- •2. International Job Specialization (ijs). Types of ijs and its the factors. Specialization and cooperation within the international job specialization as a basis of international trade
- •Trade unions
- •Adam Smith
- •Karl Marx
- •Henry David Thoreau
- •Émile Durkheim
- •3. World market. The opened and closed economy. Structure of the world economy and various securities of the countries with production resources
- •Economic models of an open economy. The basic model
- •1. Concept of the world prices. The factors influencing the world prices. Classification of the prices in the world market
- •Theme 2. Pricing in the world markets
- •2. Main types of the prices in international trade: settlement and published. World prices for primary goods. World prices for processing industry products
- •3. Transfer pricing in the world markets. Practice and features of transfer pricing in the world markets
- •Theme 3. Commodity exchanges and auctions in international trade
- •1. Concept and essence of commodity exchange. Features and mechanism of commodity exchange. Exchange goods. Organization of stock exchange trading. Exchange’s operations
- •3. Stock exchange and auction trading by agricultural goods
- •Theme 4. Agricultural markets: markets of the food and agricultural raw materials
- •1. Foodstuff in international trade: products of agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, fishery and sea trade, and also the semifinished products received on their basis and some final goods
- •International exports and imports
- •2. Markets of grain and products of their conversion. The world prices in the markets of foodstuff. Animal husbandry products
- •As investment
- •3. Grain. Markets of vegetables and fruit. Sugar. Food flavoring goods: coffee, tea, cocoa, spices. Markets of agricultural raw materials. Rubber, forest goods, textile fibers
- •Planting
- •Sugarcane
- •Refining
- •Producing countries
- •Certification. Workers who pick and pack tea on plantations in developing countries can face harsh working conditions and can earn below the living wage.
- •Animal textiles. Animal textiles are commonly made from hair, fur or skin.
- •Mineral textiles. Asbestos and basalt fibre are used for vinyl tiles, sheeting, and adhesives, "transite" panels and siding, acoustical ceilings, stage curtains, and fire blankets.
- •Synthetic textiles. A variety of contemporary fabrics. From the left: evenweavecotton, velvet, printed cotton, calico,felt, satin, silk, hessian, polycotton.
- •4. Food and agricultural organization (fao).
- •Theme 5. World markets of ores, non-ferrous and ferrous metals
- •Iron ore market
- •2. Copper, copper ores and concentrates. Aluminum, bauxites and alumina. Lead, lead ores and concentrates. Zinc, zinc ores and concentrates
- •Reserves
- •3. Tin, tin ores and concentrates. Nickel and nickel ores. Gold markets. Markets of precious metals. Manufactured goods - the iron made from iron ores and steel
- •Industry
- •Theme 6. Markets of energy resources: coal, oil and gas
- •1. The world market of fuel: coal, coke and briquettes; oil, oil products and goods similar to them
- •World coal reserves
- •Major coal producers
- •Major coal consumers
- •Major coal exporters
- •Major coal importers
- •Production
- •Import to the usa by country 2010
- •2. The world market of fuel: natural and artificial gas; electric power. Features and problems of the modern markets of energy resources
- •Global electricity price comparison
- •3. Organization of the countries of producers and oil exporters (opec). Main objectives and opec tasks
- •Current members
- •Former members
- •Theme 7. International trade of industrial goods. Markets of machines and equipment
- •1. Trade of manufactured goods. Consumer goods (nonfood) and means of production
- •By consumer's buying habits
- •Convenience goods
- •Shopping consumer goods
- •Specialty consumer goods
- •2. International trade of consumer electrogoods and consumer electronics. The largest producers and exporters of consumer electronics
- •Market share
- •Major customers
- •Mobile phone operators
- •Manufacturers
- •Use of mobile phones
- •In general
- •3. Production and export of vehicles, cars. The main exporters of cars – Japan, the usa and Germany
- •European Union
- •United States
- •Australia
- •Comparison by regions
- •4. World markets of machines and equipment. Complete deliveries
- •Theme 8. International trade policy and wto activities
- •1. Concept, purposes and tasks of the international trade policy.
- •2. Integration, liberalization and removal of barriers in international trade. Modern contradictions and problems in international trade
- •3. Purposes, functions and activities of wto. Role of wto in regulation of world trade.
- •4. Legal and organizational structure of the wto. World experience of the entry of the countries in the wto.
- •Members and observers
- •Theme 9. International trade services
- •1. Globalization and growth of international trade services. International trade services: quantitative and qualitative indexes
- •1. Intangibility
- •2. Perishability
- •3. Inseparability
- •4. Simultaneity
- •5. Variability
- •2. World export and world import of services. International trade services and multinational corporation activities. State regulation of international trade services
- •4. Market development of services in Kazakhstan
- •Theme 10. International trade technologies and know-how
- •1. Technologies and know-how as objects of international trade and as production factors. Scientific and production cooperation on a commercial basis
- •2. Market of the knowledge-intensive products. Market of patents and licenses
- •3. Exchange of specialists. Scientific-technical cooperation on a nonprofit basis
- •4. Information technologies. Globalization of scientific and technical communications
- •International non-profit scientific and technical communication.
- •Theme 11. Trade and economic cooperation in Europe
- •1. Integration processes in Europe: Customs union – 1946, eoust-1952, Evrat - 1957. Roman Agreements and eec creation
- •2. Maastricht agreement and eu creation. European Free Trade Association (efta).
