the volume of phraseology. At the present stage, there has been three approaches to phraseological material - wide and narrow. The first opinion expressed in the works of A. I. Efimov, E. M. Galkina-Fedoruk, A. A. reformed, V. Vinogradov. So, A. I. Efimov, E. M. Galkina-Fedoruk, A. A. reformed belongs to the phraseology of any sustainable phrases, Proverbs, sayings, fairy-tale beginnings, aphorisms, winged words. C. C. Vinogradov, also understanding the idioms in a broad sense, allocates idioms by different criteria: the basis for selection of idioms is phraseological semantics as a defining characteristic. Based on this criterion centuries Vinogradov allocated phraseological fusion, phraseological unity phraseological combinations [Vinogradov, 1978]. But phraseological combinations have been allocated to them on other grounds than phraseological fusion and unity. The absence of a common principle in the allocation of phraseological units leads to an understanding of how idioms expressions "slack", "to hold the stone in his bosom", "railway", "sensitive issue" and others In phraseology were included phrases with carrying value of one of the components, manifested in a narrow compatibility with certain words (evil, annoying, creepy feeling, and so on). A broad view of the object phraseology also adheres M. M. Kopylenko, which emphasizes that within the phraseology can be studied all kinds of individual and group matching tokens. According to M. M. Kopylenko, from the phraseology exclude: 1/ education type to the bone, leg, nose, under wraps, under sideways, not teeth, etc. 2/ Proverbs, aphorisms; 3/ composites - education, in which combinations of tokens changed, which led to casinofortune. However, if we start from a broad understanding of object phraseology as "the combination of lexemes"proposed by M. M. Kopylenko and H. W. Popova, phraseological material to be included in phraseology, in phraseological dictionary, will be infinite [Kopylenko, Popov, 1989]. A narrow understanding of object phraseology found in the works of A. M. Molotkova, MT Tagiyev, I. A. Fedosov, etc. So, A. I. Molotkov highlights how the object phraseology only the category of sustainable verbal complexes that unfairly leaves out inclusion in the phraseological dictionary of numerous phraseological units [Molotov, 1974]. I. A. Fedosov, [Fedosov, 1987] understands phraseological unit only the adhesion and cohesion. In the works of N. M.Shan [Shan, 1985], O. C. Akhmanova, V. P. Zhukov provides the basic criteria and allocation of phraseological units: 1/ repeatable. Idioms are not created in the process of communication, and are reproduced in the finished form; 2/ semantic integrity. The main criterion for distinguishing phraseological units from word formations is precisely the nature of their correlation with reality, the integrity of the nomination semantic integrity in many cases determined metaphorical reinterpretation of free phrases; 3/ sustainability semantics. Resilience is a measure of the degree of semantic unity, indivisibility components; 4/ availability of components - the component parts of phraseological units, deprived of the main features of words; 5/ proof; 6/ expressiveness, emotionality; 7/ accent design (unlike words, phraseological unit has two or more stress). Based on these distinguishing characteristics, it is possible to distinguish a phrase from the words and phrases. Among them, as defining or relevant are highlighted in the semantic cohesion of the components and their razdelnopoloe. Other signs of a steady ratio values and a certain lexico-grammatical structure and their reproducibility in speech - defined semantic relatedness of word components. Based on the differential characteristics inherent in the phrase, we can give the following definition: phraseological unit is playing in finished form semantically non-free combination of words characterized by semantic integrity and idiosyncratic. From the point of view of semantic match idioms are classified differently in the work of centuries Vinogradov and N. M.The Shan. Vinogradov centuries in his article "On the main types of phraseological units" distinguishes these three types of phraseological units allocated from the point of view of semantic integrity: 1) phraseological fusion; 2) phraseological unity; 3) phraseological combinations.

Phraseological fusion is such phraseological units, which Express the overall figurative meaning, not derived from the values of the components of a phraseological unit, for example, headlong, down in the Shoe, take the beans, the dog to eat, etc. Phraseological unity idioms, the total value of which is partially motivated by the values of the components of phraseological units: to put teeth on the shelf, seven Fridays of the week, reckless, the first pancake is always lumpy and others 4) Phraseological combinations are phraseological units, components of words which consist of words not found in the free use, for example, Tosca green, sworn enemy, etc. N. M.Shan allocates the fourth kind idioms - phraseological expressions. These include idioms, components which occur both bound and free use: the things are there; you are afraid of wolves, no walk in the forest and others [Shan, 1985]. In perevodovedenie phraseological units are classified as the degree of semantic match (C.A. Fedorov), and the degree of fulfilment of certain pragmatic tasks (C. S. Vinogradov). A. C. Fedorov is based on the classification centuries Vinogradov and B. A. Larina, highlighting: 1) combination of variables; 2) sustainable metaphorical combinations, clearly stand out "by the presence of stereotypical", traditionalism and metaphorical reinterpretation, the departure from the original application; 3) idioms, different from the previous group "more deformed, shortened, far from the initial structure (lexical and grammatical) [Larin, 1977, 148]. In his thoughts, in perevodovedenie should be based on data classification, as "from the point of view of translation is extremely important such features of phraseological units, as the degree of semantic unity or separation of their elements, the degree of clarity or ambiguity of motivation, the presence or loss of the inner form, imagery), stylistic coloring [Fedorov, 2002, 220]. Therefore, A. C. Fedorov considers the possibility of translating idioms (phraseological growths), as his thoughts, specifying their untranslatability unreasonable. Such idioms in other languages which may correspond to the entire idioms, which can serve their faithful translation; 2) sustainable metaphorical combinations (phraseological unity). Such sustainable metaphorical combinations represent different degrees of motivation, transparency of the inner form to the national specificity; 3) variables [Fedorov, 2002]. C. S. Vinogradov gives the actual translation classification of phraseological units, dividing them into three large groups: 1) lexical idioms; 2) predicative idioms; 3) comparative idioms. Lexical idioms are semantically related words, and conceptually similar, for example, black stockings, old bird, without a king in the head and other Predicative idioms are complete sentences, entrenched in the language in the form of ready steady formulas, for example, better a bird in the hand than a crane in the sky; first step is the hardest and other

Comparative idioms are idioms that are entrenched in the language as a stable comparison, for example, sly as a Fox, rock solid, fresh as a Daisy and the other Is a special type of sustainable momentum. The most common models are: adjective + Union + noun; verb + Union + noun [Vinogradov, 2006]. In our opinion, for the translation more acceptable is the generally accepted classification of phraseological units according to the degree of semantic match, such as the classification of phraseological units is basically the same in many languages. 9.1.2 national peculiarities of phraseological units and problems lingvokulturologicka interference in translation For the linguist, translator and psycholinguist idioms interesting primarily because they carry the total social experience, contain patterns of ordinary, everyday consciousness, reflect national-cultural specificity of language. Expressing the abstract through the concrete, the abstract through sensual and visually tangible, idioms are a kind of form of reflection extralinguistic reality. Passing the compressed story of fables, legends, the essence of Proverbs, historical events, idioms are a powerful weapon compression values. In the compression strength of social experience in phraseology is most clearly demonstrated national-cultural specificity of language and its relation to the material and spiritual life of the people, its history. These "regular expression", according to F. I. Buslaev", are a kind of micromini, because they contain in themselves and the moral law, and common sense, expressed in a brief sentence, which was bequeathed by the ancestors to guide the descendants" [Buslaev, 19].

Appeal to the idioms is of interest in that it allows to approach the study of the characteristics of mental stock of the nation, especially the human psyche is not abstract, exploring some freestories of the subject, and in the context of and in connection with a particular kind of building culture characteristic of a particular people. As a result, the product of human activity, culture at the same time has the opposite effect on the formation of human mind and consciousness, it stipulates certain forms of regulation of human behavior. For a translator - the study of phraseological units is of interest in that it allows you to identify the forms of manifestation and reflection in the idioms of identity mental warehouse of the people, the peculiarities of the psyche of the individual, inadequate representatives of different ethnic groups. ofioms perform reflexive function, carrying the age-old experience and value system of the people recorded in the content idioms as figurative language units. In their figurative content embodied cultural-national worldview and the peculiarities of national mentality. Therefore, phraseological units are national specifics, which appears first, in the reflection of the mental stock of the nation and national consciousness; secondly, to Express the diversity of national forms and national flavor of the culture of a people, which is reflected in the phraseological image, a kind of different Nations; thirdly, the peculiarities of phraseological units is manifested in inadequate different peoples ways of establishing the phraseological image; fourth, the national specifics of their manifests itself in inappropriate connotations content idioms; fifthly, in the national specifics of the design them with the help of linguistic means. National-cultural peculiarities of phraseological units is manifested in thoughts Y. S. Maslova, in that they reflect the specific features of national life: "speaking of idioms, often celebrate their national identity. Undoubtedly, in every language there are many specific form, and motivation, and is particularly evident this peculiarity in those idioms, which reflected the specific features of national life and history of the people" [Maslov, 1987, 119]. The peculiarities of phraseological units is shown, according to C. H. Cherdantseva, in that they can reflect directly the cognitive activity of members of the language team, based on the naive view of the world of native speakers, their relation to each other, to what happens to them in this world [foot of MT, 1996, 66]. In the opinion of K. K. Duisenova, cause the differences phraseological systems in different languages are features of phraseological pattern, including prototypes, archaisms, view of the world, processes, and types of dependencies in the world. The last factor in particular strongly determines, writes K. K. duysenova, the typology and the system of ethnic, ideological, national-cultural labeled phraseological images in a particular language. It is in this component, first of all, strongly disagree phraseological picture of the world of different languages" [duysenova, 2006, 29]. National marker offset of the idioms is the result of inadequate cultural connotation of the information contained in them shaped base and connotative Convento. About this Century, the SJC writes the following: "First in the world there is a kind of prototype situation, corresponding to the "literal" meaning of the phraseological unit. It receives the content, which is then rethinking, ie, formed the image of phraseological units based on the primary meanings of the words in the prototype situation. These primary words as would be in the image of its value. So there is an internal form (EOF), which contains basic information related to culture" [GAK, 1999, 104].

National markeroffset, as you can see, is manifested primarily in the specifics of the inner form of idiom and its specific design in different languages. Thus, the analysis of manifestations of national-cultural martirovannoj idioms in the process of mapping their method contrastive-comparative analysis shows that differences phraseological systems are noted in the following cases:

(1) inadequate figuratively-somatic division of reality on the basis of anthropomorphism. So, in Kazakh, Russian languages somatic phraseological units of the Russian and Kazakh languages are oriented each on their linguistic and cultural commonality, therefore, despite the coincidence in the basic conceptual plane, they differ from each other in the following points: 1) in the Russian language somatic idioms reflect the close family ties, and in the Kazakh far and near, for example, Baur a close relative), RATM, Baur (a distant cousin), Bel balasi (own child), Bel da etc. 2) reflect the ethnic and social differentiation AK seek, Kara seek. 3) somatic idioms of the Kazakh language more associated with the expression of the estimated characteristics of the person, than in Russian, see: AK Zhurek, TAS, Baur, without Burek (stale), auyzy gel, jelm aus, Ala a, money TSU (being shy) 4) in the Kazakh language in the values of somatic phraseological units, there is a strong positive atrocinerea orientation than in Russian: Arshin TS, (chest), chest (eng. Negative, jinx - Koz party , but Koz KREN, KZN taboo, positive). 2) National labelled idioms that describe the appearance of the person, due to the originality of value orientations, beliefs about the beauty of a person. This reflects the difference value judgments of each nation, cf.: Nurly Beth, Benin an Taman - blood with milk; poppies color - Kyzyl Shirali, ariat Koz, Ouma aus, Alma moyin, urali Koz - the fair maiden, the picture of beauty, Swan neck, turquoise eyes, slender as stem and other 3) phraseological image of national character is also inadequate. Idioms describing a person's character, different forms of execution used language features, for example, AK Zhurek, BA moyin, Ala a, wind in the head, mouth open, regardless of the person, Coon like that, grated Kalach, etc. without bourek, TAS, Baur, and others 4) marked National idioms, figurative reflect the life of the nation, its traditions, the type of economic activity, da's event, rum bar, beats saum wait, TSAU the CES, at shatterin jer, sier SSCE wait, flail language, cooking porridge, got ' em for life, thumbs beat, bread and salt, to fabricate a pretzel, neither fish nor fowl, pull GIMP, neither bitch nor a hitch, though the number on the head teshie and other 5) national specificity is also reflected in the diversity of national consciousness of the peoples, for example, the specificity of national consciousness of Kazakhs closely related "TRT TLC four kinds of cattle - the basis of his nomadic way of life, therefore a significant place in his ethnocentric system take idioms, Dating back to the images of the animal world. In the sphere of such idioms included us, first, such a metaphor which is based on part of phraseological turnover lexical component with the name of the animal (at SN fat, at Kirien kessu, at and oinau, Ala ozdy you, kr Audi jacinda, MISI tleu, at St and others); second, idioms containing the names of the traits, features of the external appearance of a person, correlated with the defining properties of inanimate objects and phenomena of reality, habits, behavior and appearance of animals: MIME AU, aristanti airu, TLC bla, ITsE ru and other

Thus, the analysis of the national peculiarities of phraseological units shows that culturally-shaped and language markeroffset them is a result of inadequate perception of the world through the prism of their culture, lifestyle, lifestyle, world view. All this is reflected in the divergent phraseological images of idioms. 9.1.3 Methods of translation of phraseological units For a full translation of idioms should be taken as the starting position classification according to the degree of semantic match as the main types of phraseological units (phraseological fusion and phraseological unity) can be translated using idioms in another language. And in this case you can use the technique of idiomatic translation by choosing the appropriate equivalents in the target language. Researchers are the following types of equivalents: 1) absolutely identical phraseology, semantics, style, lexico-grammatical forms and syntactic structure, for example: heart aches - Jean augy. 2) full phraseological equivalents idioms Russian and national languages, the same morphological and syntactic characteristics; 3) incomplete or partial the first step is Alasi Adam open - mouth your aus 4) phraseological equivalents (match conversion idioms bills turnovers in meaning and style) the language of well-hung - ausina sausan then 5) phraseological policelike (match Russian and national phraseological units of meaning and stylistic characteristics, partially phonetically) to draw a parallel - parallel tcsu 6) borrowed idioms Demyanova ukha - Demian ohasi [Bayramov, 1989]. M. I. Sabitov, considering the cross-language correlation idioms in raznostoronnih language, identifies the following types of phraseological units mapped in the interlanguage plan: 1) are identical IFF the material, content and functional community matching idioms, which are the result not so much of the language of kinship, but also linguistic, cultural and historical ties. Such idioms are characterized by the highest degree of formal semantic and stylistic similarities; 2) direct equivalence as the similarity of the structural organization of forms of community values and functions of the related idioms. These idioms are characterized by full or partial semantic and stylistic coincidence, correlation of vocabulary or grammatical structures; 3) synonymous IFF. Is defined as meaningful and functional equality related idioms that are not characterized by structural-typological similarity. Idioms of this type are motivated semantic basis; 4) equivalents differs homonymy and polysemy, i.e. the sameness or difference of the aspect of the organization at large or smaller differences in the cumulative sense [Sabitova, 2000, 79]. Based on this classification, take them as a basis and on the basis of their characteristic: the reception of the translation of phraseological units with the help of equivalents. When using this method, you can specify several cases: Translation by selecting an absolute equivalents, for example: safe and sound - safe and sound, to live like a cat with a dog - lеad a cat dog life, almost (to rest) on our laurels - rest-op one's laurels, the salt of the earth - the salt of the earth, to play with fire - to play with fire, the hour has come (struck) - one's hour has struck, there is no smoke without fire there is no smoke without fire, white night - AK tn, Golden handcuffs - Altyn war, black market - Kara Bazaar, white elephant - AK PL, sinus take to make a proposal, etc. 2) Partial equivalence. Partial frazeologicheskie equivalents may be the same value, stylistic colouring, but you can get the lexical composition, such as to promise mountains of gold - to promise wonders, to promise the moon, away, home is best East or West, home is the best, buy a pig in a poke to buy pig in a poke, is the first project is the first portent (sign), not worth powder and shot, the game is not worth the candle, the talk of the town the talk of the town, massacre of the innocents - the massacre of the innocents, there is no smoke without fire - birds of a feather flock together.

Thus, when translating idioms from one language to another, it is important to focus on the preservation of their national specificity, loyal to the national image that requires a careful selection of the target language idioms, equivalent, similar, can also figuratively to describe the subject of thought, and colorful, and figuratively to describe it, to have a certain impact. 10.2. Illustrative submodule. Illustrative frames. "Graphics". "Examples". 10.2.1. Graphics

ﾵ ﾧ

Fig. 18 – Classification of phraseologisms in translation studies

ﾵ ﾧ

Fig. 19 -Main factors of nationally marked idioms

Fig. 20 - the Ways of translation of phraseological units m OIA five 10.2.2. Examples Example No. 1. Proper names as an indicator of martirovannoj FE as Mama passed, Ivan Nepomnyashchy, work coat, der dumme August, Maitre Jacque, Jean de Paris, ESM handy ESC Joly, Asym handy such such Joly, Kleben basinda cnde IIN. Example No. 2. Reflection in FE lifestyle of the people Hand werk hat goldenen Boden (craft will not be lost), Beamter auf lebenzeit (official life), Berliner Weibe (Berlin beer), nicht einen Dent Anstad (have no shame, no conscience). Traditional road ESIM Khan, mount Kultobe each meeting. Example No. 3. Reflected in the different FE models of time: Cyclic and linear (Russian and German culture): gone is the time when we were inseparable, Die zeit verrint (time goes by), die Zeit dränot (no waiting time). The Kazakh culture. Cyclic time: the year of the monkey, year of the mouse; Mythological time: ancient times, long ago days; Environmental time: morning, lunch,wintering; Family time: it was in the Vault, during the memorial Asa Sauna. Situational time: time for milking mares, the time for boiling tea, time for boiling milk. 9.3. Reference submodule. Reference frames. "Glossary". List of basic and additional literature". "Reference sites". 9.3.1. Glossary Phraseological unity is a phraseological units, the total value of which is partially motivated by the values of the components of a phraseological unit. Phraseological combinations are idioms, the components of which consist of words that are not found in free use. Phraseological fusion is such idioms that Express the overall figurative meaning, not motivated by the values of the components of a phraseological unit. Phraseological equivalents (absolute) - absolutely identical phraseology, semantics, style, lexico-grammatical forms and syntactic structure. 9.3.2. The list of basic and additional literature Key readings

Further reading The Buslaev F. I. About teaching Russian language.- M., 1980. SAC Century, the Theory of linguistic change., - M., 1999. Larin A. B. history of the Russian language and General linguistics (selected works).- M., 1977. Maslov, Y. C., Introduction to linguistics,a - M., 1987. Molotkov A. N. Basics phraseology of the Russian language.- M.: Nauka, 1977. Sabitova because To the question of cross-language correlation idioms in raznostoronnih languages // Vestnik Kazuma and ME, 2000, No. 1. Fedorov A. C. Fundamentals of the General theory of translation (linguistic problems).- SPb.: The philological faculty of St. Petersburg state University; M: LLC "Publishing house "Philology", 2002. Fedorov, I. A. Functional-stylistic differentiation of Russian phraseology. - Rostov, 1987. Shan N. M. The phraseology of modern Russian language.- M., 1985. Foot of MT C. H. Idiom and culture. Questions of linguistics, 1996, No. 1. 9.3.3. Informational sites

