- •2. International Job Specialization (ijs). Types of ijs and its the factors. Specialization and cooperation within the international job specialization as a basis of international trade
- •Trade unions
- •Adam Smith
- •Karl Marx
- •Henry David Thoreau
- •Émile Durkheim
- •3. World market. The opened and closed economy. Structure of the world economy and various securities of the countries with production resources
- •Economic models of an open economy. The basic model
- •1. Concept of the world prices. The factors influencing the world prices. Classification of the prices in the world market
- •Theme 2. Pricing in the world markets
- •2. Main types of the prices in international trade: settlement and published. World prices for primary goods. World prices for processing industry products
- •3. Transfer pricing in the world markets. Practice and features of transfer pricing in the world markets
- •Theme 3. Commodity exchanges and auctions in international trade
- •1. Concept and essence of commodity exchange. Features and mechanism of commodity exchange. Exchange goods. Organization of stock exchange trading. Exchange’s operations
- •3. Stock exchange and auction trading by agricultural goods
- •Theme 4. Agricultural markets: markets of the food and agricultural raw materials
- •1. Foodstuff in international trade: products of agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, fishery and sea trade, and also the semifinished products received on their basis and some final goods
- •International exports and imports
- •2. Markets of grain and products of their conversion. The world prices in the markets of foodstuff. Animal husbandry products
- •As investment
- •3. Grain. Markets of vegetables and fruit. Sugar. Food flavoring goods: coffee, tea, cocoa, spices. Markets of agricultural raw materials. Rubber, forest goods, textile fibers
- •Planting
- •Sugarcane
- •Refining
- •Producing countries
- •Certification. Workers who pick and pack tea on plantations in developing countries can face harsh working conditions and can earn below the living wage.
- •Animal textiles. Animal textiles are commonly made from hair, fur or skin.
- •Mineral textiles. Asbestos and basalt fibre are used for vinyl tiles, sheeting, and adhesives, "transite" panels and siding, acoustical ceilings, stage curtains, and fire blankets.
- •Synthetic textiles. A variety of contemporary fabrics. From the left: evenweavecotton, velvet, printed cotton, calico,felt, satin, silk, hessian, polycotton.
- •4. Food and agricultural organization (fao).
- •Theme 5. World markets of ores, non-ferrous and ferrous metals
- •Iron ore market
- •2. Copper, copper ores and concentrates. Aluminum, bauxites and alumina. Lead, lead ores and concentrates. Zinc, zinc ores and concentrates
- •Reserves
- •3. Tin, tin ores and concentrates. Nickel and nickel ores. Gold markets. Markets of precious metals. Manufactured goods - the iron made from iron ores and steel
- •Industry
- •Theme 6. Markets of energy resources: coal, oil and gas
- •1. The world market of fuel: coal, coke and briquettes; oil, oil products and goods similar to them
- •World coal reserves
- •Major coal producers
- •Major coal consumers
- •Major coal exporters
- •Major coal importers
- •Production
- •Import to the usa by country 2010
- •2. The world market of fuel: natural and artificial gas; electric power. Features and problems of the modern markets of energy resources
- •Global electricity price comparison
- •3. Organization of the countries of producers and oil exporters (opec). Main objectives and opec tasks
- •Current members
- •Former members
- •Theme 7. International trade of industrial goods. Markets of machines and equipment
- •1. Trade of manufactured goods. Consumer goods (nonfood) and means of production
- •By consumer's buying habits
- •Convenience goods
- •Shopping consumer goods
- •Specialty consumer goods
- •2. International trade of consumer electrogoods and consumer electronics. The largest producers and exporters of consumer electronics
- •Market share
- •Major customers
- •Mobile phone operators
- •Manufacturers
- •Use of mobile phones
- •In general
- •3. Production and export of vehicles, cars. The main exporters of cars – Japan, the usa and Germany
- •European Union
- •United States
- •Australia
- •Comparison by regions
- •4. World markets of machines and equipment. Complete deliveries
- •Theme 8. International trade policy and wto activities
- •1. Concept, purposes and tasks of the international trade policy.
- •2. Integration, liberalization and removal of barriers in international trade. Modern contradictions and problems in international trade
- •3. Purposes, functions and activities of wto. Role of wto in regulation of world trade.
