- •1.Morphology and syntax as parts of grammar. Main units and types of relations between grammatical units in language and speech.
- •2.Main grammatical notions.Grammatical meaning and grammatical form. Grammatical categories. Method of opposition.
- •3. Structure of words. Types of morphemes.
- •4. Means of form-building. Synthetic and analytical forms.
- •5. Parts of speech. Principles of classification
- •6. Notional and functional classes of words
- •7. The noun. The category of number.
- •8. The noun. The category of case.
- •10.The adjective. The category of degree of comparison
- •9. The noun. The category of article determination.
- •11. The category of tense.Posteriority.
- •13. The category of aspect.
- •14.The Category of voice.
- •15. The caegory of mood.
- •16.Verbals. The category of representation.
- •2)External functioning of ph: a)According to the syntactic function of the adjunct: attributive (cold weather), object (writing letters), adv phrs (very interesting)
- •18. Phrase , means of expressing relations between its constituents.
- •19. Sentence as the main unit of syntax.
- •20. Predicativity. Primary and secondary predication.
- •21. Principles of classification of the sentences.
- •22. Compound sentence. Semantic relations between the clauses.
- •23. Complex sentence. Structural classification of complex sentences.
- •24. Syntactical structure of the clause( simple sentence). The model of the members of the sentence.
- •26. Transformational model (tm)
- •27.Semantic structure of the sentence.
- •28.Communicative structure of the sentence. Functional sentence perspective (fsp).
- •29. Word order
11. The category of tense.Posteriority.
I)Sem cr-prosses developing dynamically in time II)Morph a)form build(Cat of tense, person, number, aspect, order, posteriority, mood, voice, representation) b) wd-build derivational zero-suffixation( to park) sound interchange(feed) –ate (cultivate), -en (broaden be- ( befriend) and prefixes are: re- (remake)III)Synt(funct predicate, non-finite verb performs different functions, combinability:N, adv, prep)
The gr category denoting time is called tense.it reflects the objective category of time and expresses the relation between the time of the action and the time of the utterance.
time denoted absolutely(with regard to the moment of speaking) & relatively(-// to a certain moment) In most langs:future,past,present tense.(Russian).
Future tense. It’s analytical form ( will do). This form developed from the modal form and doesn’t cover modal verbs and it’s homonemous with modal verbs . ( will \shall). According English scolars, it is not analytical form, it’s modal verb. I will have to go back to the hotel.
Time in English expressed by 3 categories : -absolute category of tense (present\past) -relative category of posteriority ,which denotes absolute post(will come) & relative (would come) -the category order( denotes prior action is marked by perfect form have\has\had) –the cat of aspect
12. The category of order \ correlation.
I)Sem cr-prosses developing dynamically in time II)Morph a)form build(Cat of tense, person, number, aspect, order, posteriority, mood, voice, representation) b) wd-build derivational zero-suffixation( to park) sound interchange(feed) –ate (cultivate), -en (broaden be- ( befriend) and prefixes are: re- (remake)III)Synt(funct predicate, non-finite verb performs different functions, combinability:N, adv, prep)
In English there’re special forms for expressing relative priority-perfect forms→express 1)time(actions preceding a certain moment);2)the way the action is shown to proceed(the connection of the action with the indicated moment in its results or consequences).So the mng of the perfect forms is constituted by 2 semantic components:temporal(priority) & aspective (result,current relevance)=>perf forms have been treated as tense-forms or aspect-forms.
oppositions: comes-has come, is coming-has been coming. These oppositions reveal the cat of order(correlation, retrospect, taxis). Tense &order are closely connected but they’re different categories, revealed through different oppositions: comes-came, comes-has come.
The fact that verbals have the category of order(to come-to have come, coming-having come)& have no category of tense also shows the difference of these categories. The mng of perfect forms may be influenced by the lexical mng of the verb(limitive/unlimitive), tense-form, context & other factors.
13. The category of aspect.
I)Sem cr-prosses developing dynamically in time II)Morph a)form build(Cat of tense, person, number, aspect, order, posteriority, mood, voice, representation) b) wd-build derivational zero-suffixation( to park) sound interchange(feed) –ate (cultivate), -en (broaden be- ( befriend) and prefixes are: re- (remake)III)Synt(funct predicate, non-finite verb performs different functions, combinability:N, adv, prep)
Aspect denote the manner or way in which the action is experienced or regarded: as a mere fact or as taken in progress. Aspect is a major category denoting the character of the action. ( continuous\ not contin. common/cont) tense& aspect- diff cat revealed in diff oppositions( comes-came; comes- is coming). Inf has the cat of aspect.
Aspect denotes the manner,but not the time. the category of aspect is very closely connected with the lexical meaning of the verb. Dynamic <->stative (perception, cognition: know, like, see)Durative=> Terminatice(limitive) V -action implying a certain limit(close, break) Durative(unlimitive) don’t imply any such limit(walk, read)