ﾵwwwﾧﾵ.ﾧﾵgumerﾧﾵ.ﾧﾵinfoﾧ

ﾵwwwﾧﾵ.ﾧﾵclassesﾧﾵ.ﾧﾵruﾧ

uz-Translations:for translations

9.4. Control training submodule. Operating personnel. "Job". "Exercises". 9.4.1. Job Tasks for independent work of students (IWS) Write a report on the theme "national specific idioms. Compare the passage from the book And. yesenberlin "the Nomads", S. Maugham "the Moon" in the original language and the translation, describe how the translation of idioms. Note from the book A. Ambracia "2000 2000 Russian English idioms idioms, set phrases".- Minsk: Potpourri, 2007, 50 idioms, map their equivalents. Tasks for independent work under the supervision of a teacher (SRSP) Pick 10 idioms of Kazakh, Russian and English languages, compare them and determine what is their national identity? Note from the "Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language" (SPb, Polygraphology", 2006 30 idioms, arrange them in groups, separated in the classification centuries Vinogradov and N. M.Shan according to the degree of semantic match. Slide 10 idioms from Russian into Kazakh and English languages, determine the transfer. Where to cicheti, bill of sale, to take the gun, hang dogs on someone, like cranberries, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, all born in the string to RUB points makes with from the hut, to the roaring of the Beluga. 4. Compare idioms in Russian and German languages using contrastive-comparative method. Select the character connotations, determine do they match: Ein Wolf im Schlafpetz - wolf in sheep's clothing Den Bock zum Cärtner machen - to let the goat in the garden Der Hund an dem Hen - dog in the manger 5.Determine the type of phraseological units of the German language according to the degree of semantic match: Jehem den Kopf (waschen - soaping, lathering someone head); keinen Finger krummen - do not hit your finger about a finger; auf Eis legen - freeze, not to let go. 9.4.2. Exercises Exercise # 1. Copy, paste the phraseological unit, a suitable sense in this situation. Crimson...,black..., black..., black..., black...,at the distance of translation of sheep..., no light, no...the king..., Fox..., grated...if you come... For inquiries sheep, soul, market, ringing, dawn, Patrikeeva, prosperity, Peas. Exercise No. 2. Translate idioms in Kazakh and English languages, find the absolute phraseological equivalents: OTA may u, to live like cat and dog, between two fires, time is money, gentlemen of fortune, mass culture, happy end, fair play, to be or not to be. Exercise # 3. Translate into Russian, determine the types of phraseological units in English according to the degree of semantic match. The hole of the bublik Out of the frying pan into the fire. Swim against the current Mirtal grip The gold mountain Broad shoulders Kick the bucket at bay Kilkenny cats Exercise # 4. Determine the method of translation of English idioms into English: The queen of the seas - vladica seas; the stream of consciousness stream of consciousness; Black and White - black and white; bad egg - a rotten egg, hot potato hot potato (sensitive issue), cash cow cash cow; to be on cloud nine to be on the ninth cloud. 9.5. Control submodule. Supervisory personnel. "Questions and answers on them." Interim tests on" 9.5.1. Questions and answers on them Questions for self-assessment What types of phraseological units according to the degree of semantic match highlights centuries Vinogradov? Who was the classification of phraseological units in perevodovedenie? What is the peculiarities of phraseological units? How would you describe the term "equivalence"? What types of equivalents, you know? What is the admission comes from? How do you understand the term "functional analogue"? Answer options Button otveta. three types of phraseological edinica no B. Vinogradov centuries there are three types of phraseological units: phraseological fusion, phraseological unity phraseological combinations 2A. C. S. Vinogradov Yes no B. A. D. Schweitzer Yes no 3A. The peculiarities of phraseological units is manifested in the specifics of their internal forms, phraseological image in the ability of FE to reflect reality, lifestyle, life naroda no B. national peculiarities of phraseological units is manifested in their ability to reflect the traditions, customs naroda no 4A. IFF is available in five absolutely similar in semantics, style belonging to the structure of the phraseological units of Iyad no B. Equivalence is a complete coincidence FE OIA and Page no 5A. Absolute equivalents, partial equivalents, full phraseological equivalents Yes no B. Full equivalents Yes no 6A. Phraseological calques are perevoda no B. Phraseological calques is the translation of the inner form and structure of foreign idioms using the original units ASYCUDA no 7A. Functional analogue is a selection of idioms in the target language, performs the same function as in the Iyad no B. Functional analog is selection of similar idioms in Page no 9.5.2. Tests for intermediate control on the subject 1. this definition refers to what type of phraseological units according to the degree of semantic match: ... this phraseological units, the holistic way, which is not the sum of the values of the components? Phraseological unity Phraseological fusion Phraseological combinations Phraseological expression Phraseological predicative expressions 2. Who among scientists was the classification of phraseological units in perevodovedenie? Century Century Vinogradov C. S. Vinogradov A. D. Schweitzer M. M. Kopylenko C. N. Commissioners 3. What type of phraseological units according to the translation of classification include the following idioms: wolves fear no walk in the forest, Curious Varvara at the Bazaar nose was torn off, to get as chickens in Osip? Lexical idioms Verbal idioms Comparative phraseological units Predicative idioms Noun idioms 4. What reception of the translation of phraseological units used in this case translation: to have a skeleton in the cupboard (closed) - to have a personal family secrets, hidden from outsiders Phraseological calques Functional phraseological similar Descriptive translation Translation using absolute equivalents Translation using a relative partial equivalents 5. What method of translating phraseological units used in this case: the sword of Damocles (sword of Damocles), to start business from startch (start from scratch)? Translation using a functional phraseological analogues Descriptive translation Phraseological calques Translation using absolute equivalents Translation using a relative partial equivalents 6. What method of translation of the idioms used in this case: tooth and nail - sleeves rolled up, it's raining cats and dogs - rain buckets of it? Translation using a functional phraseological analogues Descriptive translation Phraseological calques Translation using absolute equivalents Translation using a relative partial equivalents 7. What method of translation of the idioms used in this case to call the bluff - mcellen abiraman OU, to search for the afternoon with fire - sham arily zdeu, free bird - Erkin Kus? Phraseological calques Functional phraseological similar Descriptive translation Translation using absolute equivalents Translation using a relative partial equivalents 9.6. Statistical submodule. The resulting frames (feedback) 9.6.1. Answers to questions Question No. 1. Incomplete answer. Detailed answer. True. Question No. 2. The right answer. Well done! The wrong answer. Question No. 3. Detailed answer. True. A superficial answer. Wrong. Question No. 4. The full answer. True. The wrong answer.

Question No. 5. The right answer. Whiz! A superficial answer. Question No. 6. Wrong. Detailed answer. Correctly. Question No. 7. Detailed answer. True. A superficial answer. 10.6.2. Code to the tests B B D C E Case module No. 10.The problem of translation synonyms 10.1. Theoretical submodule. Theory. Information frames 10.1.1. Classification of synonyms Translation synonyms - words with similar meaning but different in sound, causes particular difficulty, as a novice translator does not always accurately can find an adequate source word replacement in the target language appropriate to a particular situation. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account differences in the meanings of the words-synonyms, their expressive characteristics and style accessory. In this regard, it should be an accurate representation of the synonyms, their types, methods of correlation between them in synonymic rows. The definition of synonyms in the literature causes difficulties, because there are several viewpoints on the definition of synonyms. The most common definition can be divided into two groups: 1) semantic direction; 2) structural direction. Semantic direction characterized by the presence of three main subgroups definitions synonyms: 1) denotation, i.e., the object or phenomenon; 2) concepts; 3) values. Criterion denotation community as a condition of synonymical was nominated a number of such scientists as A. I. Galic, S. I. Abakumov, F. N. The Buslaev, A. A. Reformed, C. N. Klyuev, V. A. Sirotina. So, C. N. Klyuyev understands synonyms as "word-concept that reflects the essence of one and the same phenomena of objective reality, but different additional shades of meaning, and serving not only to substitute for each other, much to clarify thoughts and our attitude toward the suggestion" [Klyuyev, 1961]. The second group of criteria synonymical nominate the proximity of the concepts. In this case understood as synonyms of the word "different, but similar in value expressing the same concept [Bragin, 1981, 3]. The third semantic direction in the definition of synonyms criterion of synonymical recognizes the proximity of the meanings of the words and considers synonyms for words that are "identical or very close in meaning" [the Dictionary of synonyms, 1975, 7]. Representatives of the business areas in identifying synonyms come from the criterion of interchangeability. According to G. P. Golovanova, interchangeability is recognized criterion of synonymical. Interchangeability when establishing synonymic relations between words is understood as "the ability, on the one hand, semantic replacement coming in synonymic relations of words, as the possibility of using one word instead of another based on their semantic proximity, and the use of them in the same or similar nature of lexical compatibility contexts" [Golovanova, 1972, 113].

The analysis of different points of view on the nature of the synonym shows that the presence of the lexical structure of the language of an extensive system of different words, different meaning, expressive and stylistic nuances, leads to understanding the vicinity of the meanings of the words are not always the same as the researchers. However, most scholars recognize that the sameness or equivalence of the concepts assigned to the different words, the closeness of their values and interchangeability are the main criteria in the definition of synonymous words as a special lexical phenomena that distinguish it from other phenomena of lexical system of the language. In the definition of synonyms, this A. P. Eugenieva, indicates that synonyms should be considered only those words that relate to each other in their use and significance [Evgenyeva, 1964, 10]. The right is also recognized this definition synonyms: Synonyms for the words that are close or identical in meaning, denoting the same concept, but different from each other, or shades of meaning or stylistic colouring, or both signs" [Evgenyeva, 1964, 10]. As you can see, synonyms have regular identity values, way vzaimozamenjat each other. Therefore, under the synonyms we understand words denoting the same concept, similar in meaning, is capable vzaimozamenjat each other, differ from each other connotations and field use. Classification, synonyms, hierarchical and raznoaspektnyh. In the main, the most common types can be selected lexical, grammatical (morphological), syntactic [Polovnikova, 1981]. Lexical synonyms are words that are included in the series are United by affinity or identity values, the equivalence of concepts, for example: flood - the flood, the conclusion - the conclusion - the conclusion, summary. Lexical synonyms depending on the nature of the differences can be divided into three types:

1) synonyms, distinguished intellectual, semantic content (absolute synonyms or doublets), for example, doctor - doctor, linguistics - linguistics; 2) synonyms, different formal structure. Synonymous with semantic and expressive values. Synonymous with semantic differences, called semantic or ideographic. They differ from other shades of meaning, for example: loud deafening, cold ice, brave, brave. Conceptual synonyms to Express the shades of the same concepts, for example: smile-smirk, to work, to sit, to walk, to wander. Expressive synonyms can be the subject-shaped (year - Godin, forehead - forehead, to die - to die) and emotionally-fold differences (horse, nag, build - to rise). 2) Synonymous with the formal differences may be proper lexical, for example, courage is courage; lexico-slovoobrazovatel-tion (the old man, the lazy sloth, illiterate - ignorant), lexico-phonetic, for example, a wardrobe closet, and other 3) Synonymous with relational differences are stylistic synonyms. They differ in the sphere of usage and stylistic features, for example: message (common) - report (official); sleep (common) - sleep (spoken vernacular); genre, for example, a person (observatron.)- face (book.). Morphological synonyms are synonyms, different forms of words: people to people, silent, hostile - to be at loggerheads. Syntactic synonyms are correlated with each other (i.e., expressing the same idea) design, for example: a Mother asked her son to buy bread and the Mother asked her son, so he bought bread.

Synonyms are included in the synonymic series, incorporating words close in meaning, calling the same concept, but different shades of meaning and use. A. A. Bragin defines a synonymic row: "So highlights the differentiating role of synonyms, stands out not only in General is synonymous words, but even more important distinctive characteristics of each of the synonyms. Shades of meaning influenced by different combinations, different syntagmatic synonyms. Synonymic line - a kind of bridge between the world of cognitive concepts and the world of words, reflecting the process of cognition" [Bragin, 1981, 6]. In synonymic row the total value actualizes the dominant (main word synonymous row), and private values - the members of this series. In this series of words connected by identity or limit the generality of lexical meanings and are raznoraznim differential characteristics (shades of meaning, the field of use, emotional-expressive properties). In paradigmatic terms, the main characteristic of synonyms is a relationship of shared and private, based on correlation relationships, representing the correlation of words as distinctive members of the identity on a variety of grounds. The internal structure of the Microsystem - synonymic series is conceived as a sequence of elements with gradually decreasing relationship with respect to the reference value. Each element of a sequence is associated with a common element (the leading synonym-dominant), which represents the base of this group of elements and from which other elements are trait. The communication system synonymic rows represent the number of which in relation to certain groups kollektivnyh elements acts as consisting of similar items that are in the same sequence and mutually overlapping [Abisheva, 2000, 224]. In these series of different names associated or General concept, forming a number of synonymous names. Organising centre synonymic series is dominant, the word, which is common to all members of the synonymic series is expressed most clearly. 10.1.2 Techniques of translation synonyms The main transfer synonyms are replacement, selection of the functional equivalent, the translation member Hypo-gipertonicheskoj paradigm - synonymic row - generalization or specification. Welcome replacement of synonyms of the source language synonyms in the target language is implemented in the case, if these languages have synonyms that correspond to each other ideographic and stylistic and expressive characteristics, for example, synonyms of the Russian language: face, face, face, face, face do not always find a match in the Kazakh language. In the dictionary of synonyms of the Kazakh language C. measures taken by mr.bizakov "Synonymer Kazakh language" [Almaty, 2007] we find the following synonyms: Beth lit, Beth Bane, Beth is, Beth PSN, Keskin - calbet, Keskin - cap, Tr - TS, rat [Bishow, 2007, 139]. Stylistic synonyms "muzzle", "face" is transferred neutral synonyms, which reduces their expressive-shaped and emotionally-shaped shades of meaning. Selection of functional analogue - receiving selection of an adequate synonym in the target language that performs the same functions as are performed synonym in the source language, for example, the synonyms in synonymic row muddler, cap, hat, dilatory, rasaraja transmitted in the Kazakh language using functional analogues: barefoot, balbir, Bosa, mngas, maupas, Bolger, Bosal, bostow. Welcome generalization or specification of the value of the synonym is used in cases when instead of the word dominant, the main word synonymous number are members of this series, antonyms, expressing specific values, for example, "the rose" - the synonymic dominant in the series. Rose is a generic word and includes in its scope species the name of the rose: Alpenrose ("Alpine"), Apfelrose ("Apple"), Bengalrose ("Chinese"), Dornrose ("dog"), Duftrose ("elliptic leaf"), Essigrose ("French"), Heidenrose ("steppe"), Kohlrose ("Provencal"), Teerose ("tea") and other These words are synonymous with each other. This is a welcome clarification. Generalization synonymous values is carried out in cases of replacement of species concepts clan rose. Thus, in the process of translation synonyms should focus on the types of synonyms, their functions, their stylistic characteristics, in order to achieve an adequate translation. It is also necessary to consider the nature of relationships between dominant number of synonymous and members of the series, keeping these relationships in the target language.

11.2. Иллюстративный подмодуль.Иллюстративные кадры. «Графика». «Примеры»

11.2.1. Графика

Lexical proper synonyms

Synonyms notions

Phraseological synonims

Fig 21 – Synonims classification

Synonims change devices

Choice of functional analog

Generalization device

Meaning of the word

Concretaizatiion deviceof the meaning of the word

Fig. 22 - the Basic techniques of translation synonyms 11.2.2. Examples Example No. 1 Ideographic synonyms Polite, helpful, tactful, delicate, subtle. Sipayi, set, cscal, kapayim Example No. 2 Stylistic synonyms Eyes, burkely, margali, eye, face, face, face, face, face, face.

Example No. 3

Beth, lpet, PSN, is, TLA, Azhar, Didar,,, Tr, Keskin, rat, calbet, keep Inclusive relationships Furniture: Desk, chair, sofa, bed, bench, stool, bench. Example No. 4 Relationships crossing - collocative relations: far, far, far, far away, where Makar is not chasing the calves, in the middle of nowhere Example No. 5 Correlation relations Red - red, scarlet , crimson, purple, red 13.3. Reference submodule. Reference frames. "Glossary". List of basic and additional literature". "Reference sites" 11.3.1. Glossary Synonyms are words close in meaning, but differ from each other or shades of meaning or stylistic colouring. Synonymic line - a group of words combined in one a number of common values, but different from the dominant (main words of this number), or shades of meaning or stylistic colouring. Inclusive relationships - relationships enable, when the connection between the individual item and the set is determined by its belonging to this set. Collocative communication is the relationship of the intersection, when the same word can appear in several synonymic series. Correlation is a relationship of interdependence and identity, as well as differences between members of the synonymic series. 10.3.2. The list of basic and additional literature Key readings Bragin, A. A. Vocabulary of the language and culture of the country in the linguistic aspect. - M: English, 1981. Golovanova, P. To the question about the role of exchangeability in the isolation and definition synonyms /Synonyms of the Russian language and its features. - L.: Nauka, 1972. Evgenyeva A. P. Draft dictionary of synonyms. - M., 1964. Kazakova, T. A. Practical basics of translation. English - Spanish. - SPb.: Publishing House "Union", 2006. Sipowicz C. S. Handbook of translator from Russian into English. Russian - English Translation Handbook. - Mn.: Tetrasystems, 2006. Further reading Abisheva K. M. Kazakh-Russian language contacts and questions of assimilation of foreign words in the language system of the recipient. - Almaty: RIO VAK Republic of Kazakhstan, 2000. Bizav With. Synonymer Kazakh language. - Almaty: “Arys” baspasy, 2007. Evgenyeva A. P. Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. - M., 1975. Kirichenko N. L. Relations of inclusion and ways of its linguistic expression. Abstract.Diss.Kida.the topic of degree work.Sciences. - L., 1987. Klyuyev Century. N. Synonym dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1961. Polovnikova Century. And. Lexical aspect in teaching Russian as a foreign language at an advanced stage. - M., 1981. Silin C. L. To the problem of synonymy //Problems of linguistics, 1987, No. 4.

Synonym dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1975. Cheremisin P. J. Stylistic synonyms in English. - M., 1976. 10.3.3. Informational sites Uz - Translations: For translations P3yum. Narod.ru\ library 10.4. Control training submodule. Operating personnel. "Job". "Exercises". 10.4.1. Job. Tasks for independent work of students (IWS) Write an essay on the subject "Methods of translation synonyms Oia five". Write a review about dictionary "Synonymer Kazakh language. - Almaty: "Arys" baspasy, 2007". Tasks for independent work of students under the guidance of a teacher (SRSP) Note from the "Dictionary of synonyms ("Ed. by A. P. Evgeniou 50 synonyms. Divide them into subgroups in accordance with the types of synonyms. Put them in Kazakh and English languages. Make a chart of the ratio of synonymous several of the dominant and of the members of this paradigm. Find synonyms in Kazakh, English, German languages in the word "beautiful". Compare ranks between them. Make your own conclusions. Continue synonymous a number of words in the German language. Make the same a similar series of synonyms in Kazakh and English languages: Hund - Jagdhund, Wolfshund, Schaterhund, Windhund, Köter, Duchshund, Kettenhund, Spürhund, Hetzhund, Fox. Define a group of synonyms and translate them into English: to disappear, to die, to die out; to flood, to inundate; outstanding, large, prominent (figure); a big, huge, enormous (house); painting, painting, canvas, fence, fence. Data stylistic synonyms translate into Kazakh and English languages: to harm, to damage, to substitute the leg, put a pig; wife, spouse, my half, my mistress, Baba; optometrist, eye doctor, glasnik, beautiful, pretty, good as the picture, nice. Identify the functions of synonyms in the following context: dear sir, " he began almost with solemnity, " poverty is not a Vice, it's the truth...But poverty, sir, poverty is a Vice (Dostoevsky). Bring on the Kazakh German, English languages. Check, whether the functions of the synonyms in the target language? Determine which transfer used to transfer synonymous with OIA five in the following examples. Check whether equivalence, the proximity values: talk converse, speak (with) talk talk to chat chat (with) polasaithe, potraits. chitty - chat Determine which transfer of synonyms used in the translation of the following synonyms: a clerk - clerk a doorkeeper - doorman Put this synonymic series on Russian and English languages, keeping Hypo-gipertonicheskoj compliance dominant and members of synonymous paradigm: er, Batyr, airman, aarli, hunger, aiyan.