- •2. Government finance:
- •Current members
- •European Economic Area
- •3. Foreign trade of countries of Western Europe.
- •4. Country and commodity structure of international trade in eu. Foreign trade in eu. Foreign trade of the countries which haven't entered eu.
- •Economic growth
- •Theme 12. Trade and economic cooperation in America
- •1. The agreement between the usa, Canada and Mexico about the North American free trade area nafta: purposes, tasks, creation reasons. Commodity structure of export and import in nafta
- •Imports
- •2. Integration groups of developing countries and problem of their development
- •Incentives
- •Theme 13. Trade and economic cooperation in the Asian – Pacific region
- •1. Features of forming of integration processes in the countries of South East Asia and the Pacific region. Association of South-East Asian Nations (asean): purposes, tasks and creation factors
- •2. Commodity structure of export and import of asean. Indicators of development of the countries of an asean and apr
- •Theme 14. Foreign trade of Kazakhstan and wto
- •1. Dynamics of export and import of Republic of Kazakhstan. Paying balance of the country
- •2. Trading balance of Kazakhstan. Goods turnover, balance of trading balance. Geographical and commodity structure of export. Geographical and commodity structure of import
- •3. Foreign trade policy of Republic of Kazakhstan. Problems and tendencies of development of foreign trade of Kazakhstan
- •4. Introduction of Kazakhstan into the wto: features, problems and prospects
- •Theme 15. Customs Union of Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus
- •1. Trade and economic cooperation in the cis and in Central Asia. Experience of integration processes for Kazakhstan in the sphere of international trade
- •2. Factors of creation of the Customs union. Purposes, tasks of creation of the Customs union: Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus. Stages of preparation and realization of customs union
- •First stage (term from January 1, 2010 to July 1, 2010)
- •2) The second stage (since July 1, 2010)
- •3. Single customs area, single external tariff. Customs union: expenses and benefits for Kazakhstan. Problems and prospects of formation and development of the Customs union
2. Main types of the prices in international trade: settlement and published. World prices for primary goods. World prices for processing industry products
Pricing is the most effective profit lever. Pricing can be approached at three levels.The industry, market, and transaction level.
Pricing at the industry level focuses on the overall economics of the industry, including supplier price changes and customer demand changes.
Pricing at the market level focuses on the competitive position of the price in comparison to the value differential of the product to that of comparative competing products.
Pricing at the transaction level focuses on managing the implementation of discounts away from the reference, or list price, which occur both on and off the invoice or receipt.
There are numerous terms and strategies specific to pricing:
Line pricing
Line pricing is the use of a limited number of prices for all product offerings of a vendor. This is a tradition started in the old five and dime stores in which everything cost either 5 or 10 cents. Its underlying rationale is that these amounts are seen as suitable price points for a whole range of products by prospective customers. It has the advantage of ease of administering, but the disadvantage of inflexibility, particularly in times of inflation or unstable prices.
Loss leader
A loss leader is a product that has a price set below the operating margin. This results in a loss to the enterprise on that particular item in the hope that it will draw customers into the store and that some of those customers will buy other, higher margin items.
Price/quality relationship
The price/quality relationship refers to the perception by most consumers that a relatively high price is a sign of good quality. The belief in this relationship is most important with complex products that are hard to test, and experiential products that cannot be tested until used (such as most services). The greater the uncertainty surrounding a product, the more consumers depend on the price/quality hypothesis and the greater premium they are prepared to pay. The classic example is the pricing of Twinkies, a snack cake which was viewed as low quality after the price was lowered. Excessive reliance on the price/quality relationship by consumers may lead to an increase in prices on all products and services, even those of low quality, which causes the price/quality relationship to no longer apply.
Premium pricing
Premium pricing (also called prestige pricing) is the strategy of consistently pricing at, or near, the high end of the possible price range to help attract status-conscious consumers. The high pricing of premium product is used to enhance and reinforce a product's luxury image. Examples of companies which partake in premium pricing in the marketplace include Rolex and Bentley. As well as brand, product attributes such as eco-labeling and provenance (e.g. 'certified organic' and 'product of Australia') may add value for consumers and attract premium pricing. A component of such premiums may reflect the increased cost of production. People will buy a premium priced product because:
They believe the high price is an indication of good quality;
They believe it to be a sign of self-worth - "They are worth it;" it authenticates the buyer's success and status; it is a signal to others that the owner is a member of an exclusive group;
They require flawless performance in this application - The cost of product malfunction is too high to buy anything but the best - example: heart pacemaker.
Demand-based pricing
Demand-based pricing is any pricing method that uses consumer demand - based on perceived value - as the central element. These include: price skimming, price discrimination and yield management, price points, psychological pricing, bundle pricing, penetration pricing, price lining, value-based pricing, geo and premium pricing. Pricing factors are manufacturing cost, market place, competition, market condition, quality of product.
Multidimensional pricing
Multidimensional pricing is the pricing of a product or service using multiple numbers. In this practice, price no longer consists of a single monetary amount (e.g., sticker price of a car), but rather consists of various dimensions (e.g., monthly payments, number of payments, and a downpayment). Research has shown that this practice can significantly influence consumers' ability to understand and process price information.