- •4. Legal and organizational structure of the wto. World experience of the entry of the countries in the wto.
- •Members and observers
- •Theme 9. International trade services
- •1. Globalization and growth of international trade services. International trade services: quantitative and qualitative indexes
- •1. Intangibility
- •2. Perishability
- •3. Inseparability
- •4. Simultaneity
- •5. Variability
- •2. World export and world import of services. International trade services and multinational corporation activities. State regulation of international trade services
- •4. Market development of services in Kazakhstan
- •Theme 10. International trade technologies and know-how
- •1. Technologies and know-how as objects of international trade and as production factors. Scientific and production cooperation on a commercial basis
- •2. Market of the knowledge-intensive products. Market of patents and licenses
- •3. Exchange of specialists. Scientific-technical cooperation on a nonprofit basis
- •4. Information technologies. Globalization of scientific and technical communications
- •International non-profit scientific and technical communication.
- •Theme 11. Trade and economic cooperation in Europe
- •1. Integration processes in Europe: Customs union – 1946, eoust-1952, Evrat - 1957. Roman Agreements and eec creation
- •2. Maastricht agreement and eu creation. European Free Trade Association (efta).
- •2. Government finance:
- •Current members
- •European Economic Area
- •3. Foreign trade of countries of Western Europe.
- •4. Country and commodity structure of international trade in eu. Foreign trade in eu. Foreign trade of the countries which haven't entered eu.
- •Economic growth
- •Theme 12. Trade and economic cooperation in America
- •1. The agreement between the usa, Canada and Mexico about the North American free trade area nafta: purposes, tasks, creation reasons. Commodity structure of export and import in nafta
- •Imports
- •2. Integration groups of developing countries and problem of their development
- •Incentives
- •Theme 13. Trade and economic cooperation in the Asian – Pacific region
- •1. Features of forming of integration processes in the countries of South East Asia and the Pacific region. Association of South-East Asian Nations (asean): purposes, tasks and creation factors
- •2. Commodity structure of export and import of asean. Indicators of development of the countries of an asean and apr
- •Theme 14. Foreign trade of Kazakhstan and wto
- •1. Dynamics of export and import of Republic of Kazakhstan. Paying balance of the country
- •2. Trading balance of Kazakhstan. Goods turnover, balance of trading balance. Geographical and commodity structure of export. Geographical and commodity structure of import
- •3. Foreign trade policy of Republic of Kazakhstan. Problems and tendencies of development of foreign trade of Kazakhstan
- •4. Introduction of Kazakhstan into the wto: features, problems and prospects
- •Theme 15. Customs Union of Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus
- •1. Trade and economic cooperation in the cis and in Central Asia. Experience of integration processes for Kazakhstan in the sphere of international trade
- •2. Factors of creation of the Customs union. Purposes, tasks of creation of the Customs union: Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus. Stages of preparation and realization of customs union
- •First stage (term from January 1, 2010 to July 1, 2010)
- •2) The second stage (since July 1, 2010)
- •3. Single customs area, single external tariff. Customs union: expenses and benefits for Kazakhstan. Problems and prospects of formation and development of the Customs union
European Union
The 27 European Union (EU-27) member countries had a fleet of over 256 million in 2008, and passenger cars accounted for 87% of the union's fleet. The five largest markets, Germany (17.7%), Italy (15.4%), France (13.3%), the UK (12.5%), and Spain (9.5%), accounted for 68% of the region's total registered fleet in 2008. The EU-27 member countries had in 2009 an estimated ownership rate of 473 passenger cars per 1000 people.
According to Ward's, Italy had the second highest (after the U.S.) vehicle ownership per capita in 2010, with 690 vehicles per 1000 people. Germany had a rate of motorization of 534 vehicles per 1000 people and the UK of 525 vehicles per 1000 inhabitants, both in 2008. France had a rate of 575 vehicles per 1000 people and Spain 608 vehicles per 1000 people in 2007. Italy also leds in alternative fuel vehicles, with a fleet of 730,000 natural gas vehicles through December 2010, the largest NGV fleet in Europe. Sweden, with 225,000 flexible-fuel vehicles, has the largest flexifuel fleet in Europe by mid 2011.