10.4.2. Exercises Exercise # 1. Insert instead points the proper meaning of synonyms: It was lovchik, swindler, word, ..... The face was arrogant, it was not ... a person who is suffering, and it was ... otpetova person who would we ... he met a nice woman, not ... ...... Exercise # 2 Rewrite the text, determine the types of synonyms The table was carved from malachite, his colour was light green, not olive, not emerald and malachite. The color of the rose was not blood-red, and purple, most likely red, red. He walked quickly, but small steps, hopping along behind him. Ivan Petrovi was raised , thin, delicate, helpful person, so he could not, without respect of persons, to Express the truth in the face, and tried to bring its opinions using polite phrases. Exercise # 3 Copy the text, paste in the appropriate sense frazeologicheskie synonyms. This was the man about whom nothing is known, the word... . Everyone has their own problems, so to say . Moses was a brilliant young man, handsome, clever, pure word .... . Exercise # 4 Rewrite the text, determine what the relationships are between the synonyms in the following contexts. Utensils - spoons, plates, cups, saucers, cups. He was deceived in his expectations, he objsource, it was objemail, overcharged as sticky. Stuck like a Burr. 10.5. Control submodule. Control and personnel training. "Questions and answers on them." "Tests for intermediate control on" 10.5.1. Questions and answers on them What words are called synonyms? What types of synonyms highlighted in the language? How do you understand the term "synonymic line"? What links come together in a relationship of dominance and members of the synonymic series? what links are called inclusive? What links are called correlation? What methods of translation, synonyms, you know? Answer options answer Button A. Synonyms are words that are similar in znacheniya B. Synonyms are words close in meaning, but differ from each other or shades of meaning or stylistic colouring of Dane A. Ideographic, contextualizers B. Absolute, ideographic, stylistic, lexical and grammatical, idiomatic, synonymous, contextualizers A. Synonymic line is a group of words United by an expression of shared values.Dane B. Synonymic series is a series in which synonyms are connected by certain relations.Dane A. Inclusive, collocative, correlation of Dane B. Inclusive, of pereskioideae A. Inclusive communication is the relationship of peresecheniye B. Inclusive relationships activate when a certain element acts as a member of morestudent A. Correlation is correlative connection, when members of the synonymic series come not only in a relationship of interdependence, identity, and replicachanel B. Correlation is correlative relationship.Dane A. substitute, selection of functional analogy, generalization, concretization B. replacement trick.Danet

10.5.2. Tests for intermediate control on the subject 1. Some scientists believe that the allocation of synonyms should be considered the criterion denotation community? A) C. N. Klyuev, V. A. Sirotina C) A. A. Bragin (C) A. P. Evgenyeva D) ,P. Golovanov E) J. D. Apresian 2. What are synonyms differ in intelligent semantic content? A) Relational synonyms B) Morphological synonyms C) Ideographic synonyms D) Syntactic synonyms (E) Absolute synonyms 3. What is the function of synonyms is implemented in this context: wood - birch, poplar, ash, aspen, oak, elm, willow, larch, Redwood (A) the substitution Function In) Feature specification C) Function identities D) Function differenziali (E) the characteristic Function 4. What is the transfer of synonyms used in this case: a miser, cheapskate, petty, winter snow will not beg; Sara, Ali tar, saibai, asany devil sat psed. A) Receiving generalization C) Receiving a specification of (C) Receiving the selection of the functional equivalent of the D) Receiving replacement of synonyms (E) Transcription 5. What is the transfer of synonyms is if substitute synonyms OIA synonyms five: generous, never-failing hand, Myrza, Holy Ken. A) Receiving generalization C) Receiving a specification of (C) Receiving the selection of the functional equivalent of the D) Receiving replacement of synonyms (E) Transcription 10.6. Statistical submodule. The resulting frames (feedback) 10.6.1. Answers to questions Question # 1 A. Incorrect. A superficial answer. B. the Correct answer. Question No. 2 A. Incomplete response B. Correct answer Question No. 3 A. True. Well done! B. response Surface Question No. 4 A. the Correct answer B. Incomplete response Question No. 5 A. Wrong answer B. True. You correctly answered the question Question No. 6 A. a Detailed answer. True B. Incomplete response Question No. 7 A. the Correct answer B. Incomplete response 9.6.2. Code to the tests 1) And 2) E 3) 4) 5) D 6) 7) D

The following property of the term is cognitive saturation. This property combines those aspects of the term, as the degree of accuracy of existing definitions, the degree of completeness, the existence of a system of knowledge (theory), in which is embedded the meaning of the term, the level of knowledge on the degree of universality or specificity, place this unit in the chain of historical development of cognition. The cognitive nature of the term is that the term appears as a result of the cognitive activity of a specialist, such as the conceptualization and verbalization of professional scientific knowledge. The structure of knowledge in a particular area is a set of concepts, combined a certain hierarchy and verbalized in the term as the name of the concept. Definitively and consistency of the term as a mark of special concepts predetermine frame organization of terminliste. The term can be attributed to scientific concepts, because, firstly, the term has such a component patterns common to all concepts as conceptual component. The term and concept, gives the definition of a scientific concept. Secondly, the term and concept contains the required level of knowledge in a particular area. In classical cognitive linguistics argues the view that the concepts presented patterns of knowledge. Thought E. C. Kubratovo, each linguistic phenomenon should be considered to be adequately described and explained only when it is considered at the intersection of cognition and communication"; the goal of cognitive linguistics "is not only to match each language form its cognitive counterpart, its conceptual or cognitive structure (thereby explaining the importance or the contents of a form through a specific cognitive structure, the structure of opinion or knowledge), but also to explain the reasons for selecting or creating this "package" to the content" [Kubrakov, 2004, 16]. Unlike other types of knowledge (national, linguistic, pragmatic, cognitive, mental, extralinguistically, knowledge axiological) the term concept is scientific knowledge that are specific to each area of the sphere of human activity. In addition to providing the scientific knowledge, the term is a means of transmitting information and knowledge. Terms that are part of the language included in the system of knowledge of the world. So, I. P. Susov notes that "language is included in the complex system of cognition of the world, in the information-cognitive system, which interact thinking, consciousness, memory, and language. It is localized in the human brain. Its main purpose is to provide processes of perception from the outside, processing this information and save, transfer to other individuals" [Susov, 2002]. The terms included in the cognitive thesaurus person. The semantics of terms allows for analysis of cognitive-thesaurus approach. The essence of cognitive-thesaurus approach is to determine, as perceived by the person of an objective world in the process of mental activity, as absorbed knowledge about the world through the mental mechanisms of the language. In the process of cognitive-thesaurus approach reveals how the system terminology is a thesaurus organization of knowledge. The thesaurus is understood as: 1) location, Treasury; 2) a way of organizing the material in this "store"; 3) the method of storage which allows you to efficiently simulate the world [Karaulov, 1981, 191].

Terminological thesauri (terminological system) are formed on the basis of cognitive and semantic criteria. Cognitive symptom is manifested in the fact that individuals, calling the objective world, compare some things with others, highlight their essential characteristics and are clueless about the subject, for example, to make the concept of the subject "chair" should compare it with the denotata belonging to the group of furniture: sofa, stool, bench, chair, stool and only on the basis of comparison of these items are identified such essential features of the subject "chair"as "rigid fixture for seat", "no arms", "designed to seat one person." On the basis of such evidence shall be drawn up definition - definition of chair: the chair is a rigid device that is designed to seat one person, with a back but no arms, and in this case we can speak about the conceptualization, the essence of which is that based on the essential features to make a concept about the subject. Next, each term that reflects the social experience and the results of the cognitive activity of individuals enshrined in various categories in the categorization and structuring of the language, when every fragment of objective reality, is assigned a specific name. The process of categorization of the concepts on the subject of objective reality and its semantic structuring in language occur during activation of the first and second kinds of linguistic contacts between near and objective world: 1) the first contact between linguistic and near the objective world is in cognitive activity; 2) the second contact occurs in a communicative activity, reproducing thoughts "in accordance with the recorded in the thesaurus system concepts" [Ganelina, 1993]. During the first and second type contacts are mental operations and cognitive activities such as perception, categorization, comparison, conceptualization). When updating the second set of contacts when the communication is verbal cognitive activities of individuals, expressed in raspredsetevaya and opredeljivanje language signs and the expression of subjective relations and meanings in relation to the object of thought. In the first and second series of contacts between linguistic and near the objective world is made terminological thesaurus in the field of scientific knowledge based on cognitive characteristics (conceptualization) and matematicheskikh (making topical delivery). In this case we can talk about the cognitive characteristics of a thesaurus as a thesaurus, realizing accumulative and reflective functions of language is knowledge of the world systematically in the form of a picture of the world, reflecting the relationship of humans with the surrounding reality. Knowledge about the world is stored in memory and consciousness "is not in the form of processed and prepared for oral performance of speech texts, and ordered the whole thematic groups related to cash spheres of life experience". Cognitive trait thesaurus theme manifests itself in the relationship between words, when the concepts in the categorization and conceptualization are summed up under the rubric of experience, i.e., conscious, friend, are in thematic series and groups. According to C. G. shafikova, categorization is a generalization of (typing) parts of the world. Typing, or, in other words, the rendering to the type ("experience"), is constantly, continuously and independently of human consciousness. Summarizes what he sees (tree, bird, house, and so on), making (for example, a man riding on a boat, bike, carousel), what reflects distracted from the routine of life (e.g., grammatical phenomena, type, number, case, taxis and so on)that evaluates through the prism of their feelings [Shafikov, 2007, 3].

Thematic series also have a semantic basis. Words are combined into thematic series on the basis of expression of the same General concepts. The thematic range of terms the key word is nominative-thematic unit contrasted against the "basic concept of shades of concepts close to the concept of each private category, for example, in the terminology of fundamental terms (nominative-thematic units) contrasted the base, reference, and other private terms, revealing any scientific concept as shipenkov. Main term " hyponym calling a generic term, private in terms of thematic range is hyperonymy. D. M. Frumkin, A. K. Zvonkin, O. N. The Larichev, V. B. Kasevich emphasized that the new knowledge is the result of the activity of our brain. Dictionary saves only what has already been laid there by the compiler. The dictionary can not be considered as a database, as it does not generate new knowledge. New knowledge is generated in the perception of words in Association with other words, in the realization of their associative links [Frumkin, Zvonkine, Larichev, Kasevich, 1990]. Thus, the analysis of the main properties of the term, such as precision, unambiguity, no synonyms, antonyms, consistency, allows us to characterize it as a unit, is able to determine the scientific concept and perform cognitive function. Cognitive saturation, cognitive-semantic way of representing scientific knowledge in the thesaurus shows that these properties of the term should be retained in the target language. 11.1.2 the Ways of translation of terms The main way terminology is calques. First of all, we should highlight the main sign, taken for the basis of this concept: this is a translation. "However, in contrast to translation in General, as the semantic transfer of foreign units, " writes L. N. Semenov, and borrowing as sound (letter) playback, a calque translation of the structural parts of foreign elements. The characteristic structural (not only semantic) similarity tracing paper distinguishes from other related items [Semenova, 1973, 136]. Many official terms were translated into the Kazakh language by copying the previous one, for example, Kenes (meeting), Erie (position), ARIS (petition), bury (order), tonteg (below), Geary krsiten (above), joana talmis (above), taiin the only (appointed), ATHINA (name), asna esene (at public expense), Sarala aldana (to take action), MTA polyp Otaru (feel the need), tn zhasau (apply), Sino (to offer) and other In "English-Russian dictionary of Economics" (M., 2005) also observed the technique comes when translating English terms, such as: administration, tax abatement - tax discount, avise - of - credit, the abuse of credit. Compare also the technique comes from Russian into Kazakh in the works of I. C. Sartbaeva, B. Mamykovo, , Akylbekova and others: Internet - Internet delzer; real money - Tr Orgy, hard currency - atty currency, computer networks - computer jades, enter the file file CRU, active safe - asset Temir Sunday, white knight - AK poets, sluggish market - silber market price umbrella - BAA Alkatiri, the basket of currencies - currency organi and other In the process of translation terms are actively used semantic, derivational and phraseological calques. Semantic calques is welcome when the term of the source language are rethinking acquires additional significance under the influence of another. Semantic calques is also a process motivated the investigation in a foreign language semantics of the image.

Semantic calque, entrenched in the language, included in the semantic system used by the foreign sample words on the position of his private values, for example: Colin (wave of the labour movement), Kyzyl (red), AK (white), Orta (medium), dauis (voice), when, saryn (motive), garys (competition), kures (scrum) and other Morphological calques are formed as a result of convergent influence of another language, manifested in the comparison, for example, structural-semantic models of the Kazakh and Russian languages. In cases of word-formation comes from the new words appear in the design of their structural-semantic model of another language, in particular, Russian. So, most of the words from Russian, calcerrada in the Kazakh language by words and combinations of words, the combination of a root and an affix, for example: glissandi (unemployment), Altara (manuscript), Baneasa, technically (technical), scar (military), satirli (legal), stichele (natural), dnssd (powerless) and other Following reception of translated terms is the use of samples, clichés, clichés as equivalents in the translation language. This technique, according to, today, is called monoclonality reception. This technique should be used in the process of translation terms in office. Such terminological combinations of the source language that have equivalents in the translation language, used when translating names of institutions, titles, positions, for example: birth certificate - to Turala CLK; Department of Finance - Argy Department and others [Akylbek, 2000]. Receiving a replacement or choice of synonyms in the target language. The essence of this method consists in replacing the original term or terminological combinations of similar meaning, or meaning of the term, terminalization in the target language, for example: based on the above - Geary bandaloni neshe, in combination with the current legislation - oldaily Jurgen Sagara Sykes, venture capital (venture - tocell Caspian, demurrage, dimeric biofeedback Trini ushin tlem and other Descriptive translation. The essence of this method consists in the clarification of the term, the interpretation of its values, for example: in the dictionary R. K. Tokseitova "Economically ssdc anitanola. Economic dictionary" [Karady, 1999] this technique is used when translating the following words: underwriter - (ail. underwriter) - samandira komissiyasinin, thecult barely curlers samandira the wrestler Nemes it samandira ability ukit Telasi, 22 S.; basins organ (aggressive portfolio), Baldy knina Kurt Karl Culp Otyrar Baali Austar packet 38 S.; agenda (agenda) - kun trtb Keese, skerik candecode calilegua this meseleleri tsbus" [10C.]. Transliteration is a method of transferring graphic form words using the letters of the target language, for example: barter - barter ,business - business, venture - venture, underwriter - underwriter, spicer speaker, averaging - average, market conditions - the market conjuncture, the title list - titular TSM, forward transactions - forward opercular and other Thus, in the process of translating the source language into the target language by using the basic techniques of translation terms it is necessary to focus on preserving the essence of translated scientific concepts, its scientific significance and definitively. You should also follow the basic principles of carminabrowne, use and functioning of the terms that are different from words on their inherent characteristics. 11.2. Illustrative submodule. Illustrative frames. "Graphics". "Examples" 11.2.1. Graphics

Term differentiation

Definition functionn

Системность терминов

К определенной терминологической системе

Term ctructureness

Single meaningness

Synonim absence

Cognitive dencity of the term

Exactness of the term

Рис. 24 – Основные признаки термина

Conceptual component (term - concept) its conceptualization

Meaningness,

cognitiveness component

Categorieness of the term

Presence of the meaning of the term

Termis a means of relayingof information, means of knowledge

National-mental entity of the term

Language component of the term (term as a a word or word combination)

Fig.25 — Main signs of term concept

Calqueing

Sample use, types, cliches as a equivalence of the termsof OL in TL

Exchange device

Transliteration

Descriptive method

Fig. 26 - the Basic techniques of translation of the term 11.2.2. Examples Example No. 1 Translation terminology of thesarus Reprodutiva activities, bilingual identity of the translator's source text, text, translation, translation strategy, tactics, transfer, compensation, lacuna, realities, decoding, interpretation. Example No. 2 Economic terminology system Credit, tax, business, cash, audit, underwriter, supervisor, Accountant, letter of credit, guarantor, market maker, merchandising, dividends, rate-cash, credit operations 12.3 . Reference submodule. Reference frames . "Glossary". "A list of basic and more literature. "Reference sites". 12.3.1. Glossary Cognitive saturation of the term - the degree of accuracy of definition of the term, a system of knowledge, which is embedded in the meaning of the term The term is a word or phrase special language, combined with the scientific concept of Terminological system - a set of special words expressing concepts in any field of knowledge or production. Terminology thesarus - way retention terms of any field of knowledge, distributed in mind for semantic and cognitive characteristics (conceptualization and categorization of terms) in tematicheskie rows and groups. 11.3.2. The list of basic and additional literature. Key readings Aliyev O. J. Economy terlinden Brenda mzeller // Terlinden Brenda mzeller. - Astana, 2005. Analina L. K. Nomination and derivational relations. - Almaty, 1993. Khaidarov Feasible Interventions.T. Kazak of terminologiassa iaasa csers. - Almaty, 1993. Armanville W. Kazak of terminologiassa iaasa csers. - Almaty, 1993. Speranskaya A. C., Podolsky, N. In., Vasiliev A. P. Common terminology: theory. - M.: Nauka, 1989. Further reading Aylak, Cattani Audru terebene // Ana tili, 11, 18.05.2000. Akhmanova O. S. Dictionary of linguistic terms. - M., 1969. Karaulov Y. N. Linguistic engineering & thesaurus literary language. - M., 1981. Kubrakov E. C. About cognitive science and urgent problems of cognitive linguistics // Issues of cognitive linguistics, 2004 No. 1. Oder Mamyrbek. IC hastarin gourgue yesdelete cabr arminder Myung, Audemer Turala // Sally terminology: bugs Myung future. Respublikasi elimi practically Seminary Materialdary. - Astana, 2003. Urbanbella W. Sally terminologian alicastrum Orin Alyp Jurgen kemske // Sally terminology: bugs Myung future. Respublikasi elimi-practically Seminary Materialdary - Astana, 2003. Semenova L. N. To the question of the phraseological calques in the Russian language (phraseological gallicism) // Problems of Russian Rosobrazovanie. - Tula, 1973. Susov I. P. Cognitive processes and language // Introduction to theoretical linguistics. -M., 2002. Tomanbay S. R. Economy, Argy-nesia, Bank, sale-keden satander, exchange Zhane kasperek otolaryn Orissa-Kazakh Kazakh language. - Almaty: Ssdc - dictionary, 1999. Frumkin, R. M., Zvonkin A. K., Larichev O. N., Kasevich Century B. knowledge Representation as a problem // Problems of linguistics, 1990 6. Shafikov S., Categories and concepts in linguistics // Problems of linguistics, 2007 No. 2. 11.3.3 informational sites Zhurnal/.lib.EN Intertext.narod.ru ﾵwww.bartleby.com/ﾧ reference 12.4. Kontrolno - training submodule. Operating personnel. "Job". "Exercises". 11.4.1. Job Tasks for independent work students (ALS) Write a report on the theme "Terminological thesaurus in the field of translation studies". Make an annotation in the book Speranskii A. C., Podolsky, N. In., Vasilieva A. P. Common terminology: theory. - M.: Nauka, 1989. Tasks for independent work of students under the supervision of a teacher

Take some terminology bilingual dictionaries, note of them for 15 translated terms and analyze them. Review the vocabulary Among S. R. "Great economic Russian-Kazakh dictionary of economic, financial, banking, tax, customs, insurance, stock and business terminology" (Almaty, 1999), note the terms and terminationtime with the word "credit" and consider ways of translating from Russian into Kazakh language. The following terms are translated using any cripples? Incоmpet /ence/ incompetent - bliss; inhuman (inhuman); adamhex: interpret ﾵ//tionﾧ (interpretation) Tsingtao: lead ship (manual), bassily; commanding (command); scary bassily; nublik (publication), Zaria Ciara; ovation (standing ovation), a chapeau and other Give an interpretation of the terms "reproductive translation activities", "understanding", "interpretation", "transliteration, "transcription". Translate the following terms into English: korgaushy, Basily, sepat, basabe, KTM. What features of translated terminationtime from Russian to Kazakh should be followed if there are differences in the morphemic structure of words: surface, submarine, station, unplanned, hypersonic, ultraviolet. How caliroots terminationtime from Russian into Kazakh: capital investment , counter-plan, bitter salt, precious product. 11.4.1 Exercises Exercise # 1 Write from a dictionary of Economics, Argy, Nessie, Bank,sale - keden satander, exchange Zhane kasperek foulard Orissa-Kazakh Kazakh language" Toshiba S. R. 50 economic terms and postalservice methods of translation, identify terminological mistakes and explain the reasons for their occurrence. Exercise # 2 Review the list of economic terms - names of persons and will continue this list up to 50 items of accountant, auditor. distributor, debtor, creditor, promoter, investor, market maker, merchandiser, marketer. Exercise # 3 Analyze the terms that give an idea of the methods of economic analysis, identify their terminology is Analysis of variance, analysis margin analysis for breakeven analysis of economic, direct pastoralis, calculation method, method of integration Exercise # 4 Define (definition) the following economic terms: akkreditiv, cent, currency, Euro, dollar, penny, shilling, pound, letter of credit personal, revolving letter of credit, promissory note, money cheque. Exercise # 5 Continue terminology a number with the word marketing: marketing services Marketing price, Marketing direct, The strategic marketing... 11.5. Control submodule. Control and personnel training. "Questions and answers on them." Interim tests on the topic. 11.5.1. Questions and answers on them. Questions for self-assessment Does the term from the word? What does the term mean? What are the signs of the term you can call? Why are admitted translation errors in the translation process terms?

