14.The Category of voice.

The cat of voice: morpg-al expression of the semantic roles of the gram subject and gram obj.; The form of the verb shows what semantic roles the gram subject and gram obj perform in the sent. This cat is revealed through the opposition of forms: active and passive. Act V denotes action issuing from the Subj. the gram sub coincide with semantic sub. Pass V- action directed towards its object. In pass constr the gr subj is the object of the act. Voice opposition: cover both finite and non-f form of the V; Pas – marked, strong form - analytical (to be + Participle 2); mng: the gram sub is acted upon, it receives the action from the outsides. Act – weak member – presents the action as originating in the gram subj, sub isn’t acted upon; express a variety of mngs.

Absence of direct correspondence btw meaning & form =>problem of number of voices. Ther 3 voices: Middle voice. The door opened: form active; the process is going on in the Sub, the gram mng of the Act V;the Sub is not acted upon, Lexically passive V in the active voice. no opposition in form=> no gr category. Reflexive voice and Reciprocal: He hurt himself. Meaning – the action is concentrated on one and the same person. Form – verb + reflexive pronoun. But reflexive pronouns can be omitted and the meaning of reflexivity remains: He shaved and dressed.

Voice and Syntactic function: the Act: for objective transitive verbs – 3 obligatory elemnts: Sub, Predic, Obj. for subjective intransitive verbs : Sub, Predic, NO Obj. (The door opened) The Pass – essentially 2 members – the Sub (semantic obj) and the Pred

15. The caegory of mood.

Cat of M – gram cat denotes modality(relation of the contents of the utt to reality as viewed by the speaker).Means of expr modality: phonetic (intonation), lexical(mod v), grammatical(mood).

Cat of Mood: the gram cat of the V reflecting the reality of the action denoted by the V to reality from the speaker’s point of view; Mood is the char-ic inly of finity V.

The Indicative: represents an action as a real fact

imperative: represents an action in the form of command, request: let him do it. but! don’t let us...

Subjunctive: represents an action as a non- fact imaginary, problematic. Mood opposiyion (facts and non-facts)

There is asymmetry of form and mng : homonymy of forms(there is not a single form among other mood that is not to be found in the Indicative. The cat of M is revealed through the opposition of the system of forms of each mood.

Syntactically the forms of dif M can be distinguished in speech due to their distribution. Every m is restricted to particular variants of syntactic structure. The same form can express dif meanings of unreal modality. The Oblique M have cat of aspect, order, voice, prospect, person. No tense distinction, time is expressed relatively.

16.Verbals. The category of representation.

Inf- properties of the V & N . name the prosses.cat of asp, order, voice. Comb:with finite forms, non-processual parts of sp. Func: subj, obj, adv mod, att. The main theoretical problems are the lexico-grammatical status of the particle ‘to’ & whether the to-inf & the bare inf constitute 1 form of the V

The Gerund is a non-finite form of the V which like the inf combines the properties of the V with those of the N & primarily serves as a verbal name of the process. It’s characterized by the categories of order (asking – having asked) & voice (being asked). The theoretical problem – half G –categorial neutralization(his yawing – him yawing)– is related to ing-form in general.

The Pr Part (P I) is a non-finite form of the V, combines the properties of a V with an adj\adv. It serves as a qualifying prossesual name. plane of expression is homogeneous with the G ending –ing & distinguishing the same grammatical category of order, voice. It may combine with a N, proN as direct, indirect, prepositional Obj, adverb or a prep phr as an adv modifier, or with a N or adjective as a predicative. G & PI: posess diff categorical, funct, sem properties

The Past Participle (PII) - a non-finite form of the V which combines the properties of the V with those of the adj. it serves as a qualifying processual name. The PII ia a single form, havinf no paradigm of its own. order&voice written(both)-loved(pass)-gone(perf)

The cat of representation (Finitute). the 2 subparadigms are opposed both morphologically & synthetically. All finite forms (s) ÷all non-finite forms (w). The differential feature is constituted by the expression of verbal time & mood. The members of the opp are contrasted as predicative & non-predicative. Predicative are marked morphologically through the forms of tense, mood, person & number (so they are strong members) This form represents purely verbal representation. Non-predicative forms are unmarked. They demonstrate 2 types of verbal Predicativity: substantive representation (inf & G) & adjectival representation (PI &PII). Non-finite forms are language specific.

The question arises whether verbals should be included in the class of verb? Whether they should be considered as a separate part of speech? They should be included: 1.every stem takes finite and non-finite forms of the verb; 2. Criteria Principle: a. processual meaning; b. they have some of the v gr cat : voice, order, aspect; c. many of the w-building means are used in the non-finite forms; d. the syntactic functions are different e. the combinability is similar. Non-finite forms do not belong to the class of verbs, but they form a subclass of its own, because they have some specific features. The differences able to speak about the category of finitude which is built on the opposition of finite/non-finite forms.

17. Phrase. Principles of classification.

Ph is a SYNTAGMATIC GROUPING OF 2 OR MORE WORDS It’s important to distinguish free word combinations (phs) &anal forms of a word. There are 2 elements in an anal form. Like a word, a Ph is a naming unit, but it performs the naming function in a different way. The naming function of the Ph distinguishes it from the S the main function of which is communicative.

Rel btw components subordinative, coordinative and interdependence (subordination (headword\modifier; Order – regressive\progressive), coordination (syndetic, asyndetic; opem, closed), interdependence = bilateral mutual depen-ce of elements 1. The noun dominates the verbal determing the person of predication 2) the verbal domin the noun ) Morphol expression of the components: noun phrs, verb phrs, adv phr, pronominal and adjectival phr.

Phrs: endocentric (headword can replace the who;e structure and have the same function as the whole w gr) & exocentric (non-headed, :preposit ph and predicat)

according to the number of constituents: binary (cold weather) and multiple (a girl with blue eyes