United States
Historical evolution of vehicle ownership rates in the U.S. (Selected years 1900–2009) |
|||||
Year |
Veh. per 1000 people |
Year |
Veh. per 1000 people |
Year |
Veh. per 1000 people |
1900 |
0.11 |
1940 |
245.63 |
1980 |
710.71 |
1905 |
0.94 |
1945 |
221.80 |
1990 |
773.40 |
1910 |
5.07 |
1950 |
323.71 |
2000 |
800.30 |
1920 |
86.78 |
1960 |
410.37 |
2007 |
843.57 |
1930 |
217.34 |
1970 |
545.35 |
2009 |
828.04 |
According to Ward's, the U.S. has the largest fleet of motor vehicles in the world, with 239.8 million by 2010, and vehicle ownership per capita in the U.S. is also the highest in the world with 769 vehicles in operation per 1000 inhabitants, or a ratio of 1:1.3 vehicles to people. The U.S. Department of Energy reports a higher motorization rate of 828 vehicles per 1000 people and a total fleet of 245,441 vehicles by 2009. According to USDoE, the rate of motorization peaked in 2007 at 842.6 vehicles per 1000 people. In terms of licensed drivers, as of 2009 the country had 1.0 vehicle for every licensed driver, and 1.87 vehicles per household.
The fleet of alternative fuel vehicles in the United States includes almost 10 million E85 flexible-fuel vehicles,[18] the world's second largest after Brazil, but actual use of ethanol fuel is significantly limited due to the lack of E85 refueling infrastructure; The fleet of hybrid electric vehicles in the United States is the largest in the world, with more than 2.0 million units by mid 2011. The country's fleet also includes 112,000 natural gas vehicles through December 2010, mainly transit buses and delivery fleets. Despite is relative small size, natural gas use accounted for about 52% of all alternative fuels consumed by alternative transportation fuel vehicles in the U.S. in 2009.
In the U.S. a motor vehicle is specifically defined as a contrivance used for commercial purposes. As defined in U.S. Code 18 U.S.C. § 31 : US Code - Section 31: Definitions (6) Motor vehicle. - The term "motor vehicle" means every description of carriage or other contrivance propelled or drawn by mechanical power and used for commercial purposes on the highways in the transportation of passengers, passengers and property, or property or cargo.
China
The People's Republic of China has the second largest fleet in the world, with slightly more than 78 million vehicles, overtaking Japan in 2010. About 13.6 million vehicles were sold in 2009, and motor vehicle registrations in 2010 increased to more than 16.8 million units, representing nearly half the world’s fleet increase in 2010.
The number of cars and motorcycles in China increased 20 times between 2000 and 2010. This explosive growth has allowed China to become the world's largest new car market, overtaking the U.S. in 2009. Nevertheless, ownership per capita is 58 vehicles per 1000 inhabitants, or a ratio of 1:17.2 vehicles to people, well below the rate of motorization of developed countries.
Japan
Japan had 73.9 million vehicles by 2010, and had the world's second largest motor vehicle fleet until 2009. With more than 1.1 million hybrid electric vehicles, Japan has the second largest hybrid fleet in the world after the US.
Brazil
The Brazilian motor vehicle fleet reached 64.8 million vehicles in 2010, up from 29.5 million units in 2000, representing a 119% growth in ten years, and reaching a motorization rate of 340 vehicles per 1000 people. In 2010 Brazil experienced the second largest fleet increase in the world after China, with 2.5 million vehicle registrations.
Brazil has the largest alternative fuel vehicle fleet in the world with more than 18 million motor vehicles by June 2011, with 14.3 million flexible-fuel vehicles, including more than 1 million flex-fuel motorcycles; between 2.4 to 3.0 million neat ethanol vehicles still in use, out of 5.7 million ethanol only light-vehicles produced since 1979; and as of December 2010, a total of 1.66 million natural gas vehicles. In addition, all the Brazilian gasoline-powered fleet is designed to operate with high ethanol blends, up to 25% ethanol fuel (E25).
India
India’s vehicle fleet had the second-largest growth rate after China in 2010, with 8.9%. The fleet went from 19.1 million in 2009 to 20.8 million units in 2010. India has a fleet of 1,080,000 natural gas vehicles through December 2010.