How do you understand the meaning of the term "thesaurus"? On the basis of any signs formed a thesaurus? What reception of translated terms is the key? What is the semantic calque? How do you understand the term "formative blueprint"? What is the essence of taking klisarova? Answer options answer Button A. Yes, words mean things, and the term defines any notion. The term is a special word. Yes no B. No, not different, as the term can be considered as a word.Yes no A. the Term does definitivno of functioanl B. Nominative function, unambiguity, technologynet A. Consistency, integrity iterative synonyms, definitivamente B. the ability of the term to give a scientific definition of donateware A. In the process of translation mistakes because of ignorance of the translator of the content of the terms of any field of knowledge. Such errors include: the assumption of multiple meanings of terms, unclear definition of the term, unjustified genus-species replacement, etc. Yes no B. Translators are not allowed any mistakes in the translation of the term of Dane A. Thesarus - this store, as well as the way of organizing the material in this store Yes no N. Thesarus is a dictionary Yes no A. On the basis of cognitive and semantic criteria Yes no B. on the basis of the semantic characteristic of Dane A. Calques Yes no B. descriptive translation Yes no A. Semantic calque is a translation of the inner form of foreign words, change or transform the meaning of the original language under the influence of another language Yes no B. Translation of foreign Yes no A. Semantic calque is a translation of foreign words in parts Yes no B. Semantic calque is a translation Parfeny translation of foreign words. Yes no A. Calques is the use of closedat B. Using samples, clichés, clichés as equivalents in five of Danet 11.5.2. Tests for intermediate control on the subject 1. What does the term mean? (A) Nominative C) Characteristic (C) Definitive D) Cognitive E ) Pragmatic 2.What a terminological error has place in the case of multivalued term A) violation of the principle of uniqueness C) Unjustified replacement type umbrella term C) Neopravdana generic replacement by species panatem D) Ignorance of the main goals of streamlining national terminology (E) a Fuzzy term definitelynot 3. What is the meaning of the term? A) the meaning of the word, which includes the denotation of values The significance of the words, which includes the denotation and connotation values (C) the Value of polysemantic words, consisting of direct and multiple LSV D) the meaning of the term - definition, the definition, which he attributed E) Is unambiguous words 4. What is cognitive saturation? A) the Implementation by the term cognitive function In) Accuracy of the term (C) the validity of the term D) the polysemy of the term E) the Presence of synonyms, and antonyms of the term 5. How do you understand the term "Thesarus"? A) Dictionary of synonyms In) Ontologicheskiy dictionary (C) Explanatory dictionary D) Store . in which the material is organized in a special way (E) the Dictionary of foreign words 6. These terms have been translated from Russian into Kazakh using any method of translation of the term: a sluggish market - silber nary, price umbrella BAA Alkatiri; Sarala aldana - take action A) Calques C) Klisarova (C) Replacement D) Descriptive translation E) Transliteration 7. These terms are translated using any method of translation of the term? Demurrage - demonic biofeedback Trini ushin tlem Venture - venture - tocell Caspian A) Calques C) Klisarova (C) Replacement D) Descriptive translation E) Transliteration 11.6. Statistical submodule. The resulting frames (feedback) 12.6.1.Answers to questions Question # 1 A. the Correct answer. True B. Incorrect Question No. 2 A. True B. Incorrect answer Question No. 3 A. Full. Detailed answer B. Incorrect answer Question No. 4 A. Full. Detailed answer B. Incorrect answer Question No. 5 A. the Correct answer B. Surface response. Wrong. Question No. 6 A. the Correct answer. B. Incomplete response Question No. 7 A. Correctly B. Incorrect Question No. 8 A. Full. Detailed answer B. Incorrect answer Question No. 9 A. Full. Detailed answer B. True. The correct answer Question No. 10

Case module No. 12. The problem of translation of metaphors 12.1. Theoretical submodule. Theory. Information frames. 12.1.1. Linguo-cognitive theory of metaphor The study perevodovedenie techniques figuratively-stylistic use of the word is connected, firstly, to the fact that different types of texts in the original language, there is an increasing tendency to metaphorical; that is associated with the desire of the producers of the text to the provision of effective impact on the recipient. Interest in the theory of metaphor, secondly, associated with the need for an interpreter of knowledge about mechanisms of action, types of transfer functions of metaphors. Thirdly, the translator must be aware of the techniques of translation of metaphors, and to do this he must study the theory of tropes. The term "trail" is understood in a narrow and broad sense. Trails in the broad sense is a system of disparate significant items, hierarchically organized, motivated, involved in contextual relations of semantic transfer (for example, paths in literature, painting, music, film, pantomime, psychoanalysis, etc., [Lotman, 1999]. Trails in the narrow sense are two mutually incompatible important element, between which a relationship is established adequacy within a certain context [Zheltukhin, 2004, 31]. There are three main pathways: 1) metaphor; 2) metonymy; 3) synecdoche. Metaphor - trails, the essence of which consists in the formation of contextual speech figurative meaning on the basis of similarity of some features of two objects, one of which is already marked, and the value that contains the attributes attached to the word in speech, and the second receives the designation in this particular case usage. Metaphor is a way of creating new, relevant lexical units and is widely used in the art of speech. There are several directions in the study of metaphor: psychological, semantic, formal, cognitive. Representatives psychological direction, in particular F. I. the Buslaev, regarded as an allegorical metaphor trails, based on the identification of objects, phenomena, concepts by similarity. This transfer of the names of one word into another by similarity of features and functions. E. Cassirer, E. T. Cherkasova, indicating that the metaphor is a transfer on the semantic similarity of names, define metaphor as "the transfer of the name of one representation into another sphere - a different view, like any feature of the first or continuing any indirect with him analogy" [Cassirer, 1990, 35], [Cherkasova, 1968, 36]. From the semantic side, the metaphor can be described as paths, which in the process of developing a figurative meaning (when transferring names on the similarity of characteristics or similarity functions) occur semantic shifts on the basis of the following characteristics: 1) the sign of abstractness (the pulse of public life; weeping of the President; the appetites of monopolies); 2) characteristic expressiveness (tentacles, the octopus, the wrong side of the political world); 3) the characteristic semantic dublinbet (combined direct and figurative meanings). Syntactic characteristics of metaphors involves identifying typical syntactic conditions metaphoricaly of a word. Century Century Vinogradov, considering the lexical meaning of words in paradigmatic and syntagmatic plans, emphasized the importance of the study of syntagmatic and design-based meanings of the word. So, syntactically determined the meaning of the word is always metaphorical. It appears in the conditions of any word in a new function, for example, when the noun acts as a predicate, for example: dress - beautiful cakes - delicious [Vinogradov, 1978].

Metaphor is the result of associative analogy of one subject with another. In this case, new words are created by secondary nomination. Under the secondary category refers to the use of existing language nominative funds in the new function of naming. Secondary nomination show the possibility of multiple contacts between extralinguistic range and scale: ice cream (meat) (adjective) - ice cream (noun); rabbit (animal) - hare (cowardly man) [Ganelina, 1993]. The structural trend in the study of metaphor takes into account the characteristics of the shape, that is the plan of expression metaphors. In this case, the analysis of metaphors count as level membership units serving carrier metaphorical image (verbal metaphors): twirl her husband; metforminonline phrases: sharp smell of apples; phrasal metaphors: the catcher and the beast flees; and her speech affiliation can be identified, for example: noun (path, container), case (acute), verbal metaphors (to shake things up, to twist) and other On the syntactic function of the verbal metaphors are allocated predicative metaphors, for example: silence is Golden, your hands, real ice. The grammatical form of the word-arguments in noun metaphor - genitive metaphors, for example: ice your hands [Moskvin, 2006, 140]. Functional direction in the classification of metaphor considers the metaphor in the target dimension, i.e., by running a metaphor functions. So, is allocated nominative metaphor used to refer to any concept. In this case we can speak about secondary nomination, when by semantic way of forming words occurs metaphor used to describe any concept that does not have a name, for example, satellite (Earth satellite), zip (zip). Metaphor can perform the evaluation function when it evaluates any subject of thought. This metaphor can be called axiological metaphor, for example: gold man, gold hands, snake in the grass, Viper, giant, and other thoughts There is also decorative metaphor as a means of aesthetic reflection of reality, for example: diamond dew, gold hair and other The fourth direction is cognitive. The metaphor is studied representatives of this direction as an instrument of cognition, educational purposes - for explanations, predictions, identifying properties of the object under study by comparing with the well-known phenomenon, that is, in heuristics (cognitive, epistemological function) [MacCormac, 1985, 36-37]. Cognitive metaphor is not just fix the existing similarity matching objects, and asked him," are attributed to the objects in that area previously identified their properties and thereby guide the process of scientific discovery search these properties" [Gusev, 1984]. The metaphor acts as a form of conceptualization, contributing to the formation of new concepts about the subject of thought. At the most General approach, the metaphor is seen as the vision of one object over another, and in this sense is one of the ways of representing knowledge in a linguistic form. The metaphor usually refers not to a single isolated objects, and complex mental spaces (areas of sensory or social experience). In the processes of knowledge of these complex, directly unobservable mental space, are related through the metaphor with more simple or specifically observed mental spaces (for example, human emotions are compared to fire, the spheres of economy and politics - with games, sports and so on). In such metaphorical representations is transferred to the conceptualization of the observed cognitive space directly unobservable, which in this process is conceptualized and included in the conceptual system of a given language community. If this is the same mental space can be represented by one or several conceptual metaphors. Cognitive metaphor is used in that case, "when a scientist discovers a new phenomenon, in other words, creating a new concept and looks for his name" [Ortega y Gasset, 1991, 203]. The metaphor in this case is used in two functions: firstly, so as "to increase the amount of knowledge is relatively poorly understood area by transferring additional information from more well-known situation" [Petrov, 1990, 139]. Secondly, the metaphor is used for the name of the object that does not yet have names. Cognitive metaphor is different from the language of metaphor because it performs nominative, cognitive function, language and metaphor performs character, shaped function. N. D. Arutyunov specifies these functions, as the most characteristic of metaphors, adding to it more and figurative [Arutyunov, 1979]. Thus, the analysis of the main directions of metaphor, we can conclude that the metaphor is one of the expressive means of learning and cognition; metaphorical transfer is carried out according to similarity of form or function between two objects of reality; the metaphor is the result of secondary nomination, when the word is combined direct and portable values.

12.1.2 translation Techniques metaphors Basic techniques of translating metaphors of the source language to the target language are: the structural transformation; permutation; traditional compliance; add; parallel naming metaphorical basis. The structural transformation of the metaphors of the source language in the target language. The essence of this method consists in the structural transformation of the verbal and grammatical metaphors, if required by the differences in the principles of combinatorics between the source and translating in the language: "I woke earlу to see the kiss of the sunrise summoning and rosy flush to the western cliffs, sight which never fails the spirits". "I got up early and saw from the sun's kiss at sunrise he glowed West rocks is a sight to which I invariably inspires" [Kazakov, 2006, 241]. The structural transformation of the original stylistic units in this example is caused by the difference in the grammatical traditions impersonation in English and Russian languages. If you reproduce verbatim the original structure, the proposal will receive artificial for Russian combinatorial combinations: "to see kiss the rising sun, causing a pink blush on the Western cliffs, a sight that never fails to make me feel good". Welcome rearrangement of the structural elements of the metaphors used in cases where there are differences in the grammatical or syntactic forms IA and five, for example, in English metaphorical epithet can be expressed attributive and the noun phrases, as in English, as in Kazakh, very often used combination of an adjective with nouns, taking the genitive metaphors, for example: On the opposite bank AP eтerald ribbon of fields and foliage bоrdеrеd the rivеr; beyond lay the desert, the Red Land of the ancient texts. Send arse better jaasi easterly Zhane EGN Alabina Zhasyl cgen jackelen. Alrdy arlynda, CNE of gabbaland Kyzyl Zher Dept falatyn, SL gave cosily Satyr. The opposite shore of the river was fringed with emerald green fields and trees; behind them stretched the desert, in the ancient scrolls called red Earth. Replacement metaphors. This technique is used in cases when the animal or anthropomorphic metaphors of the source language are replaced by the such in the target language, for example, in English, Kazakh, Russian languages metaphorical epithets "black", "Kara", "black" can be translated in some cases literally, for example: black day, black day, Kara-kun; black deed, black case, Kara IC. However, in most cases, the metaphorical functions of the epithet in these languages diverge, as in the Kazakh language the word "Kara" can perform as a negative evaluation function (Kara Beth, Kara Horde)and expressive (Kara jer, Kara Shanyrak). Expressions of English black sheep (black sheep), black frost black frost), replaced in Russian and Kazakh languages, for example, black sheep, other Kozy, eudy irdy, eudy shelady; strong hard frost, Kyzyl sun Ayaz and other Replacement occurs when rameterization, when the metaphor of OIA is replaced by the metaphor of the translation language. Traditional compliance. Animal metaphors are basically the same for the secondary category, for example, is "tricky" used tulk; Fox, fox; is predatory, cruel: Askar, wolf, wolf, cunning - SR jylan, snake, serpent; stubborn - GS, bull, bull. However, the emotional-evaluative associations related to in one way or another animal are not the same, in different cultures, for example, the word horse in the English language is associated with positive emotions type "thoroughbred", "healthy", "graceful"in the Kazakh language with the word antibodies are also associated with positive values, for example: at Jay, at Baylor (euphemism - man) and others In the Russian tradition "horse" metaphor mostly accompanied by other, and sometimes opposite associations: "clumsy", "strong", "ugly", "rough", "big", etc. These associations are particularly pronounced if the "horse" metaphor refers to a woman: "a horse-woman" or "Mare" is a big, strong, clumsy, ugly woman. Parallel names metaphors of the source language and the target language. The essence of this method consists in the selection of equivalents of this source of metaphor in the target language, such as metaphors, gawar, diamond sparkler is used as equivalents in different languages. Only in this case one and the same figure of speech denotation is replaced by another word in the target language, but using them in parallel. Parallel name of the metaphors used in cases of parallel items of secondary nomination of objects, for example: hare, Oan, bear, Mama Ayu,bear ; zholbarys, tiger, tiger in different languages. Reception add is used in cases where there are differences in metaphorical constructions of the source language and the target language, for example: the concept of power figuratively transferred in Russian, Kazakh and English languages. Used mostly welcome impersonation when inanimate concept of "power" are properties of the person. In Russian the word "power" is implemented in verbal metaphor: the government has ordered the government decided, in the Kazakh language are added to shaped nomination of power: it Atan su SCSU, in English, the power indicated by the words dominante, rule, dominante role. Receiving demetalizarii is the essence of the method is that the metaphor of the source language is replaced numerations expression, for example: She stared out of the window, a world away (Gordon). She stared out the window, thinking about her.

ﾵ ﾧ

Fig. 26 - the Main directions in the study of metaphor

ﾵ ﾧ

Fig. 26 - the Main directions in the study of metaphor Fig. 27 - translation Techniques metaphors 12.2.2. Examples Example No. 1. Rameterization - You didn't see anyone today? Opposite was one adjutant, one stretched trooper and a lady You didn't meet anybody else at their place today, did you. Yes, I did, There was an adjutant guardsman, and a lady. Example No. 2. Traditional compliance Red girl - beautiful girl. Good fellow - a brave man. 12.3. Reference submodule. Reference frames. "Glossary". List of basic and additional literature", "reference sites" 12.3.1. Glossary Metaphor - trails, the essence of which consists in the formation of secondary portable values based on the similarity of the signs of the two objects. Thus the name of one object is transferred to another according to the similarity of the signs, forms or functions. Personification is the attribution of characteristics of animate beings to inanimate objects. Transfer of title - transfer of names from one subject to another by similarity of signs, of similar shape. Rameterization - replacing the metaphor of OIA on the metaphor of the translation language. Shifting metaphors reception rearrangement of the structural elements of the metaphor. Traditional correspondence - receiving selection of an appropriate metaphor in the translation language. 12.3.2. Secocoeni and additional literature Key readings Arutyunov N. D. Metaphor //Russian language: an encyclopedia. - M., 1979. Vinogradov centuries Lexicology and lexicography. - M.: Nauka, 1978. Zheltukhin M. R. Trails and their functions //Russian literature, 2004, No. 1. Kazakova, T. A. Practical basics of translation. English Is English. - SPb.: Publishing House "Union", 2006. Petrov centuries Metaphor: from semantic representations to the cognitive analysis //problems of linguistics, 1990, No. 3. Further reading Analina L. K. Nomination and derivational relations. - Almaty, 1993. Gusev, S. C. Science and metaphor. - L., 1984. Cassirer E. C. the Power of the metaphor Theory of metaphor. - M., 1990. Lakoff G., Johnson M. Metaphors we live. - M.: publishing house of LCG, 2008. Lotman Y. M. Inside thinking worlds. Man - text - semi - history. M., 1999. Moskvin B. N. Stylistics of the Russian language. Theoretical course. - Rostov n/D: Phoenix, 2006. Ortega y Gasset H. Two main metaphors. - M., 1991. Silver, B. A. About materialistic approach to the phenomena of language. - M., 1983. Cherkasova E. T. Experience linguistic interpretation of tropes //Problems of linguistics, 1968, No. 2. MacCormac, E. R. A cognitive theory of metaphor. - Gambridge, 1985. 12.3.3. Informational sites

ﾵwwwﾧﾵ.ﾧﾵgumerﾧﾵ.ﾧﾵinfoﾧ

intext.narod.ru

ﾵwwwﾧﾵ.ﾧﾵalengﾧﾵ.ﾧﾵruﾧ

12.4. Control training submodule. Operating personnel. "Job" Exercises. 12.4.1. Job Tasks for independent work of students (IWS) Write a report on the theme "Cognitive direction in the development of the theory of metaphor". Read and outline article Y. A. Belikova "Impersonation in the book"the Russian language: an encyclopedia. - M., 1977, 285 S. Tasks for independent work under the supervision of a teacher (SRSP) Turn the offer, which is a metaphorical phrase in Kazakh and English languages. Name the transfer: Muddy crowd of riders raced in the mountains. In the process of anthropomorphism converging phenomena of nature with human actions, replacement of moral phenomena and mental phenomena are physical. The following example find anthropomorphic metaphor: Mashadi stared him (the son - A. K.) after he was sorry son, but he folded wide his arms, saw the mountains, such as stern and proud as he is. Check whether the Russians metaphorical expressions like the fair maiden, my good fellow to pass by taking the traditional correspondence in Kazakh and in English? If they mean the same metaphors in English and their translation into Kazakh and English languages: sarily Kyz, Sulu Kiz (beautiful girl), red maiden (girl), Boz ball (Boz ball), fine fellow (great guy). Translate English metaphorical momentum in the Kazakh and Russian languages. Check whether there are any in this case, the structural transformation a dreаm of a dress, a beast of a car, a barrel of a man, an angel of a girl . Put this metaphorical expression of the cream of society in Kazakh and English languages. Bring cognitive metaphors: the black hole, desert tan in Kazakh, German and English languages. Install, what is the difference between cognitive metaphors from art. Translate linguistic metaphors load of memories, knowledge, running time, the train goes, time goes by, the rain comes in Kazakh, German and English languages. Install, what is the difference of root metaphors: a family tree of languages, a family tree, a branch of languages, the genetic relationship of languages, genealogical classification from other kinds of metaphors? Set features the following metaphors: chronic unemployment, yellow newspaper, the cancer of crime. Set the reception metaphoricaly shaped words: ground moaning - groaning the mother - land of cheese; the whispering birches, the sun laughs, brush it hladil and Tupelo. 12.4.2. Exercises Exercise # 1. Rewrite the text, determine the methods of translation of metaphors from Russian into Kazakh. Heart ascribed human attributes: cold, indifferent (MS Zhurek, Salin Zhurek), the wounded heart (aura Zhurek, sorry Zhurek, an Zhurek)configured hostile to the object of thought (Italy Zhurek, sm Zhurek), faithful (Shyn Zhurek, AK Zhurek, Animas Zhurek), fair (Adlet Zhurek), young, brisk (Jas Zhurek, et Zhurek), timid (regen Zhurek), passionate (Zhalyn Zhurek, ysty Zhurek, July Zhurek, Italy Zhurek), survivors of passionate love and betrayal (kriegen Zhurek) and other Exercise No. 2. Metaphors of English translate into English, using the technique of structural transformation 1. Some literary works rise above heat distinctions of genre car to be out new riverbeds 2. By Blake, Eternity, measurable in clock seconds, trails endlessly into oblivion and reaches indefinitely into the future Exercise # 3. Translate these sentences into English, please note the anthropomorphic model of the Russian and English languages. Storm haze the sky opened up The whirlwinds of snow spinning For Windows ached autumn wind, The glass was crawling rain

12.5. Control submodule. Supervisory personnel. "Questions and answers on them." "Tests for intermediate control". 12.5.1. Questions and answers on them. As discussed metaphor representatives semantic direction? As is understood metaphor representatives psychological direction? What methods of metaphorization you know, What methods of translating metaphors can you name? The essence of the traditional reception of conformity? How do you understand the term "replacement metaphors"? How would you describe the term "anthropomorphic model of metaphor"? What is the admission structural transformation of the metaphor? As you can imagine the reception parallel naming metaphorical basis? Options ototokoi otveta. As semantic neologism, in which the combined direct and figurative meanings of Deneb. Semantic direction considers metaphor as a trope, in which there are semantic shifts on the basis of the characteristics of abstraction, expressive, semantic duplineonline. Representatives psychological direction metaphor is understood as the transfer of naimenovaniya. As trails, which includes direct and portable znacheniya. The genitive metaphors, personification of Deneb. Embodiment, the genitive metaphors, the transfer of words from one plane to another, the implementation of syntactically determined values daneta. Adding, traditional compliance Deneb. Structural transformation, permutation, traditional line, adding a parallel naming metaphorical basis daneta. Selection of appropriate equivalents of Deneb. Used in regard to the metaphors folklore, biblical, ancient origin, when in OIA and five have very different ways metaphorical similarity daneta. Replacement of metaphor is to replace the metaphor of OIA synonymous metaphor in another language Deneb. Replacement metaphors, rameterization is to replace the metaphor of OIA and metaphor Padanya. This embodiment of Deneb. Anthropomorphic model (personification) is a technique when the properties, qualities of a person are transferred to animals, inanimate objects, phenomena daneta. The essence of this method consists in the structural transformation of the verbal and grammatical metaphors. Deneb. Transformation metaphors OIA and Padanya. The essence of this method consists in the selection of equivalents metaphors of OIA in the translation language. Use them in parallel.Deneb. The selection of equivalents of the original metaphor in Paganet 12.5.2. Tests for intermediate control on the subject 1. What shaped tool has the following definition: "Trails, the essence of which consists in the formation of contextual speech values based on the similarity of some features of two objects Metonymy Metaphor Synecdoche Comparison Hyperbole 2. These metaphors relate to what metaphors according to the classification of structural directions: cast iron face an acute problem, thin man, velvety look Noun Verb Adjectives Sacrament Predicative 3. What direction in the classification of metaphors saw it in target aspect, i.e. by running a metaphor functions? Psychological Semantic

