- •1. Early Britain. Ancient population.
- •2. The Roman invasion.
- •4. The raids of the Danes and their role in the unification of the country.
- •5. The Norman invasion. The main principles of feudalism.
- •6. Early British education. The first universities. A medieval town.
- •7. England in the 14-15th centuries (the 100 Years’ War, the Peasants’ Revolt, the War of the Roses).
- •8. The policy of the new monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Elizabeth I.
- •9. Gaining power and expansion during the Tudor period.
- •10. British government and society in the 16th century.
- •11. British economy and the problems of the poor in the 16th century.
- •12. The Crown and Parliament during the Stuart period.
- •13. Republican and restoration Britain.
- •14. The 17th century British society.
- •15. Changes in political life in Britain in the 18th century.
- •16. Life of the British in town and in the country in the 18th century.
- •17. Industrial revolution in Britain and the war with Napoleon.
- •18. Reforms in Britain in the first half of the 19th century.
- •19. Britain’s international and home policy in the first half of the 19th century.
- •20. The years of self-confidence in Britain: industrial power, towns and the rise of the middle class.
- •22. Social and economic changes in Britain between 1876 and 1914.
- •21. The years of self-confidence: population, politics, the British Empire and life in Ireland.
- •23. Britain the World War I.
- •24. The after-effects of World War I for Britain.
- •25. Great Britain in World War II.
- •26. Britain after World War II. The Suez Canal conflict.
- •27. Attitude to the British towards the monarchy in the 20th century and Thatcher’s government.
- •32. Seas and coastline of the uk. Climate.
- •33. Britain in 1957-1979. Harold Macmillan.
- •Harold Wilson and Edward Heath
- •34. Tony Blair. Brown as Prime Minister.
- •Foreign policy. Brown remains committed to the Iraq War, but said in a speech in May 2007 that he would "learn the lessons" from the mistakes made in Iraq.
- •36. Legislative branch of government. Constitution. Passing a bill. Function of the monarch in the Parliament.
- •39. Migration in the uk.
- •37. Elections and parties. Local government. European Union.
- •38. Population of the uk. Population density and distribution.
- •40. Ethnic and geographic identity. Being British. Family and class.
- •41. The place of Britain in the world economy. Chief industries.
- •42. Agriculture. Transport and communication. Overseas trade.
- •43.Compulsory schooling. Educational reforms. Exams.
- •44. Post 16 education. Higher education.
- •45.British culture. Arts.
- •46. British culture. Science and technology. Religion. Religious, political, social and everyday contacts.
- •47. British culture. Sport. Food. National costume. Naming conventions.
- •48.British press.
- •Magazines
- •49. British radio and television. Television
- •50. Places to see in London.
43.Compulsory schooling. Educational reforms. Exams.
Education in Britain is provided by the Local Education Authority (LEA) in each county.
Nursery education (under 5 years) Children do not have to go to school until they reach the age of five, but there is some free nursery-school education before that age.
Primary education (5 to 11 years)
Primary education takes place in infant schools (pupils aged from 5 to 7 years) and junior schools (from 8 to 11 years).
Private education (5 to 18 years)
Some parents choose to pay for private education in spite of the existence of free state education. Private schools are called by different names to state schools: the preparatory These schools are very expensive and they are attended by about 5 per cent of the school population.
Secondary education (11 to 16/18 years).
Secondary schools are usually much larger than primary schools and most children –over 80 per cent – go to a comprehensive school at the age of 11. These schools are not selective – you don’t have to pass an exam to go there.
Comprehensive schools
Comprehensive schools want to develop the talents of each individual child. So they offer a wide choice of subjects, from art and craft, woodwork and domestic science to the sciences, modern languages, computer studies, etc. All these subjects are enjoyed by both girls and boys.
Educational reform
In the late 1980s the Conservative Government made important changes to the British educational system. One of the most fundamental changes was the introduction of a new ‘National Curriculum’. The aim was to provide a more balanced education.
In secondary schools, for example, 80% of the timetable must be spent on the ‘core curriculum’. This must include English. Mathematics, Science and a Modern Language for all pupils up to the age of 16.
Together with the ‘National Curriculum’, a programme of’Records of Achievement’ was introduced. This programme is known as ‘REACH’, and it attempts to set learning objectives for each term and year in primary school, and for each component of each subject at secondary school. This has introduced much more central control and standardization into what is taught.
As part of the ‘REACH’ programme, new tests have been introduced for pupils at the ages of 7,11, 13 and 16. The aim of these tests is to discover any schools or areas which are not teaching to high enough standards.
City Technology Colleges (CTCs) are new super-schools for scientifically gifted children, who – the Government hopes-will be scientists and technological experts of the future. These schools are partly funded by industry.
At the age of 14 or 15, in the third or fourth form of secondary school, pupils begin to choose their exam subjects.
Pupils who stay on into the sixth form or who go on to a Sixth Form College (17 year-olds in the Lower Sixth and 18 year-olds in the Upper Sixth) usually fall into two categories. Some pupils will be retaking GCSEs in order to get better grades. Others will study two or three subjects for an 'A' Level (Advanced Level) GCE exam (General Certificate of Education). This is a highly specialised exam and is necessary for University entrance.