4. Ukr.Translated literature in the second half of the 19th century

In the 2^nd half of the 19^th c. “rendering in Ukr.” with elements of travesty continued in Rudans’kiy “Illiad”(1872).

The pioneer of proper tr. was P.Kulish. He began tr.of the Bible in1868 with rendering “Psalms of David” and finished only just before his death. The final edition of his translation came out in 1903, with I. Pulyi and I. Nechui-Levytskyi as cotranslators. He also tr. 13 Shakes.’s plays(since 70s). “Othello”, “Comedy of errors”, “Troilus and Cressida” (1882). 10 other tr. edited by Franko appeared in 1899-02 (too many Ch.-Slav.words). He tr. Byron’s poetry (Hibru melodies), Hete’s works.

P.Morachevs’kyy tr. “Evangeliya” in 1861.

1863-Valuyev circular.1876-Emsk ukase. As a result tr. Works could be published only in Westrn Ukraine.

In 1865 the 1^st tr.of “Hamlet” appeared by Sventsyns’kyy, Pavlo Sviy publ.tr of the 1^st act. 1882 Staryts’kyy tr. it. Fed’kovych tr. “Hamlet”, “Macbeth”, “The taming of the shrew” in 90s.

Mykhailo Starytskyi(1840-04)-was a Ukrainian writer, poet and playwright. He translated a lot from French, Russian, English. He used for the 1^st time the word “батьківщина”. His poetry tr. began with О. Пушкін, М. Лермонтов, М. Некрасов, Г. Гейне,Д. Байрон, А. Міцкевич, Serbian songs. In 1873 he published fairy-tales by Ahdersen. He began class.trend in transl.

In the 80-90s Nishchyns’kyy tr. Sofocle’s “Antigona”; “Odissey”.

I. Franko (1856-16) was the 1^st in the Ukr lit to demonstrate the unparalleled tr-ion professionalism. He was a master of all stylistic registers of the Ukr l. and approached translations using the scientific analysis. Before Franko, Ukrainian translators translated only Eur.authors. Franko was the 1^st to tr. Eastern a-ors: Estonian, Latvian, Armenian, Georgian. Generally tr. More than 60 authors.

The long poem Khoma Bahlai, a paraphrase of R.Burns, was publ. in 1898 by P. Hrabovs’kyy. He also translated E. Po “El’dorado”; Longfello.

One should mention the following prominent masters of literary translation, who worked at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century: V. Samiilenko (translated Molière's plays and Béranger's songs), Lesia Ukrainka (translated Heine's lyrics, extracts from Homer and Dante, and Hauptmann's "The Weavers"), V. Schurat (translated "The Song of Roland"), and A. Krymsky (translated works of Hafez, Saadi and other Eastern poets).

5. At the beg.of the 20th c., Ukr tr-ions of prose writings of such authors as L. Tolstoy, Emil. Zola, E. Poe, R. Kipling, Henrih Ibsen were widely published.

In Soviet times (1917-1991), the translation activity became a way to the "internal emigration" for those Ukr writers, who strived to get out of clutches of the socialist realism. M. Zerov was among professionals of those times. He made excellent tr-ions of ancient poetry (Virgil, Horace, Ovid), Rus,poets (A. Pushkin, N. Lermontov, V. Bryusov), French lyrics. In the Soviet period, the art of Ukr lit.tr.reached its fullest flower. M.Rylsky translated Mickiewicz's "Mister Thaddeus", Voltaire's "The Maiden of Orleans", Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin", lyric works of Eur.poets.

The ability to mobilize resources of the old-Ukr vocab and modern abstract Ukr lexicon was typical of translations of M. Bazhan ("The Knight in Panther's Skin" by Sh. Rustaveli, poetry of C. Norwid and R.-M. Rilke).

Translations of N. Lukash (the full text of Goethe's "Faust", Boccaccio's "Decameron", poetry of Julian Tuwim, Flaubert's "Madame Bovary", excerpts from Rabelais's "Gargantua and Pantagruel") were characterized by ling.excellence and successful creation of neologisms.

The development of the translation theory and criticism in Ukr in the post-war period (1945) contributed to the enhancement of translation skills. Multi-volume Ukrainian translations of works of Shakespeare, Heine, Pushkin, Balzac, Maupassant, France, Tolstoy, and London were published.

Among translators of the Ukr.diaspora, the most famous are Yu. Klen (O. Burhardt; tr.some Shakespeare's plays), M. Orest (Germ and Fr poetry), I. Kostetsky (Shakespeare's sonnets),V. Vovk (dramas of F. Garcia Lorca).

Economic hardships of the post-Soviet affected Ukr lit tr-ors who started to lose their jobs because of the decline in book publishing.

Hryhoriy Kochur began to publish some articles on literature, his own verses, as well as translations from his favorite Russian poets F. Tutchev, A.Fet and of German poets. In 1929 prof. Bilets’kyi and Plevako launched a new project, they wanted to compile five-volume anthology of Western-European literature from ancient times. In 1931- the third vol was published. Kochur was invited to collaborate this anthology. He translated mainly the Latin texts. 60-70s were very productive in his creative career. His translations were included in published selections of J.Tuwim, P.Versteine. 1964-with Ryl’s’kyi he edited the anthology of Czech poetry.

Kochur tr. Shakespeare’s tragedy “Hamlet” for Ukr. 3-vol edition; some novels by Slovak writer V.Minac; Petrarka’s sonets. Ukrainian journal published his articles on the history of Ukr literary translation: “On the problem of translation”(1965) “The masters of translation”(1966).

1989-collection Of Kochur’s own verses “The Inta notebook”

1990- “Second revebaration”

Author of: “Shakespeare in Ukraine”(1966), “M.Zerov and Polish lit” (1966), “Dante in Ukr lit” (1971), “The phenomenon of M. Lukash” (1989).

M. Lukash tr from 14 languages. Being the 4^th year student he tr. the first part of poetic drama “Faust”. The fullest edition of Faust was published in 1955 (20years).

1959-his translations of R.Burns poems were published as a separate collection. It was the work of both translators Lukash and Mysyk.

1961-“Madam Bovari” by Flober;1964- “The Decameron” by Bocacho

In his translations he used a lot of Ukr realia, idioms, folklore borrowings. Lukash believed that proof of richness of any language is its synonymic diversity. The most distinctive feature of Lukash’s technique is his creative approach. He used the domestication to his translations.

I.Steshenko (1898-87) Her carieer as a tr-or was connected with P.Tychyna who asked her to translate some comedies for theatre, such as:“Mishchanyn-shljahtych” by Molier.

She also tr: Horkyi, Gete («Еґмонт»), M.Twen; Shakespeare (6 plays: “Merchant of Venice”(1950), “Othello” (1950), “Romeo and Juliet” (1952), “Comedy of errors” (1954), “Two seniors from Verona” (1964); D.London; Shiller, H. Ibsen; Molier.

Borys Ten (Микола Васильович Хомиченко)- tr. Homer “Iliad and Odissey”; Eshil “Prometeus the bound”; Aristofan; Shiller; Mizkevuch; Gete; Shakespeare

A.Sodomora translated a lot of works of ancient Greek and Rpman literature (since 60s): Horace Ods “To a friend”; “Vidlydnyk”, “Pravo dytyny” by Menandr; Horace, Aristofan, Sofocle, Eshil, Evripid; Ovid “Metamorfozy”, “Lybovni elehii”, “Mystectvo kohannja”, “Skorbotni elehii”; Lucreciy “Pro pryrodu rechei”(1985)