Structural Functional Cognitive 4. What method of metaphorization used in this context: its hard icy silence now caused him respect. She looked out the window and sat quite still, as in your own office, without asking a single question. Wow, what a cunt! The flint. Rock. The steel. Battleship Potemkin". (T, Ustinov. Great evil and petty mischief, S. 274). Impersonation The genitive metaphor The transfer of words from one plane to another Predicative metaphor Transfer names 5. What is the transfer metaphor is used in case of differences in grammatical and syntactic forms of OIA and five? The structural transformation of metaphors Welcome permutation metaphors Replacement metaphors Deetatizatsiya Parallel names metaphors OIA and metaphors five 6. What is the transfer metaphor is used in cases of differences in metaphorical constructions of OIA and five? Adding Replacement metaphors Welcome permutation Deetatizatsiya The structural transformation of metaphors 12.6. Statistical submodule. The resulting frames (feedback) 12.6.1. Answers to questions Question No. 1. A superficial answer. True. Detailed answer. Question No. 3. Incomplete answer. Detailed answer. True. Question No. 4. Incomplete answer. Detailed answer. True. Question No. 5. Incomplete, superficial answer. Detailed answer. True. Question No. 6. A superficial answer. Wrong. The right answer. Well done. Question No. 7. A superficial answer. Wrong. Detailed answer. True Question No. 8. Detailed answer. True. Incomplete answer. Question No. 9. Detailed answer. True. Incomplete answer. 12.6.2. Code to the tests B C D C B A Case module No. 13. Problems of translation of metonymy. 13.1. Theoretical submodule. Theory. Information frames. 13.1.1 Metonymy as a cognitive mechanism rehabilitating activity In linguistics, metonymy is also considered as one of the main kinds of tropes that perform the function of secondary nomination: rename items, transfer of names from one subject to another in adjacency concepts. Linguists metonymy is investigated as a mechanism of speech consisting in a regular or occasional transfer of name from one class of objects or a single object to another class or a subject associated with data connectivity, zapredelnosti, involvement in one situation" [Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary, 1990, 300]. Metonymic is the transfer of names from one object to another "on the basis of their real or associative adjacency, connectedness, interdependence" [Morier, 1981, 743], i.e. on the basis of spatial, temporal or causal relations [Paul, 1960, 117]. The basis of metonymic transfer is the influence of external factors: the similarity or contiguity characteristics of two different objects or phenomena in the real world. Change the meanings of words based on metonymic type of transfer is also carried out when the respective influence of the internal regularities of the language, resulting in the strengthening and development of the semantic relations of words, subordinate to his main trends in the development of language - trend expressiveness and regularity. When wrapping the adjacency names tendency of the tongue to the regularity is manifested in the fact that new words, undergoes a semantic shift in the value adjacent to the relevant lexico-semantic groups, gaining the ability analogical application. Analogical transfer is one of the types of associative analogy, creating new words by secondary nomination on the basis of generalization and convergence on associative links related attributes of objects and the transfer of names from one subject to another. The tendency of the tongue to the regularity is manifested in the fact that metonymy serves as a regular mechanism of secondary nomination, contributing to the emergence of new words by semantic way of word formation. When metonymic transfer available in the language of the nominative funds are used in a new function named" [Ganelina, 1993].

When analyzing metonymie serious attention is paid to the distinction between these two mechanisms of speech, saying that if the allegorical metaphors based on the identification of objects, phenomena, concepts according to their similarity, the allegorical of metonymy based on the relationship (ownership) of things (objects, phenomena, concepts). Metonymy is the result of renaming one thing through another associated with it by the adjacency. P. Ricoeur, considering the relationship between metaphor and metonymy, talks about the possibility of the polar relation between metaphor and metonymy more General functional significance, which indicates the polarity of the metaphorical and metonymic processes of thinking [Ricoeur, 1995, 109]. According to R. Jakobson, "competition" between metaphoric and metonymic mechanisms manifests itself in any symbolic activity, whether verbal, intrapersonal, social, or any other [Jacobson, 1990, 129]. Recently metaphor and metonymy were studied in cognitive linguistics, which considers them as cognitive mechanisms of speech play an important role in racemachine and the generation of speech. Metonymy is studied in the framework of this science as the mental mechanism. J.Lakoff and M. Johnson, considering metonimia, as metaphor, as complex mental space (the area of feelings or social experience). In the processes of knowledge of these complex mental space correlate with simpler, specifically the observed mental spaces based on the adjacency of features. Transfer conceptualization observed mental space is directly observable on the basis of the related signs. This directly unobservable conceptualized and included in the conceptual system of a given language community. To illustrate the operation of metonymic mechanism J. Lakoff and M. Johnson characterize mental model "receptacle", widespread in the framework of the concept sphere of "man". As a generic concept for cognitive unit that accumulates knowledge about the world, involved in the process of racemachine researchers use the term "mental model". This category corresponds with a fragment of reality (knowledge which accumulates and is a result of its practical and cultural development. The main source of mental model serves as a perceptual experience (empirical way, decoratory experience). On the language system (associative-verbal level) this unit is designed in the framework of associative-verbal field. This means that the image (mental model) explicated lexical means of different parts of speech, different lexico-semantic and thematic groups [Lakoff, Johnson, 1990]. Metonymy can also be viewed in the framework of cognitive concepts offered j.Lakofa and M. Johnson in relation to metaphor. The authors of the source area is described by the concept of "signification m descriptor" (words or phrases representing concepts from different fields). In target - denotation descriptor (expression, representing the idea of the object of thought). As signification m and denotation descriptors form a finite set, and should be organized in a concise hierarchy that reflects the structure of the respective areas. These hierarchies can serve as individual inputs in base [Lakoff, Johnson, 1990]. Indeed, metonymy can be described as hierarchically organized a field in which you can select the original meaning (signification m descriptor), which produces secondary derived value (secondary denotation - secondary denotation descriptor). The migration source primary value on the secondary when the secondary nomination is made on the basis of mental models metonymic transfer, bringing different concepts based on associative links between them. The convergence of different denotata based on the sign of adjacency is the result of associative thinking in the process rehabilitating activity of the subject. It is the subject in the course of their cognitive cognitive activity brings on the basis of the Association of different concepts, finds common features, compares them, and on the basis of common features between the two denotata makes the conclusion about the necessity of deciding on various denotata under the General concept. Secondary concept is the result of the migration okoncatelnogo experience (empirical), reflected on the associative-verbal level as the primary category of the subject. If metonidazole name of the subject source is transferred to the denotation of the descriptor in the process rehabilitating and cognitive activity of the subject. In this case, there is a secondary conceptualization, manifested in the tabulation under one common notion of names significative and denotation of descriptors based on associative links between them. Metonymic mechanism racemachine manifests itself in bringing together the names of two items in the course of associative thinking and the announcement of nominations under one concept that unites two nominations in the associative-verbal network on the basis of sensory okoncatelnogo experience. Metonymy does not only nominative function, contributing to the emergence of secondary nomination of a new designation, but also has an expressive function. In this case we can talk about figurative metonymie contributing to the decoration of speech, for example, the month of pale beam leads on a sad face (I. Kozlov), emerald eyes, satin skin, cast iron color. Cf. also: "and he now continues to work from morning till night. Losing one job, looking for another, so that "hard labor" remains in full force and effect" [M. Saltykov-Shchedrin, T. 9, S. 199]. Thus, metonymy is a cognitive nature. Its essence is manifested in the fact that it is a cognitive mechanism racemachine facilitating the transfer of names signification m descriptor (source denotation descriptor - area goals) as a result of convergence on the basis of associative thinking the name of two denotata and summing them under one concept that unites two related concepts in the mental metonymic models.

13.1.2 Mental metonymic models Mental metonymic models contribute to the actualization of metonymic thinking in language and speech. In the language of metonymy is seen as an effective way of semantic derivation, leading to new words. In the style of metaphor is studied as an expressive trails. In cognitive linguistics metonymic mental model is investigated as a way of conceptualizing a more complex mental space through less complex mental space. Despite the fact that metonymy is studied in different ways, but at the same time allied Sciences, mental models of metonymically used in all Sciences. Among them seem productive mental models of methimazole in the field of noun and adjective. For nouns the most productive mental models are: content ↔ containing (structure - public or commercial institution, enterprise, for example, the structure of the banking, economic, educational, etc.; market - economic reflections in the sphere of trade; squirrels, rabbits, wolves - Belarusian cash signs and other); effects ↔ scene (space - a single complex of any of the events in a particular area, for example, a single space, economic, legal information, and so on; literary lounge - holding parties, debates on literary themes, and other [Chernikova, 2001, 87-88]. This model can be called and "receptacle - compatible". In the conceptual sphere "man" in this model plays a significant role. M. P. Odintsov about the conceptual sphere of "man" as the receptacle writes the following: "Man is possessed of mind, will, speech, active, i.e., acting in its choice "I", and at the same time is an inert thing - space which contains a variety of objects, substances, material (physical) and ideal (spiritual), such as physical and spiritual: the brain, heart, blood, stomach, chest, feeling such a unique spirit, as a soul, conscience, memory, mind, consciousness, thought, imagination, feelings, and personality traits: love, wisdom, kindness, envy, hatred, sadness, joy, and many others. In the spiritual space is not only all actually human, but limit the whole universe, everything that comes into the mind of a person in the subjective images of nature, animate and inanimate objects, micro - and macrocosm, of the cosmos" [Odintsov, 1991, 65]. Expansion model "receptacle" in the conceptual sphere "people" is governed by metonimia - various partial models: whole - part-whole "man - intellectual, emotional, ideological, speech aspects, for example: in my head → in the skull → brain → in → in mind - if only; chest → heart (soul) - > feelings - confusion. In his mind he made complex calculations. In our dreams - a trip to the sea - out of sight - out of mind [Ilyukhin N. A., 2002]. In the field of metonymie nouns are also common in such models as: 1) the transfer material on the product, for example, copper and copper money, pennies, penny; 2) the transfer of an appellation of the settlement on the totality of its inhabitants or the related event, for example, Borodino (the battle at Borodino field, Filevsky Council with the venue of the Council at Fili); 3) actions on the result, place or involved in the action of the subject (person, object, object, instrument), for example, stop a certain action and the location of bus stops), whistle (instrument whistle and device for whistling); 4) with the forms of expression of the content or its material embodiment in the actual content of, for example, a thick book refers to the subject, and interesting book for content; 5) with the industry knowledge of the science on the subject of science, such as grammatical structure of language and the study of its branch of linguistics; 6) social event, its participants, for example, "the conference will take place in may and the conference adopted an important decision; 7) social organization, institutions on the totality of its staff and premises, for example: "repair factory" and "factory went on strike"; 8) from the whole to the part, cf. the group - tree - pear - fruit; 9) emotional state the reason, for example, "horror", "fear" and "terrible event"; 10) the name of the author can be used to refer to his works or created models, for example, bull - "the name of the master and furniture with a certain type of decoration" [Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary, 1990, 300]. "Model" is a proper noun → work. The model has varieties: 1) the name of the own - product wizard named after him, for example, Kalashnikov (the inventor) → Kalashnikov (machine), Colt (inventor) - colt (weapon); 2) the name of the private - property, estate, land, for example: Mary is Presented to 3000 acres, from the speech of F. M. Plevako: "when Mary Presented was taken to Moscow to treat, who wrote in the name of the wife of Wagner that is Presented was taken to the madhouse. When this letter was written directly: "save its 3000 acres, her estate from the hands of the brethren." In the field of metonymie adjectives, productive models such as: 1) the characteristic of the object → a sign of another object, or is associated with the first object made from it or use it, for example, clean technology, environmental education, computer literacy; 2) the characteristic of the object → attribute of the action associated with the object (laser surgery, building export). Metonimia called adjectives indicative of metonymies. The complexity of metonymie signs is that they are based on nouns and in a greater number of participants transfer (if metonymie nouns or two items, for example: audience (premise) → audience (the people in this area); if metonymie adjectives: two items - one characteristic: brave - bold response (response brave man) [Bireh, 1987, 63]. The mechanism of metonymy adjectives arises from specific object as a mechanism for the nomination. The denotation of adjectives are the qualities, characteristics, attributes of objects. However, the quality, the property does not exist without its media and on "is an adjective always projected the value of the media attribute" [wolf, 1973, 7]. Detailed description of the mental metonymic models perevodovedenie necessary in order to understand how they operate in the cognitive process of human activity, as manifest themselves in different languages, are the same whether these mental models in different languages. 13.1.3 translation Techniques of metonymie Translation of the original metonymie on the target language in many cases is not straightforward, as different languages mental models of metonymy can match. So, in Kazakh and English languages are also common in such models as "part - whole"; "receptacle - gr"; "material product", "name their own work, "action - result", etc. Therefore, the main technique used in the transmission of metonymy, is to replace the original mental model of OIA on the mental metonymic model in five, for example, the mental model: the White house → the White house, AK I → AK I (AK Orda), White hоuse - White hоuse available in these three languages, only in the Kazakh language the concept of "home" replaced the word "Horde"with "national specificity in the sense of "Khan stake, the place of residence of the nomads", "military and administrative organization. However, in the translation process of metonymy source language difficulties are encountered. According to T. A. Kazakova, the greatest difficulty for translation are such cases of metonymic transfer, which is based on Association:

a) between subjects and one of his signs is metonymic epithet; b) between the whole and the part of the subject - synecdoche; in between a proper noun and a common noun, with an overall informative-indicative basis, antonomasia [Kazakov, 2006]. Let us consider the possible techniques used in the translation of these varieties of metonymy. Indicative metonymy arising in cases of transfer name of one concept to another based on common characteristics, causes really difficult, because when the secondary nomination appears figurative meaning, the meaning of which can be confusing for the medium of another language and culture. For example, phrases that emerged as a result of migration on mental models: a sign indicating the color of the clothes → indication that the person in the clothes, such as: brown speakers, brown, brown people evil will be incomprehensible to the addressee, if he has no cultural information about the supporters of fascism, neo-fascism, dressed in a brown uniform. In this case we are talking about the supporters of the political party. That is why the literal translation here cannot be used. The necessary translation and commentary the word. The method of translation of the comment is to give an explanation (brief or extended) to this phrase, to explain its lexical background. To give the concept of the negative associations with the term "brown". The appearance evaluation and stylistic connotations to the word "brown" is the result of the updating of the semantic structure of the original word potential of SEM. The semantics of any word includes not only the lexical concept created by its semantic structure, but also surrounding this word associations that arise in the course of its varied speech usages. These associations are so-called "lexical background of each word [Vereshchagin, Kostomarov, 1983]. Metonymy can be based on any of the components of the lexical background of words that are not included in its semantic structure and occasional manifested in the immediate context. Based on this principle education metonymic transfers. Potential seven fixed on the periphery of the semantic structure of words and the occasional seven, not fixed in the structure of words, and make additional statements on an implicit level. Thus, the phrase "jeans girl", "jeans kigen girl" in Russian and Kazakh languages have additional negative connotations, living on implicational level, and the negative assessment in the Russian language manifests itself most strongly. The English expression "a denim girl" does not pass a negative value judgment, available in Russian culture. This expression is not used in English. Therefore, in the process of English translation of the imagery of metonymie lost. In the process of translation of the expression "denim girl" in English language is necessary satanstoe translation of the commentary, explaining the fact that negative attitudes towards young people, dressed in denim clothing. In the Soviet period, jeans were worn by young people, mannequins and Papa's children, not working and not producing bread their work. And the attitude to such people was negative. And in the West jeans was considered normal work clothes, so in relation to the girl in jeans is not expressed negative assessment. Model the transfer of names from a social event, its participants" also requires the transfer of background knowledge, for example, translation from English expressions Thatcherland, Reaganomics, Watergate requires knowledge of the allusions, vocabulary, background, associated with the appearance of the shape data expression (Reaganomics, country Thatcher, the Watergate scandal) and other The complexity of the translation of metonymie source language, educated on mental models, "part - whole" "whole - part" is that in different languages, methods and constraints in expressions of these categories may differ from each other. In English metonymic transfer of this kind is relatively limited, because there are a number of other funds, primarily metonymic epithet arising on the basis of inflectional. On the contrary, in English synecdoche as natural as natural metaphor, and often without any stylistic loads, depends mainly on giving the syntactic function of a particular word. This discrepancy complicates the translation [Kazakov, 2006]. When translating a mental model of "part - whole" required functional stylistic and semantic transformation of the original expression, for example, in the process of translating English expressions: These wheels will drive you at your pleasure into Russian and Kazakh languages there is a replacement of the expressive English Russian "wheel" and the Kazakh "dinkelacker", for example: "These wheels guarantee a ride with pleasure." "Wasps dinkelacker stderr Riza, polyp ground kepl Baladi. However, lost in translation stylistic identity of the word. If the English expression neutral, in Kazakh and Russian languages, the use of the word "wheel", "dinkelacker" is a spoken vernacular in nature. And in this case, changing the style accessory of the word. Similarly, the translation of the following sentences with the Kazakh language in Russian is also changing stylistic identity and stylistic colouring of words and the structure of metonymy, cf.: "SG persent, AK gauly Orada jatar Horde Sauli"; "SBAR Bastian AK Saal, Kara Sealy iylep, batalay ethnicity", "Mnday GRT Kyzyl aren Jas ball of Ames. Lesn blen of bold, - Ded Abai", "the Holy child, a wife, a hundred sheep in the sheepfold", "white-bearded and black-bearded, headed by Subara left, having received the blessing", "Abai still could not calm down. You no need to explain. And so you understood me. Here not infants! Once there, enjoy your new happiness, and let us give to live".

