Notes to the text

1. rate of penetration - механическая скорость проходки долота в породе в процессе бурения нефтяных и газовых скважин.

2. footage per bit - проходка на долото - количество метров, пробуренных одним долотом; показатель продуктивности долота.

Ex.4 Give Russian equivalents to the following words.

To lie in the fact, removal to the surface, with the help of, footage per bit, exhaust fumes, to supply under pressure, instead of, gaseous agent, to descend to the bottom, principle of operation, to emit to the surface, blowing well, to drill gumbo, fractured and tricky rocks, arid zones, strata pressure, to affect adversely, rate of penetration, partial or complete loss, danger of landslide, to be absorbed by, gumbo and soft rock, integrity of productive stratum, pipe string, better purification.

Ex. 5 Answer the questions to the text.

1.What is the text about? 2.What procedures comprise the process of blowing? 3.What is the essence of blowing process? 3. What are blowing agents? 4. How is operation conducted? 5. What are advantages of blowing well with air or gas over blowing well with drilling fluid? 6.Why isn’t blowing always conducted? 7. When do water losses take place? 8.What phenomenon makes difficult the work of compressor? 9.What’s the difficulty of drilling gumbo? 10. What are the main disadvantages of drilling well with air or gas?

Ex.6 Translate the following verbs. Make up nouns from them.

Remove, press, affect, integrate, absorb, penetrate, produce, extract, operate, purify, supply, emit, blow, drill, compress, explode, circulate, lose, conduct, provide, facilitate, increase, adhere, seep, improve.

Ex. 7Translate the following sentences using a dictionary.

1. It is often desirable to remove or vent the free gas before starting well intervention work. 2.Wells that have been shut in for a period frequently develop a gas cap caused by gas percolating through the fluid column in the wellbore. 3. Sometimes in mature gas wells the accumulation of fluids in the well can halt gas production. 4. Gas flow is maintained by removing accumulated fluids through the use of a beam pump or remedial treatments, such as swabbing, soaping, or venting the well to atmospheric pressure. 5. Benefits from both increased gas production and emissions savings are well- and reservoir-specific and will vary considerably. 6. Some wells (secondary wells) may be used to pump water, steam, acids or various gas mixtures into the reservoir to raise or maintain the reservoir pressure, and so maintain an economic extraction rate. 7. Some coal seams, such as those in certain areas in Australia, contain little methane, with the predominant coal seam gas being carbon dioxide. 8. The methods of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing both involve sensible management of the water needed for gas production. 9. If the pressure rises too high, fluid returns to tank through a pressure relief valve. 10. Direct push technology includes several types of drilling rigs and drilling equipment which advances a drill string by pushing or hammering without rotating the drill string.

Ex.8 Make a sentence out of two parts.

1.All procedures like cleaning the wellhead, removal of drill cuttings, and cooling the bit	a. accumulated fluids through the use of a beam pump.
2.The accumulation of fluids in the well	b. with drilling wells into the underground reservoir.
3.Extracting crude oil normally starts	c. are fulfilled with the help of gaseous agents.
4.While drilling in aquifers where	d. adheres to the walls of the borehole and forms seals on drill string.
5.Gas flow is usually maintained by removing	e. can impede and sometimes halt gas production.
6.It is also difficult to drill gumbo which	f. is descended to the bottom of the borehole.
7.Fluid removal operations, particularly well blowdowns,	g. emitted from the bottomhole to the surface.
8.Through annulus dirty water and rock particles are	h. significant water losses take place.
9.To blow the well pipe string	i. may result in substantial methane emissions to the atmosphere.

Ex.9 Translate the text into English.