As you can see, the translation of metonymy is destroyed. Metonymic use AK gauly, AK Saal, Kara Saul, Kyzyl ARIN is replaced in the translation process in the structural plan. In these cases, using the technique of structural transformation expressions. Translation of a mental model "a proper name is the nick name of any case, action also causes difficulties in the translation process. Case names are widely known in any culture, such as Plyushkin, manilow, Oblomov and metonymic transfers - Plyushkin, manilow, Oblomov has become common nouns denoting any trait that causes negative connotations may not be aware of the culture of the destination, so in such cases you want the full conversion of the initial metonymie. In the case restored direct naming, explains why the name became a household word. Should be used as a reception decoding quality, denoted metonymic name. In many cases, the translation is full, adequate translation, when there are cases of coincidence of language and cultural traditions of the expression of individual properties in comparable languages such as Kazakh, German, English, Russian languages similar metonymic use of words head, for example: smart head - head; bass (Basti), bass only, der Kopf (head), the head (head). These metonymic transfers are the same in many languages in the first set to be at the head of something", but may have differences in other differential characteristics. In Russian and Kazakh mental metonymic model "part - whole" coincides in many cases, for example, hat (muddler) - alpha (barefoot, balbir Adam), earflaps - time: cf.: "Train toldi Timea, Guzman tilp"; "the Train was filled with hats, like a herd of oxen"; "Sol atudy she cross ek Zurek of Esau tidy Tulagi"; "In the house like wild colts beat two pure heart"; "Ankama NS, quis Sulu degree Kara cserd CL astanga ALIP Euan money buy bosand is calmady"; "How many talented, wonderful feelings, black eyes, faded in homes Baev, as pearls, tarnished in the ashes". Thus, the analysis of metonymic usages in the language of the translation shows that the translation of metonymy requires the use of various techniques of translation, ranging from a full equivalent of translation on adequate mental models to structural changes in the functional and semantic plans. 13.2. Illustrative submodule. Illustrative frames. "Graphics". "Examples" 13.2.1. Graphics

ﾵ ﾧ

Рис. 28 – Метонимические модели

ﾵ ﾧ

Fig. 29 - translation Techniques of metonymie 13.2.2. Examples Example No. 1. Metonymic model "property - owner. A huge red-faced guard opened the door and said: - Mama, "Mercedes", you will be unable to issue any sound, I nodded (D. Dontsov. Pool with crocodiles). Example No. 2. Metonymic model of "place, space is the people in it" ...but I'm a broken old man ruined by this damned scoundrel and a parcel of swindling thieves in this country (Thackeray) But I have broken the old man, devastated by this scoundrel and a gang of thieves and swindlers... our English". 13.3. Reference submodule. Reference frames. "Glossary". List of basic and additional literature". "Reference sites". 13.3.1. Glossary Metonymy - trails, the essence of which is shaped in the transfer of concepts about any subject on the basis of associations with other adjacency their concepts. Receiving a translation of the comment is welcome, when a translation of the original metonymie in five brief or extensive commentary, explains the lexical background metonymic words. Reception structural transformation is a technique when a translation of the original metonymie changing style accessory words, it is converted into structural and semantic terms. Synecdoche - way metonymic secondary nomination, when the whole name is replaced with the name of its parts. 13.3.2. The list of basic and additional literature Key readings Bireh A. K. Metonymy adjectives in modern Russian) / / Vestnik Leningrad. Ser.2, Vol. 1(2), 1987. Vereshchagin E. M., Kostomarov Century, Language and culture. - M., 1983. Wolf E. M. Grammar and semantics of the adjective. -M., 1973. Analina L. K. Nomination and derivational relations. - Almaty, 1993. Kazakova, T. A. Practical basics of translation. English → Russiаn - SPb.: Publishing House "Union", 2006. Further reading Ilyukhin N. A. The role of metonymy in the interpretation of the concept sphere of "man" (on the material of a mental model "receptacle"// Linguistics, 2002, No. 3. Lakoff G., Johnson M Metafore that we live in // the Theory of metaphor. - M., 1990. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet encyclopedia, 1990. Paul, Principles of language history. - M., 1960. Odintsova, M. P. Images of man - space in language picture of the world and Russian poetic speech // the Artistic text: units and levels of the organization. - Omsk, 1991. Ricoeur P. the Conflict of interpretations: Essays in hermeneutics. -M: Medium, 1995. Chernikova N. In. Metaphor and metonymy in the aspect of modern neology // Philological Sciences, 2001, No. 1. Jakobson R. Two aspects of language and two types opticheskih violations // Theory of metaphor. - M.: Progress, 1990. Morier H. Dictionnaire de poutigue et de rhutorigue. Udition augmentue. - Paris, 1981. 13.3.3. Informational sites ﾵwww.rslﾧ

ﾵwww.rslﾧ

infolio.ast.ru

ﾵwww.gumer.infoﾧ

13.4. Control training submodule. Operating personnel. "Job". "Exercises". 13.4.1. Job Tasks for independent work of students (IWS) Write an essay on the subject "translation Techniques of metonymy from Russian into English. Write a report on the theme "Mental metonymic models: their differences and similarities. Tasks for independent work of students under the supervision of a teacher (SRSP) Determine the difference between the mental metaphorical and metonymic models? Check that the mental metonymic models are in the Kazakh language. Check that the mental metonymic models are in English. Compare using contrastive comparative analysis of metonymic models in three languages. Check their similarities and differences. Give examples of metonymic transfer model "part - whole" in the Kazakh language. Describe the process of metonymical. Translate into English. Give examples of metonymic transfer in English. Describe the process of metonymical. Bring on the Kazakh language. Describe metonymic model name → product, products, actions, properties, hero → the name. Compare examples of metonidazole words on this model in three languages. Set a transfer of metonymy is the most productive. Describe the reception of the semantic transformation of metonymie source language in the target language. Describe the reception of the structural and functional transformation of metonymie source language in the target language. 13.4.2. Exercises Exercise # 1. Compare the texts in FL and five-and determine which way metonymic transformation occurs when one language institution, organization, government official called on the name of the streets and buildings, and the other requires direct nomination. Many of the Madison Avenue stars were involved in the presidential campaign The company President has attended many "stars" of the advertising business (in English Madison Avenue - this street, where the largest advertising Agency in the Russian - direct nomination). Fleet street can make or break a politician. The English press can make a career politician or ruin it (fleet street - the street where the wording of most of the English Newspapers). What does Downing Street think (Longman) - what he thinks about the British government? (outside Downing street is the residence of the Prime Minister and the Chancellor of the exchequer, so this street is associated with the government). Exercise No. 2. Analyze selected metonymic constructions, translate and define transfer it to five. 1. The world was insane, and I no longer wished to have anything to do with it 2. I spent a month of misery, I Suppose, in something very like a profound sulk Exercise # 3. Compare the original text and the test of the five-note on the translation of the original metonymie in five. MNEs cchal, sandy gay, Bra Anau ler "aspirin, Saira arasin, - Dept Jaziri Satyr, Dept, cheese itanda cyberlab selgende, she older Tali aim: - Kelma ATYP PA? (M. Auezov. Abay Joly, 60B.). A swarthy young Zliha the Pew-opener "young Kelin" admired hostess in a whisper, as if afraid that her words would come, where you do not need. - This simple, courteous. In vain her Big Yurt disliked. But what they say: "Let it not be forgotten, let him look up, whose sanroc over her head, in what house hit" (M Auezov. The path of Abai, s.). 13.5. Control submodule. Control and personnel training. "Questions and answers on them." "Tests for intermediate control on". 13.5.1. Questions and answers on them How do you understand the term "analogical transfer"? What are the functions of metonymy? What types of metonymy you know? How do you understand the term "mental metonymic model"? The difficulties encountered in the translation process of metonymy source language? What are the differences between languages in the process of metonymical in different languages? Answer options Button otveta. Analogical transfer is the transfer of names from one subject to another according to the adjacency of posttetanic. Metonymy is the paths formed by the secondary nominalizarea. Nominative, expressive functionality. Characterizing and evaluation functions daneta. Indicative and substantive metonymically. Indicative of metonymy daneta. Mental metonymic models are models that contribute to the actualization of metonymic thinking in language and residnets. In cognitive linguistics mental metonymic model is investigated as a way of conceptualizing a more complex mental space through less complex mental prostranstvennye. The difficulties associated with the mismatch of mental models in different languages; the difficulties associated with cases of metonymic transfer, based on associations (metonymic epithet, synecdoche, antonomasia)Deneb, the Difficulties associated with case imanominee. Differences between languages when translating the original metonymie related to the failure of metonymic transfer models in different azcardinals. Differences arising from the indicative by metonimia of Danet 13.5.2. Tests for intermediate control on the subject 1. Which of tropes based on the hyphenation adjacency concepts? Metaphor Metonymy The epithet

Hyperbole Licata 2. Who of scholars defines metonymy as follows: "metonymy is a regular mechanism of secondary nomination conducive to the emergence of new words by semantic way of word formation" J. Lakoff, M. Johnson R. Jacobson L. K. Analina G. Paul Kazakova, T. A. 3. In these metonymic constructions realized what a metonymic model: Kalashnikov Kalashnikov; Colt - colt, Buhl - Buhl. The transfer material on the product Transfer with effect on the result Transfer with the name of the author on his work, the product Transfer of property to its owner The transfer of the appellation on the people of this country or on any associated with this event 4. What is the transfer of metonymie S used in the process of putting it on the five White house - the White house - AK Orda Welcome replacement Reception structural transformation of metonymie The deadline for full conversion of the initial metonymie Receiving adequate translation Receiving translation comment 5. What is the transfer source of metonymy used in this case: - instead of giving us the mistress of the rest? - Totsky said, looking at Ivan Fedorovich (Dostoevsky) - "Shouldn't we allow the hostess to retire?" Welcome replacement The reception of the structural transformation of metaphors The deadline for full conversion of the original metaphor Receiving adequate translation Receiving translation comment 6. What is the transfer of metonymy can be used when translating the original metonymie on other language: Hats obediently nodded Wye, Kara Beth! CRE CR Senin, araly CSCE Sapan Kara Beth! - Ded Welcome replacement The reception of the structural transformation of metaphors The deadline for full conversion of the original metaphor Receiving adequate translation Receiving translation comment 13.6.Statistical submodule. The resulting frames (feedback) 13.6.1. Answers to questions Question No. 1. The full answer. True. A superficial answer. Question No. 2. The right answer. Incomplete answer. Question No. 3. The full answer. True. A superficial answer. Question No. 4. Incomplete answer. Detailed answer. Well done! Question No. 5. Detailed answer. True. Incomplete answer. Question No. 6. The full answer. True. A superficial answer. 14.6.2. Code to the tests B C C A B D

Case module No. 14. Compare and ways of their translation 14.1. Theoretical submodule. Theory. Information frames. 14.1.1 Cognitive and linguistic nature of the comparison The comparison is a complex phenomenon that is being studied in various disciplines and from different points of view. From a logical point of view, the comparison is to establish the similarities and differences of objects and phenomena of reality. In the logic of the compared call concepts, the content of which, despite having different characteristics, there are also some common characteristics, based on which you can compare these concepts [Kondakov, 1971, 49]. Logical comparison is a comparison of expressing the quality, to the same extent and characteristic of his subject and its object. Logical comparison is only through language, and the structure of language comparison is based on the logical structure and through it conducts comparative semantics. C. M. Goltsev, considering the comparison as a logical reception, pointed out that "Comparison is one of the most important methods of cognition of objective reality. Moreover, in a number of other logical techniques comparison holds a special place as for each of them it is the primary and essential element. No analysis, no synthesis, no abstraction and generalization is impossible without comparison" [Goltsev, 1978, 16]. The comparison is not only logical method of learning, but also a tool of cognition, special way of cognition of reality. This is a complex phenomenon that includes not only the components of the human spirit (knowledge, consciousness, mind, thought, idea, creativity, planning, reasoning, inference, problem solving, matching, fantasy, dreams), but also processes such as perception, mental imagery, memory, attention and recognition" [Maslova, 2005, 15]. The activity of cognition is understood as the totality of all processes performed by the components of cognition in the process of human activity [Webelieve, 2006, 144]. The comparison is also a component of cognition, as the processes of perception, the formation of mental images, the recognition is carried out through the act of comparison. It is the comparison contributes to the implementation of the learning process. The learning process is always based on something already known and the goal is to understand something not yet known. In comparison, there are elements indicating the action of cognition, namely: 1) the data elements; 2) the elements of activities; 3) result. During the mapping of the two objects (specified and required) is detected General characteristic (cognition and perception), linking these two items. And then on the basis of the common characteristics are compared items. At this stage the specification of summarizing the names (concepts about the subject) under the General category of close concepts, summarizing their characteristics. The logical connection admission mapping activity cognition (perception, recognition, categorization, generalization) language is manifested in the fact that, firstly, the results rehabilitating activities are expressed in language; secondly, it is impossible to talk about the mapping of objects and phenomena, as people are not able to match them, so their essence for a person is determined only through perception, i.e., by creating in the mind of the person synthesized views about the complex characteristics of the thing. In the matching process, therefore, operates not by objectively existing objects, but only representations about them. Mapping is the process of human thinking. And thinking is concerned with the concepts, therefore, are mapped to concepts of the subjects. In connection with this comparison as a category of logic, assumes the existence of three elements: a) a concept that requires explanation (comparandum); b) the notion that serves to explain (comparatum);) posledstviyami connecting element that serves as a "bridge" between the two concepts... This is common between the newly experienced before known is called in Latin tertium comparationis, i.e., the third comparison, the third value when the two compared" [Potebnya, 1976]. In linguistics, the comparison is considered as a dialectical unity with both the content and the form. In the definition of the comparison, as a linguistic phenomenon, reflects the essence of it as mapping, i.e., the contents of this phenomenon and comparison, i.e., the linguistic form of this phenomenon. Comparing, representing the unity of form and values, closely linked to both the logic and language. Therefore, in the language than there is a logical structure, but the form of its language. Thought Century. M Ogoltsev, the structure of the linguistic comparison as follows: "Shaped comparative structure includes, first of all, components, expressing the logical elements of comparison; component representing the element a, or "theme"; component representing the element, or "image" (both of these elements are usually referred to as members of the comparison; a component expressing the third element of comparison, i.e., a sign, put in a basis of comparison ("the criterion of comparison", "comparing", tertium comparationis). A necessary element of comparative language structure index is also comparing m, indicating in terms of figurative comparison to the fact of assimilation with the first member of the second comparison. Means of expression of the element m is extremely diverse" [Goltsev, 1978, 34]. comparison maps are not the subject with the object, and the individual subject with the concepts. And above all it is the ratio of the elements provides a figurative comparison function of linguistic expressions. 14.1.2 translation Techniques comparisons The main ways of translating the source comparisons to another language are: descriptive translation comparisons, replacement comparisons metaphor, replacing the comparison is equivalent to comparing the target language. The analysis of national comparisons shows that very often in translation do not reflect national realities. Comparison of the source language are ignored, there is the literal translation of comparisons, for example, when translating the works of I. yesenberlin "the Nomads", there are some translation errors that occur due to ignorance of the national specificity of expression elements and m [Abisheva, 1997], for example: very often, the translator uses reception passes the comparison, not replacing them or analogs or descriptive expressions. Translated disappeared many bright deployed comparisons, so characteristic of the Kazakh people. Cf.: “Adamsite of Ames, cctag pershagen twenty, GLn Garan isoldi Tadiran Sulu Zhane Siisti Helge the finally ispain army CES Lybek Zheti asinan medresesi burp, Parsa, Turk, Arab tln irelan” (I. Yesenberlin, Cspencer, b.). In translation: "unearthly beauty was this fourteen-year-old girl. Moreover, contrary to the established laws against women, the great Ulukbek-Myrza gave his daughter seven years in madrasas taught her Persian, Turkish and Arabic languages" (I. Yesenberlin. Nomads, S. 93).

I. Yesenberlin often used in composition shaped comparisons of national realities, traditional poetic images, but in the translation they did not reflect, cf.: "BL he's a devil-he Alty jasar girl ed. ABA Ben kүn sulene somaliren, lken gaudinian bot Kader arattai AP-Kara, Ouma aus, bldrs Inder tech lstate an garlanda sikma, or asinan whom Ames musical Sulu". In translation: “It was a girl about fifteen years old. The rays of the sun played on the white face, little heart were compressed crimson lips, and black eyes reflected Batyr, Koblandy with unnaturally placed his hands”. Kazakh people have an ideal of beauty was a girl with huge, like a young camel eyes (bot Koz), with a small mouth (AIMA aus) (I. Yesenberlin. Nomads, S. 88). In translation there is an incomplete transfer of figurative comparisons of the original, i.e., with omissions and deviations from their subject-matter content, with the replacement of individual components (AIMA aus - heart), which also contributes to the distortion of the original, the depletion of important from the point of view of national poetics of the image. Welcome replacement comparison. Comparison of the source language can be replaced by an equivalent comparison, if the image In the same in both languages, and ways of grammatical comparison expressions can also be replaced by similar, for example: "Kultegin alandi can iyaman Hana Arap, elk creden keude soar bacillary Atin atop kelp, Kenneth SL cudgen" (I. Yesenberlin, Cspencer, b.). In translation: "Koblandy Batyr began to enumerate distinguished themselves in the campaign Batyrov, but suddenly stopped. Violently he shook his the tips of long, from ear to ear, black mustache. His eyes, the size of the palm of his hand, twisted red veins, stared at Khan" (I. Yesenberlin. Nomads, S. 24). In some cases a lot of comparisons replaced by one comparison, for example, al Osip kelp ostarin Tchen seijun-dariani TSI RCS-rces of Esau srill calendary idirty testardi GAA Li crma glyp Ala inlets valley ed. EC Jay Brda Adam Cronbach Ali AMIS, Anari. Berdan R cigada BOP tracyp kitchen tapal the boilie torail Myung Jew easy” (I. Yesenberlin, Cspencer, b.). In translation: “Saundarya was here violent and capricious river. Shore her overgrown with tall thickets of reeds, the wall stood the riparian forest that grew elm and dense thickets" (I. Yesenberlin. Nomads, S. 108) . Interesting is the admission hyperbole comparison when replacing the target language. So, in the Kazakh language the Mongols like a handful of salt thrown into the river. Cf. "Kazakh gerne Alan moon basinscale San gainan ISD brunda-AK AZ-tn. Scan HOLAP Alan gerne TRT of balasana TRT Lys blende, Mool scene risesun he canadan bar Bergen TRT myn scar the finally APR bar. Mool nayantara Yes, a Shelek sua salinan the musical us tsdi Ali Kazak, arasina CRP, briolat any tln, DNN Alyp, sder de Kazak, polyp cited" (I. Yesenberlin, Cspencer, b.). In translation: "the Mongol invaders who seized the Kazakh lands were laconic. One-on-one had them in relation to the indigenous inhabitants of the steppes of Desht-and-Kipchak, and they quickly disappeared into the mass, as a handful of salt thrown into the river" (I. Yesenberlin. Nomads, S. 22) To transfer comparison in translation can be used, according to Antikine A. M., single metaphor, often genitive, metaphorization member which is the first vertex of the comparison, metaboliziruemami - second [genticin, 1982], for example: Alasses AZ Kara KS ajnadayn, Jurecka ICTY tip salad sayin. Look in the mirror eyes dear Turns heart - will not himself When using this method, the translator converts the comparison, replacing it periphrastic. Replace the original comparison can be performed by selecting functionally-equivalent comparison in the target language. The most successful replacement within generalization, concretization. The total core image remains unchanged, cf.: Zurek - TES, izti br - ASYL TAS Sol izzys mode Zhurek Almas. Heart - sea, where joy - of-pearl Select them and will fade shore (M Taranovsky) Receiving selection denotation equivalents in the target language. The essence of the method is that the national dyed comparison should be done, keeping the image comparison. When transferring comparison to another language, you must save the image In the structure of the comparison, selecting the corresponding names of denotata, concepts, which explains the subject of the comparison, for example: national-colored specific, do not have Parallels in language translation tools to translate literally, while maintaining a sense of brevity, imagery (arattai Koz - eyes like currants; say TSTA jariyan Sulu - beauty, like the midday sun, our ASDI tsvetelin as migratory birds), and so on Receiving descriptive translation.

The essence of this method consists in the destruction of the original comparison and replacing it in the language of the periphrastic translation, descriptive expressions, for example: "Belajar jowar Betty the created itty" (I. Yesenberlin, Kostandin, 80B.). In translation: "Full of gloomy thoughts, returned to bet Khan Abulkhair, and his eyes flashed lightning" (I. Yesenberlin. Nomads, S. 57). In the given case, there is only the logical content of the comparison, although it is necessary to pay attention to the replacement of the metaphor (lightning). In the process of descriptive translation comparisons translators can resort to inserting comparison, missing in the original, for example: "Belajar arinna bi butylamine alday gainda Otyrar Sulu mrty INEC pins galas anjani TS su Garage Koz iiin augarde" (I. Yesenberlin, Kostandin, b.). In translation "sat Motionless ahead of their Argunov handsome man with a black moustache Janibek and square, like a granite rock, Kerey. As cold sharp daggers were their faces" (I. Yesenberlin. Nomads, S. 27). In this case, the translator is not only added to the text of the new translation comparison, but had forwarded the comparison relating only to Carey. It is noteworthy that in this way the comparison is more consistent with the situation described in the novel. Thus, the analysis techniques of translation comparisons shows that in the process of transmission from the source to the target language you want to save the national specifics of the image, focusing on how the lexical expression of the image and grammatical making comparisons (element m). 14.2. Illustrative submodule. Illustrative frames. "Graphics". "Examples". 14.2.1. Graphics Table No. 6 - Specificity of the expression element In comparisons of different languages Thematic groupaverage element In comparisons Kazakh yazykovedenie element In comparisons Russian jazyka"Man", "Adam"family ties: how svekrovi as mother-in-law, as the bride, the bridegroom, as father, as mother age: as a child, as a child, as a woman, as the old man physical condition: as deaf as dumb as blind social membership: like a gentleman, like a thief, as a guest body part: as a finger, as a thorn in lasukalns, kiln, Aiel, jenő, ATA, GE, er, Erkek

Бала, кыз, бозбала, жiгiт, кемпiр, шал 2. Орудия, при- надлежности труда Дым коромыслом, как клещами вытаскивать, как шило из мешка, грудь колесом и др. Бiз, мойынагаш, күрек, балта 3 .Предметы быта, домаш-него обихода .Как самовар, как печь, как в бане, как на салазках, как блин, как сыр в масле, руки кренделем, как тертый калач, Аркан, жiп, шелек, саба, астау, кiлем, макпал, киiз, тускиiз, киiз уй т.б. 4. Домашние животные. Как корова, как кляча, как сивый мерин, как коза, как крыса, как кошка, как свинья, как боров, как мышка. Ат, жылкы, қой, тай, тулпар, бота, туйе, нар, бұқа, қозы, тайынша, сиыр, шошқа, мысық, ит. 5. Домашняя птица. Как курица, как петух, как голубь, как уткатауық .6. Дикая птица. Как сорока, как сова, как коршун, как орел, как журавль, как лебедь и др. Кыран, сұнқар, каршыга, лашын, буркiт, ительгi, аққу, қаз, тоты, булбул, торғай. 7. Дикие животные, пресмы- кающиеся, рыбы. Как волк, как слон, как зебра, как змея, как рыба, как рак, как жаба, как рак в решете, как медведь. Қасқыр, арыстан, жолбарыс, аю, құлан, бөкен, арқар, теке, жылан, буйi, шаян, құрт, құмырсқа, балық, бақа. 8. Насекомые. Как мухи, как тараканы, как блохи, как саранча, как жуки, бабочка. Шыбын, кобелек. 9. Природа, стихийные явления. Как огонь, как море, как гора, как небо и земля, как черная туча, гром, молния, ветер, ночь, день, звезды, горы. Булт, найзагай, жел, дауыл, тун, кун, жұлдыз, тау, шөл, дария, теңiз. 10. Растительный мир. Как лен, как свекла, как вишня, как тополь, как липку и др. Тары, ағаш, шөп, жапырақ. 11. Вещества и их качества. Как железо, как сталь, как стекло, как дерево, как серебро, как вакса, как янтарь, как рубин и др. Тас, темiр, алтын, кумiс. 12. Предметы церковного обихода, религиозные и суеверные представления. Как в церкви, как икона, как у Христа за пазухой, как ладан, как демон, как ведьма, как в воду смотрел. Акырзаман, иман, перiште, қор қызы, сайтан, перi.

Ball, Kyz, bozbora, event, Kemper, EAS 2. Guns, accessory work a topsy-turvy as tongs to pull out, as the awl out of the bag, the chest and other BIZ, mayinga, crack, Balta 3 .Household items, home-use .As samovar, as an oven, as in the bath, as on a sled as a pancake, like cheese in butter, hand pretzel as grated roll, Arkan, JP, Shelek, Saba, astou, Clem, Makpal, CIS, tuskys, CIS UY T. B. 4. Pet fee. As the cow, as nag as grey gelding, like a goat, like a rat, like a cat, like a pig, as a hog, as a mouse. At zylka, OI, tai, Tulpar, bot, tuye, Nar, BA, Kozy, Taiynsha, sier, Sosa, MISI it. 5. Poultry. As the hen as the rooster, a dove, as otkatu .6. Wild bird. As forty, like an owl, like a kite, like an eagle, like a crane or a Swan, and other Kyran, sonar, karchiga, Lashin, burst, itellg, Akku, AZ, toty, Bulbul, tori. 7. Wild animals, presly - penitent, fish. As a wolf, like an elephant, like a Zebra, like a snake, like a fish, like a cancer, like a toad, as cancer in a sieve, as the bear. User, Arystan, zholbarys, Ayu, ln, BCEN, Arar, Teke, jylan, buy, Shayan, RT, moyra, Bali, BAA. 8. The insects. Like flies, like cockroaches, like fleas, like locusts, like beetles, butterfly. Shibin, male. 9. Nature, natural phenomena. Like fire, like the sea, like a mountain, as heaven and earth, like a dark cloud, thunder, lightning, wind, night, day, the stars, the mountains. Bolt, nisaki, VC, dauyl, Tong, kun, Zhuldyz, Tau, SL, Darius, TES. 10. The vegetable world. As flax, beet red as cherry as poplar as sticky and other Containers, AAS, SP, japara. 11. Substances and their qualities. The iron, like steel, like glass, like a tree, as silver as the wax as amber, as Rubin and other TAS, Temir, Altyn, Kums. 12. Ecclesiastical objects, religious and superstitious ideas. As in the Church, as icon, as in Christ's bosom, as incense, as a demon, as a witch, as in water looked. Certamen, Iman, persta, or ISI, on, per.

ﾵ ﾧ

Fig. 30 - the Basic techniques of translation comparisons 14.2.2. Examples Example No. 1. National comparisons Csen inalbum, botany CSHA mlgreen, - Ded Re BRN GUP-shiip (D. Belew. Ain Armani). Myung s, SR, zerek amazpn-AU damn, me estrem, TSA oimai, euimin otin-otin itip orelup, CIS ayira today telmap Barep itatin detm bar (So Aktanov. Sara snresn). Spinning like a squirrel in a wheel. Poor as a Church rat. How about the wall pea. Worn as a hen with one chicken. Example No. 2. The method of using semantic counterpart in the translation comparisons AK cilek kigen Saymanl AI Nariman sailship, Bruce APPA saala, Bruce AUA caidi (C. Elubay. AK Bose y). And yet his thoughts returned to Skipjam. She appeared before him in a white dress, walking forward, cleaving asunder of the night darkness. No, it's not Jamal, this is the white Swan flies over the black world (S. of Lobaev. Lonely Yurt). 14.3.Reference submodule. Reference frames. "Glossary". List of basic and additional literature". "Reference sites". 14.3.1. Glossary The comparison is shaped tool that has a logical structure, but the language form used to shape the characteristics and knowledge of reality through its comparison with other on the basis of any characteristics that form the basis of comparison. Structure comparison - comparative structure, comprising logic elements: 1) a concept that requires explanation; 2) a concept that serves to explain; 3) a third value when the two compared concepts. Language figurative comparison is shaped tool that is different from the logical by several factors: 1) the maps are not the subject with the object, and the individual subject with the concept; 2) members of figurative comparisons are "objects" heterogeneous, which leads to "imagery" comparison. Language the national comparison is shaped tool is formed as a result of languagefiles thinking ethnic groups, establishing shaped Association between heterogeneous objects, phenomena belonging to different classes. 14.3.2. Primary and secondary literature Key readings Abisheva K. M. Comparison - social components of language as an ethnic marker and the problem of adequate transfer of support funds //Components structure of the Russian language and its teaching methodology. - Arkalyk, 1997. Bagaeva E. A. Towards comparative studies of linguistic means of expression comparison in German and Kazakh languages //Functional-semantic aspect of the study of linguistic units. - Alma-ATA, 1992. Kunin A. C. Sustainable case comparison in Russian and in English (the experience of a comparative analysis of the Russian language abroad, 1969, No. 3. Oholiav C. M. Sustainable comparison, in the system of Russian phraseology. - L.: Publishing house of Leningrad.University, 1978. Kadyrov because of Structural-semantic nature of the comparison in the Kazakh language. - Alma-ATA: Mektep, 1985. Further reading Bally W. French style. - M., 1960. Genticin A. M. Figurative comparison in the Kazakh language and the ways of its translation into Russian and English languages (based on translations of the poetry of Abai Kunanbaev in English and Russian) //proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, 1982, No. 1. Kondakov N. And. Logical dictionary.- M., 1971. Margaryan E. C. Cultural tradition and the problem of differentiation of its General and local manifestations //Methodological problems of the study of ethnic cultures. - Yerevan, 1978. Maslova Century A. Cognitive linguistics - Mn.: Tetrasystems, 2005. Potebnya, A. A. From the notes on the theory of literature. Aesthetics and poetics. - M: in "Art", 1976. Webelieve, E. Language as a means of access to the processes of cognition //Bulletin of Kasmu. Philological series, No. 6(96), 2006. Kourou So Tracy taeuber Kazakh language. - Almaty: "Arys" baspasy, 2007. 14.3.3. Informational sites

ﾵwwwﾧﾵ.ﾧﾵperevodﾧﾵ4ﾧﾵikﾧﾵ.ﾧﾵcomﾧ

uz-Translators: For translators

14.4. Control training submodule. Operating personnel. "Job". "Exercises". 14.4.1. Job Tasks for independent work of students (IWS) Write a report on the theme "national specificity comparison. Write a report on "Methods of translation comparisons of OIA five". Tasks for independent work of students under the supervision of a teacher (SRSP) Note from the book S. Maugham "the Moon and sixpence" 10 comparisons in original and translation, and define the methods of translation comparisons. Analyze the statement Century. I. Barton that comparison and metaphor can be used in cognitive (heuristic) function, that is, "as a form of reflection of the most common properties and relationships of objective reality", "as a means of cognition of the same properties and relations" (Barton C. I. Comparison as a means of knowledge. M., 1978, 48) and draw conclusions about the cognitive nature of the comparison. Determine what the error is a "false analogy" in the statement: "the War for a country like physical exercise for man". In the following examples, locate, compare, translate it into English Ira - cunning as a Fox, Ira - sly Fox. Define thematic group member expression In the Russian language, write them in a column and set their national identity: a piece of cake, as bitter radish, as the wall peas, fit as a fiddle as cabbage, mushrooms, wet cock as chicken in the soup, like water on a duck, like a hen with an egg, as the grey gelding, like a bull, like a rabbit as a pancake, as kvashna, as on a furnace, as a canvas, as copper samovar, as a log, in an oblique fathom, in three boxes (to tell) and other Write down 10 comparisons of the compositions of the original and compare them in translation. Identify the techniques of translation comparisons. Compare between methods grammar comparisons in Russian and in English languages and make a table to show the matching results. 14.4.2. Exercises Exercise # 1. The Reveiw comparison of the source language and identify the transfer comparison in Russian and English languages. Soyinka - So called Nara for his black and power - obediently stepped back, sweeping the ground hanging from the legs long hair (C. Dosanov. Second life). Exercise No. 2. Check whether there is semanticeskaja transformation in the translation of OIA five. Write down five comparisons of works "the Way of Abai" and translate them into Russian and English languages. Only you mustn't think I'm different don't mean that lived, they say, life is short, like a flower, and love does not have tasted that the berry not started (n Gasanov. Second life). Exercise # 3. Compare, comparison of OIA and five-and identify whether the omission of the original comparison in five. AK ARIMA stndig Akku ISDN KZN Ala Alma, AirCap Alan Asym (D. Dosanov. Ech life). Hood, brown, black, narrow eyes (C. Dosanov. Second life). Exercise # 4. Identify the basic codes of culture, used to form images of comparisons. 14.5. Control submodule. Control and personnel training. Questions and answers on them. "Tests for intermediate control". 14.5.1. Questions and answers on them What is the difference image from the logical comparison? What is the national specificity comparison? What methods of translation comparisons native language you can call? What is the method of replacing the original comparison? What is the method of selecting the functional equivalent? What kind of translation errors occur during the transmission of the comparisons of the source language to the target language?

Answer options. Answer button. 1A. If the logical comparison is one of the methods of cognition that figurative comparison is taking the scenic characteristics of the object of thought through its comparison with heterogeneous concept, the subject of Dane B. Logical comparison is used to compare objects to each other, arranged for assimilation of heterogeneous predetemined. 2A. The national specificity of the comparison is that the image (b), and associations related to heterogeneous items every nation, inadequate, which is associated with the convergence of objects of different classes on the basis of associative thinking ethnic groups, in different increasing substrate adhesion of various characteristics of the subjects. Yes no B. national specificity of comparison associated with the use of different codes for its expression, inadequate in different ethnic groups. Yes no 3A. Welcome replacement, semantic analogue selection equivalents in five, skipping comparison, descriptive translation. Yes no B. Replacement comparisons of OIA in five/ Yes no 4A. The method to replace the original comparison is to replace it with equivalent comparisons in five. Yes no B. Replacement synonymous of sravnenitel. 5A. The method of functional analogue consists in the selection of comparisons in five, which performs the same function as the comparison of OIA. Yes no B. Selection of equivalent comparison in five.Yes no 6A. Translation errors are the consequence of failure replacement realities in comparisons of OIA, permit comparisons. Yes no B. Incomplete transfer of figurative comparisons of the national language. Yes no 14.5.2. Tests for intermediate control on the subject 1. Comparison expresses the quality, to the same extent and characteristic of his subject, and his object? Logical Figurative Figurative language Associative National 2. Comparison has a logical structure, but its linguistic expression: 1) the topic; 2); 3) the criterion of comparison; 4) comparison Logical Figurative Figurative language Associative National 3. What components of the comparison are national specifics? Theme The way the indicator comparison Posledstviyami, binder Shape code The third comparison 4. What is the transfer of the comparisons is to destroy comparison of OIA? How to replace Receiving selection of the semantic analogue of Receiving a specification of the image comparison Receiving descriptive translation 5. What is the admission semantic transformation of the original comparison in five? Replacement In selecting the functional equivalent of the In the pass comparison of OIA In selecting the denotation equivalents in five In the semantic transformations within gipergeometricheskoi replacement generalization image comparison, specifying its 6. The following ways of expressing the elements in the source comparisons specific to any culture: big atingi Ararat, held garyp, Jitka ber. Dosym ed in-tidy eunan, life then TERENA Boylan. TASA up Bibr, Botada bosap kg. Jas ozdy mayran, Saul ngenda ayran Russian Kazakh English German French 7. For a culture characterized by the use of the following comparisons with national specifics: got ' em for life as Christ's bosom, as the watchtower, like a cockroach behind the stove, fold hands a pretzel, paddling money with a shovel, the sky is really sick Russian Kazakh English German French

15.6. Statistical submodule. The resulting frames (feedback) 14.6.1. Answers to questions Question No. 1. Detailed answer. True. Incomplete answer. Question No. 2. Detailed answer. True. Incomplete answer. Question No. 3. The full answer. Whiz! A superficial answer. Question No. 4. The full answer. True. A superficial answer. Question No. 5. Detailed answer. True. A superficial answer. Question No. 6. The full answer. True. A superficial answer. 15.6.2. Code to the tests A C B E E B A

З

Conclusion Analysis of problems associated with the description of the categorical structure of science "Theory of translation", the definition and characterization problems "untranslatable", national-specific translation requires the formation of translation theory as a new discipline with its own categorical apparatus, as well as science, developed the theory of the adequacy of the translation. Therefore, the result of this survey, we found that: science "Theory of translation" should be institutionalized and to take its place among other disciplines, has its own categorial structure of science, the circle of the theoretical problems and issues. Its object of study is a secondary reproductive translation activities, subject to the result of this activity, as well as the translation ability of the translator. The subject of this activity - interpreter; the methodology of this science complex. It is an integrated paradigm that includes a number of General scientific principles and methods, as well as astronaute methods used in the practice of translation activities; translation is a communicative activity entity. It can be characterized as a secondary reproductive activity, as it has, first, the dynamic nature is characterized as a function of (speech activity), and secondly, as a form of activity (primary and secondary languages used in the translation process as a means of organizing translation lingualcommunicative activity); thirdly, as the substance (the way the verbalization of human experience and a transformed form of the activity of subjects of this activity). Translation can also be represented as the implementation of the dialectic processes of objectification and raspredsetevaya, as well as one of the species of the subject, as it has all the signs of activity. However, translation is also characterized as an act of intercultural communication and textual activity; the language of the translator has a more complex nature. In the structure of its highlights seven parameters (verbal-semantic, cognitive, functional, socio-cultural, professional, motivational, pragmatic). An interpreter is a bilingual identity, characterized by certain linguistic abilities and a high level of translation competence; during translation activity the subject of the translation is faced with the problem of national-specific due to the inadequacy of cultures and differences system languages, therefore, determined the components of cultures, the assimilation of which represents the difficulties described species lingualtechnik barriers and gaps; the problem of defining the translation associated with the attempt to resolve terminological disorder in this area, the vagueness in the definition of "translation". Translation is defined as purposeful, satisfying the needs of society in bilingual communication reproductive-mediating activity, actualizing during the three stages of translation activity, during which there are primary and secondary intercultural communication, implementation of specific functions, with specific actions related to the understanding and comprehension of the source text and its interpretation in the framework of the culture of the destination secondary text is a transformed life of a translator; in the translation process, the translator is faced with different kinds of translation, allocated on the basis of different criteria (the form of the spiritual and practical activity, the activity of mental mechanisms, actualizing in the translation process, the criterion of genre and stylistic varieties, linguistic criterion, the criterion of the degree of contact languages in the translation process). The basic techniques of translation can be characterized in three ways transfer: transformation, interlinears, pragmatic; the most effective model of the translation process is a cognitive-pragmatic model that allows to describe the translation in all its forms and as a secondary reproductive activity, and acts as intercultural communication and as a textual activity; translation realities causes certain difficulties still no exact classification realities (denotation and connotation), is not defined groups, the difference between the gaps. So, look at the description of realities, their types and techniques of translation into another language; difficulties in translation-related and multiple-meaning words translation, because the translation process is semantic interference associated with the divergence of the semantic structures of words in different languages. In this regard, in the work described semantic structure of polysemantic words, given its definition, identified the types of differences in the semantic structure of words of different languages, the described techniques of translation; complications occur when translating idioms. Therefore, in the comparative characteristics of phraseological units in linguistics and in perevodovedenie shown their national specificity and described the basic techniques of translation of phraseological units;

when translating synonyms also have difficulties, as a novice translator difficult to immediately find an adequate replacement words of the source language. For this he needs to have an understanding of the classifications of synonyms, types of relationships between dominant synonymous, and some members of this synonymous paradigm, know the techniques of translation synonyms. Therefore, the work focuses on comprehensive characterization of synonyms on the methods of transferring them into another language; the terminology is also associated with considerable difficulties, then that many translators do not assess for themselves the cognitive essence of the term, its properties, which causes complications in the selection of its equivalents in another language. In this regard, the paper discusses the terminology concept, described its properties set forth the basic techniques of translation terms; the most difficult is also the transfer of such stylistic means, as metaphor, metonymy, comparison. So, they characterized as a cognitive entity, identified their linguistic and cognitive nature, describes the causes of translation errors, classification of mental, metaphorical and metonymic models, describes the basic techniques of transferring them to another language. Detailed description of the main components of the categorical structure of science "the Term translated" and the focus of researchers, students on the problems of translation theory shows that this branch of science Humanities linguistics intensively developed and improved, solving actual problems of the theory of language

Т

The tests for the first boundary control 1. What is the object of the discipline of translation theory? A) System-language, functional language, the semiotic side of the transfer; The Object is a conglomerate of items that need to be combined with the idea of translation (General laws, a systematic study of its nature, the study of the translation process, the problem of adequacy of translation, its relationship with other spiritual activities, and others); C) Posrednicheskaja translation activities in the framework of interlingual communication submitted directly (process), and indirectly, i.e., reflected in the results of the translation process); D) the Process of cross-language verbal communication; E) Secondary, reproductive mediating translation activity. 2. That is a matter of translation? A) the Process of translation activities and its results. In the Process of translation in a broad socio-cultural context; (C) the Process of identifying the entity drop-down in various aspects; D) the Original and translated texts, knowledge, and experience of the interpreter, especially the perception of the people that are targeted in the text; (E) The mediating translational activity. 3. Who is the subject of the translation industry? A) Bilingual C) The Mediator C) Otpraviteli text D) the recipient of the text E) Bilingual mediating translation activities and providing bilingual communication 4. What method is used as a methodological tool of analysis in the method of typological simultaneous comparison? (A) Component; C) Distribution; C) Contrastive-comparative; D) Method of interpreting and understanding; E) Method of transformational analysis. 5. What method is used to study the set of environments in which this element may occur? (A) Component; C) Distribution; C) Contrastive-comparative; D) Method of interpreting and understanding; E) Method of transformational analysis. 6. What is the nature of the activity translation? A) language-text activity B) creating a secondary text C) In the reproductive activity D) understanding and comprehension of the original text E) In raspredsetevaya-objectification; the transformation of the source text in the translation product of creativity 7. Why translation activity is reproductive? A) Because it creates a text in the target language B) Creates objectified text C) Because the text as the product is created in the secondary language D) Because the translator replaces the language code and encodes the text E) Because in the process of translating the source text is not transmitted verbatim, and converted 8. What is the difference between translation as intercultural communication from the normal communication? A) In the language B) In the composition of communicants C) that the interpreter has to deal with two types of texts D) In the secondary product E) three Communicants, two languages are used, objectified text is created in the target language 9. Determine how to manifest the dialectic processes of objectification and raspredsetevaya in the translation industry A) Speech (objectivation language characters) - language material (objectification) C) Language (obligatory system that contains information about the phonemes, words, phrases, sentences), it is the process of speaking and understanding the language material (the result of a process of speaking and understanding); C) Language - speech - speech activity; D) it (original text) - the perception of foreign-language text is a translation language (translation into another language) by means of another language; (E) Motive (need translation), perception (objectivation), text in one language to text in another language (objectification) 10. Determine the peculiarities of translation as an act of intercultural communication. A) K1 (speaking) →K2 (understanding)

общий язык

В ) К1 (говорящий) К2 (слушающий)

общность языка

общность социо-культурного опыта

С) К1 (говорящий) К2 (слушающий)

общность языка

общность социо-культурного опыта

регулирование акта коммуникации этническими стереотипами и постулатами

D) К1 (говорящий) К2 (слушающий)

(отправитель сообщения Я2)

(получатель текста Я2)

Е

(источник сообщения Я1)

(опосредую-щий реципиент Я1 )

) К1 + К1 + К1 →К2

1

11. One among the scientists gave the following definition of text as the "activity testoobraznogo producer, directed to a specific recipient" A) T. M. Dreze C) L. C. Szczerba (C) M. M. Bakhtin D) I. R. Galperin E) T. A. van Dijk 12. What shall be the sign text expresses the relations existing between the parts? A) Connectivity C) The Structure C) Informative D) Integrity E) Modality 13. What types of texts serve two functions: function and aesthetic impact A) official lyrics B) Public-informative texts C) literary texts D) Spoken texts E) Religious texts 14. Who among scientists gave this definition of linguistic identity: "the Set of abilities and characteristics of the person behind the creation and perception of speech works (texts), which differ in: a) the degree of structural-linguistic complexity; b) the depth and accuracy of reflection of reality; C) specific target orientation"? (A) C. P. Kopecky In) Century Century Sparrows (C) Y. N. Karaulov (D) A. G. Baranov (C) M. R. Kondubaeva 15. Who among linguists gave this definition of full bilingualism: "Full bilingualism involving knowledge of both languages perfectly, extremely rare phenomenon" A) B Hasanali C) E. D. Suleimenov (C) A. E. Karlinsky D) M. K. Isaev E) M. J. Djusupov 16. What type of language personality can be attributed to the translator? A) communicative personality C) national identity C) Linguistic personality D) Bilingual person E) Professional identity 17. Who of the following types of linguistic identity is characterized by the structure parameters, such as: motivation, verbal-semantic, cognitive, pragmatic, professional, functional, socio-cultural? A) communicative personality C) national identity C) Linguistic personality D) Bilingual person E) Professional identity 18. One among the scientists talked about the fact that translation competence competence transfer? (A) Century Wills In) D. Haims (C) N. Chomsky D) A. D. Schweitzer E) Y. Naida

19. Who among scientists gave this definition of translation competence: translation proficiency in two languages (at least receptive mastery of the source language and reproductive in the target language), in which languages are mapped to each other; the ability to "translation and interpretation of the source text (i.e., to the vision of his eyes medium of another language and another culture); ownership of technology transfer (i.e., a set of procedures that provide an adequate reproduction of the original), including modifications required to successfully overcome the "cultural barrier"; the knowledge of the norms of the target language; knowledge of provisions of this style and genre of text; a certain amount of "background knowledge"necessary for an adequate interpretation of the source text, and in particular what is called the "knowledge"necessary for the successful transfer of this specialization of an interpreter. The concept of translation competence can be specific to the different types of translation and include, for example, creativity necessary for art, and in particular, poetic translation (A) Century Wills In) D. Haims (C) N. Chomsky D) A. D. Schweitzer E) Y. Naida 20. Who among researchers gave the definition of translation as dvukhfaznoi activity? A) C. N. Commissioners B) The HP Barkhudarov C) A. D. Schweitzer D) Acting Cadet E) C. C. Seals 21. What the researcher classifies translation on reason according to the operation of the mental mechanisms? A) The HP Barkhudarov B) R. K. Minyar-Belorusov C) S. C. Seals (D) S. Of Talanov E) Century Century Sdobnikov, O. C. Petrov 22. What translation theory focuses on how to have complied with the three group matches: 1) compliance equivalents; 2) compliance analogs; 3) compliance with adequate replacements A) Transformational model C) Semantic model (C) Model of natural correspondences D) Model of the levels of equivalence E) the Denotation model 23. This technique is typical of what translation theory? The interpreter interprets the source text, links language units of OIA with the relevant denotata of the world. Then, identifying the denotata, he describes them with the means of the target language, replaces the names of the respective denotata A) the Theory of natural correspondences C) the Transformational model of translation (C) the Denotation theory of translation D) a Semantic model of translation E) Model of levels of equivalence 24. What model is translated as a holistic process that takes into account communication, text-language activity entity translation process, its reproductive nature of the cognitive activity of a translator? A) the Theory of natural correspondences C) Situational-denotation model C) Denotation model D) Informative model E) Communicative activity model 25. In any translation models are possible such translation? A) I. In the process of analyzing the structure of the original is converted into nuclear structure IA II. The transfer of nuclear structures in five III. Synthesis (reverse engineering) A) a Semantic model of translation C) Transformational model C) Denotation model D) the Theory of natural correspondences E) Model of levels of equivalence 26. What kind of transfer stated in this definition: the change of components in the structure of supply A) Permutation C) Replacement (C) The Omission D) Adding E) Descriptive translation 27. What kind of technique is characterized in the following definition: "the reception, the essence of which is to reduce redundant words necessary to convey meaning in the translation language" A) Permutation C) Replacement (C) The Omission D) Adding E) Descriptive translation 28. What kind of reception it is possible to say in cases of replacement of the generic concepts in OIA species in five: A) permutation C) replacement (C) generalization D) specification E) descriptive translation 29. What technique facilitates formal pohonenom to recreate the original lexical units using phonemes translating language: A) Transliteration C) Transcription C) Antonymy translation D) Effeminacy original values E) Specification 30.What kind of technique is characterized as "the translation of the inner form of the word, its structure through the use of funds translating language? A) Transliteration C) Transcription C) Calques D) Tightening E) Generalization The code tests the first boundary control E E E C B E C E E E C A C C B E E A D D B C C E B A C C B C

Tests for the second boundary control 1. Who among researchers gave this definition of "national form": "this is a whole system of people's thinking, reflected in the images. It is caused by a peculiarity of history, ways of life, beliefs, customs, skills, and tastes of every nation. To capture the features of the national form in another language is one of the biggest difficulties that must be overcome translator" A) R. Faizullaev C) P. (Tech (C) A. D. Shmelev D) A. Verbitskaya E) B. N. Kozlovsky 2. Who of scientists identified the national-specific components of culture, giving a complete picture of its national identity? A) A. D. Shmelev C) A. Verbitskaya (C) C. G. Ter-Minasova D) J. A. Sorokin, I. Y. Marcovina E) I. A. Sternin (Moscow) 3. In which national culture time is seen as cyclical, mythological, situational, family, environmental? A) The Russian In English C) Kazakh D) German E) Spanish 4. Who among researchers introduced the concept of "key word culture? A) A. D. Shmelev C) A. Verbitskaya (C) C. G. Ter-Minasova D) J. A. Sorokin, I. Y. Marcovina E) B. N. Kozlovsky 5. Who among researchers gave this definition of reality: words or combinations, naming objects, characteristic life (life), cultural, social and historical development of one nation and another alien (A) Century, SAC C) C. N. Telia (C) C. I. Florin, C. P. Vlahov D) A. I. Fedorov E) C. S. Vinogradov 6. Who of the following authors believed that the realities are words, no translation in the translation? (A) C. S. Vinogradov B) Century Century Vinogradov C) C. C. Sipowicz G) A. D. Schweitzer D) C. C. Vlahov, I. Florin 7. What group of onomastic words are now listed realities: Oval Cabinet, the Hill, Honest Abe A) Place Names B) Anthroponyms C) Titanime D) Zoonomy D) Hydronyms 8. What is Express the connotation realities? A) Grammatical meaning B) Lexical meaning In) Estimated value G) Denotation (subject) is

D) Direct 9. Who of scholars examines the complex word as a unity lexico-semantic variants? (A) L. A. Novikov C) R. A. Budagov C) I. C. Arnold D) K. P. Smolin E) A. N. Shmelev 10. What type of differences in the semantic structure of words can be attributed to the mismatch in the words "Baur", "liver", "liver" in different languages? A) the Difference in the meaning volume multiple-meaning words C) Mismatch acetimeter potencies words (C) the Mismatch distribution of multiple-meaning words D) Mismatch in portable meanings of the words (E) differences in connotative meanings of words 11. What is the equivalent of the Russian word "write" in English, you can specify: A) Write (a common value) - write B) to Write (music) - compose C) Writing (painting ) - paint G) Write (draft) - design D) to Write (program) - design 12. The Russian word "pure" in English corresponds to seven adjectives (clean-clean), spotless (unadulterated); antiseptic (antiseptic); neat (neat); immaculate (spotlessly clean); Bures (net); clear (clear). Specify what the concept represents this word: A) Generic, observation B) Species C) Detailed G) Gianmichele D) Gipertonicheskoj 13. In the basis of competent analysis based on three principles: 1) a description of the meanings of the word as a finite set of elementary semantic units, or components; 2) the representation of these components as independent of specific languages universal representations; 3) interpretation of them as components of a conceptual system. But the most frequently used two principles: 1) the meaning of each word consists of a minimal set of semantic elements; 2) the entire vocabulary of the language can be described using a limited number of these units. What language units can be recreated using component analysis? A) Homonyms B) Archaisms In) Mnogoznachnye words G) Realities D) The Nonce Words 14. Who among scientists classifying phraseological units according to the degree of semantic match, highlights phraseological fusion, phraseological unity phraseological combinations? (A) C. S. Vinogradov B) N. M. Shan In) Century Century Vinogradov G) O. S. Akhmanova D) In. And. Codehow 15. What scientists were given the classification of phraseological units in perevodovedenie when were allocated predicative lexical and phraseological units? (A) C. S. Vinogradov B) N. M. Shan In) Century Century Vinogradov G) O. S. Akhmanova D) In. And. Codehow 16. What type of phraseological units in perevodovedenie has the following characteristics: first, included in the vocabulary of the language as analogues of different parts of speech; second, they are characterized by semantic integrity, as each unit has a specific meaning and is realized in speech; third, we consider sustainable units have verbally-expressed internal form. A) Lexical idioms B) Comparative phraseological units B) Predicative sustainable combination D) Proverbs D) Sayings 17. One among the scientists suggested the following ways of translation of idioms: a) absolute equivalents b) relative equivalents C) completely different lexical means g) using descriptive translation A) A. S. Vinogradov B) A. C. Fedorov C) C. S. Kuzmin D) T. A. Kazakov D) C. C. Sipowicz 18. Who of scientists considers synonyms as words that are close or identical in meaning, denoting the same concept, but different from each other, or shades of meaning or stylistic colouring, or both signs? A) A. P. Evgenyeva C) C. N. Klyuyev C) ,P. Golovanova D) A. A. Bragin E) J. D. Apresian 19. What links are to sell? A) Collocative C) Correlation C) Inclusive D) Hierarchical E) Communication opposites 20. What functions synonyms are recorded mainly in the translation process? A) Function identities In Function differentiation (C) Feature specification D) the substitution E) Cognitive function 21. What is the unit of language is associated with the scientific concept and executes definitive function? A) A Synonym

В

C) The Term (C) a significant word D) The Phraseological Unit F) Antonym 22. Who of scientists says about the formation of terminological thesaurus? A) Y. N. Karaulov B) L. K. Of Analine (C) U. G. Aliyev D) I. Ii. Susov E) S., Shafikov 23. What scientists from the definition of metaphor "as the transfer of the name of one representation into another sphere - a different view, like any feature of the first or continuing any with him indirect analogy" (A) Century Century Vinogradov C) F. N. The Buslaev (C) That Is So Cherkasova E) N.D. Arutyunov E) J. M. Lotman 24. Representatives of what direction the metaphor is used as a tool of cognition? A) Semantic C) Psychological C) Formal D) Cognitive E) Functional 25. The implementation of a mental model causes difficulties in the translation process? A) a Receptacle - gr C) Whole - part (C) an action - result event D) Material - product thereof (E) the name of the own - product, product, property 26. Who gives this definition figurative comparison: "shaped comparative structure includes, first of all, the components of expressing logical elements of comparison; component representing the element a, or "theme"; component representing the element, or "image" both of these elements are usually referred to as members of the comparison; a component expressing the third element of comparison, i.e., the sign of which formed the basis of the comparison criteria comparison? A. A. A. Potebnya C) C. M. Oholiav C) So Konorov D) C. A. Maslov E) A. C. Kunin 27. In any case, the translation comparisons of the source language mistakes? A) Literal C) Literal (C) Skipping comparison D) ignoring realities in the structure comparison E) Descriptive translation 28. What is the transfer of comparison used in this case: "Obladi Batyr alandi can iyaman Hana Arap, elk creden keude soar bacillary Atin atop kelp, SL cudgen. Koblandy Batyr began to enumerate distinguished themselves in the campaign Batyrov, but suddenly stopped. Violently he shook his the tips of long, from ear to ear, black mustache. His eyes, the size of the palm of his hand, twisted red veins, stared at Khan" A) Receiving replacement comparisons In Functional similar C) Descriptive translation D) Receiving replacement comparison metaphor E) Exaggeration comparison 29. The characteristics below: a) marginal b) nenormativnoy ) synchronously-diffuse d) expressive d) was not registered in the dictionary describe what words? (A) the Potential of the word B) Nonce Words B) Neologisms G) Historicisms D) Archaisms 30. What words disappear from the language because of the disappearance of the concepts? A) Archaisms B) Historicisms B) Neologisms D) Nonce Words D) Borrowing Code to the tests for the second boundary control In D With And With D In With With With And In In In And And D And In D In And With D In In D And In In

The test for the final control of students ' knowledge 1. Who of scientists suggests that the subject of translation theory is the result of the translation industry? (A) S. C. Seals B) Y. C. Evvoia, E. C. Double (C) C. N. Commissioners A. D. Soccer E) K. M. Abisheva 2. The essence of a specialized method of translation is to segment text and perform some action on a specific schema: (1) the definition of the segment of text that you want to process; 2) segmentation of the text you want to highlight in each speech text one, the main information; 3) highlight important information of each speech segment; 4) recording the selected information of each speech segment; 5) the transition from signs and symbols to full text A) A. D. Schweitzer C) R. K. Minyar-Belorusov C) H. Harris D) Y. Naida E) Ie Thevagina 3. Why that translation is an activity? A) Because the translation, as well as other activities, is the motive of the activity B) Is the subject of activity C) Is the result of the activity D) Has the motive, the purpose, installation, a specific set of actions, subject, tools, product activity 4. Who of scholars defines the text as a "work receptorsare process, objectified in the form of a written document, literary processed in accordance with this document a work consisting of the name (title) and some special units, for example, paragraph unities combined different types of lexical, grammatical, logical, and stylistic connection with a specific focus and pragmatic installation" A) M. M. Bakhtin C) T. M. Dreze C) ,J. Halpern D) L. C. Szczerba T. A. van Dijk 5. One among the scientists gave the definition of translation as a form of linguistic mediation? A) C. N. Commissioners C) A. N. Fedorov (C) S. C. Seals D) C. Y. Rosenzweig E) R. K. Minyar-Belorusov 6. Which research highlights the types of translation by genre-stylistic criteria, distinguishing two types of translation: the artistic and informative? A) C. N. Commissioners In) HP Barkhudarov (C)R. K. Minyar-Belorusov D) T. A. Kazakov E) Century Century Sdobnikov, O. C. Petrov 7. What translation theory is based on data from component analysis? A) a Semantic model of translation C) Transformational model C) Denotation model D) the Theory of natural correspondences E) Model of levels of equivalence 8. What translation theory focuses on achieving multiple levels of equivalence (the target level, message level, the level of description of the situation) A) a Semantic model of translation C) Transformational model C) Denotation model D) the Theory of natural correspondences E) Model of levels of equivalence 9. What model is premised on the following provisions: the content of all language characters reflects some objects, phenomena, relations of reality. Items reality, reflected in the language of signs, called denotata. The situation in reality is a set of denotata and relations between them A) the Theory of natural correspondences C) Situational-denotation model C) Denotation model D) Transformational model E) a Semantic model of translation

1

10. Who of scientists is developing a three-phase model of bilingual communication in translation? A) J.J. Catford, W., SAC C) C. N. Commissioners (C) Acting Cadet D) D. Seleskovitch, M. Lederer E) C. S. Vinogradov 11. Who among researchers wrote that national-cultural specificity of language is that the meanings of the words are the components that either differ from the related SEM in lexical correspondences language comparison on the contents or status, or completely missing in one (or more) compared semen if they are in another (other)? A) A. P. Komarov In) Century, SAC (C) A. D. Shmelev D) I. A. Sternin (Moscow), G. C. Bykov E) J. S. Stepanov 12. One among the scientists talked about the gaps as "white spots" on the semantic map language? A) Y. S. Stepanov C) I. A. Sternin (Moscow) (C) Z. K. Temirgazina D) J. A. Sorokin E) I. Y. Marcovina 13. Who among scientists introduced into scientific use the concept of gaps as "semantic wells"? A) Y. S. Stepanov C) I. A. Sternin (Moscow), G. C. Bykov (C) Y. A. Sorokin, I. Y. Marcovina D) Z. K. Temirgazina E) Century, SAC 14. What is the feature of the barrier preinformation knowledge? A) Ignorance of cultural behaviours C) Insufficient level of cultural-historical information C) Gaps in knowledge translator D) the Inadequacy of words and THEIR five (E) ignorance of the peculiarities gianmichele or gipertonicheskoj concretization of words 15. What kind of replication contributes to the expansion of the use of the word? A) Semantic calque B) Derivational tracing paper C) Phraseological calques D) Polyanka E) Inaccurate tracing 16. What vellum reproduce the morphological structure calciumin words? A) Semantic calque B) Derivational tracing paper C) Phraseological calques D) Polyanka E) Inaccurate tracing 17. Which group realities include the following words: Inca, Aymara, Quechua, Guarani, Mayan, Aztec, araucana A) Phenomena of the natural world B) Administrative units and public institutions In) Onomastic G) Ethnographic D) Geographical 18. Some people have such reality as "five - o - clock"? A) French B) English In Russian G) Kazakh D) Hungarian 19. One among the scientists suggested the following ways of transferring realities, namely: a) transliteration or transcription; b) the creation of new words; C) the use of the word, denoting something similar (though not identical) functions to foreign language realities; g) generalized approximate translation, in which the words of OIA, denoting the notion of species is transmitted in words of five, calling the notion of generic A) A. C. Fedorov B) C. S. Vinogradov C) .And. Vlahov,S. P. Florin D) J. A. Sorokin E.) D. Tomakin 20. When there are differences in the grammatical or syntactic forms IA and five, the differences in the traditional use of metaphors, which can be used when translating? A) Receiving permutation C) the Structural transformation of the (C) Adding D) Parallel naming metaphorical basis E) Traditional compliance 21. What kind of expressive means of language acts as a regular mechanism of secondary nomination? A) Metaphor C) Metonymy (C) Comparison D) Synonyms E) Idioms 22. What mental models of metonymie transfer in the following example? A) a Receptacle - gr C) Whole - part (C) the Place of action - the result

D) Material - product thereof (E) the name of the own - product, product, property 23. What are the meanings of the words "small" and "shallow" are the same when comparing A) shallow stream - shallow streem, shallow Bay is a shallow lagoon, a shallow puddle - shallow puddle B) Fine roots, shallow water (ang) C) Shallow ploughing, small vessel (Russ) D) Shallow wretlins "breath" D) Shallow ular ulcer (ang); small wrinkle (Russ) 24. Who of scientists argues that the special difficulty when translating Russians are polysemantic words, which in English has several meanings. In this case, the interpreter should give an answer to the question: what exactly expresses one or another complex word in what context it is used? (A) Century Century Vinogradov B) L. A. Novikov C) O. S. Akhmanova G) Century. And. Codehow D) C. C. Sipowicz 25. What reception of the translation of phraseological units used in this case: free rote (Erkin dauys), general will (Barany tlag), strung on a thread (gpce TSE Berd) A) Functional similar B) Calques (C) Selecting a partial equivalents of idiom OIA in five D) Descriptive translation E) Translation using absolute equivalents 26. Who of scientists argues that the special difficulty when translating Russians are polysemantic words, which in English has several meanings. In this case, the interpreter should give an answer to the question: what exactly expresses one or another complex word in what context it is used? (A) Century Century Vinogradov B) L. A. Novikov C) O. S. Akhmanova G) Century. And. Codehow D) C. C. Sipowicz 27. What is the way of the terminology used in the translation of the following terminationtime: atty currency, AK poets, Tr Argy A) Klisarova In) Calques With Transliteration D) Transcription E) Descriptive translation 28. What a terminological mistake in the case of translation of such terms: masetti St (whole milk), Kyran (mayor), Archie (Lieutenant), altar (pump) A) Calques C) Klisarova C) Using the functional equivalent of the D) Transliteration E) Descriptive translation 29. What method of translation comparisons of the source language is used when replacing it in five periphrastic? A) Receiving replacement In Descriptive translation (C) Receiving selection denotative elements comparisons of OIA in five D) Skip comparison E) a Semantic analogue of 30. What is the transfer of comparisons used in the translation process data comparisons: arattai Koz - eyes like currants; our ASDI tsvetelin as migratory birds A) Receiving replacement In Descriptive translation (C) Receiving selection denotative elements comparisons of OIA in five D) Skip comparison E) a Semantic analogue of Code to the tests of the final control E In E With In E And E In With In And With In And In G In With In In And D E In In In With In With

Абишева Клара Мухамедияровна

Основы теории и практики перевода

Учебник

Ответственный редактор Байкадамова М.С.

Компьютерная верстка Аманжоловой А.Д.

Подписано в печать с готового оригинал-макета 06.09.2012

Печать офсетная. Формат бумаги 60х84/16.

Объем 16,8 усл. печ. л. Тираж 500 экз. Заказ № 389

Отпечатано в типографии «Профи-Полиграф» с готового набора:

Адрес: 010000, г. Астана, ул. Ташенова, 19, офис 84

тел. 8(7172) 398118, 398169

166