17. The reception of the personality and writings of ivan franko as a symbol of intellectual ukraine in the anglophone world

The reproduction of Ivan Franko's works in English is extremely complicated task. In his works there are many different lexical units whose contextual functions are hard to render. These are phraseological units, Franko's images(словесні образи), emotionally-evaluative words(слова емаційно-оцінкової експресії), realias, appositional combinations(прикладкові сполучення), paremies (пареміями), semantically significant proper names (семантично значущими власними назвами), repetitions, dialectal words, etc. Also it is hardly to render author's peculiar mentality of the nation and his humor.

There are many prosaic and poetic works of Franko that were translated into English. The history of Anglophone Frankiana is closely related with the immigration to Canada (over 200,000 people move to Canada). Then they started to form different educational organizations. The history of Anglophone poetic Frankiana was introduced by Percival Kandy (Персіваль Канді), who became one of the first translators of T. Shevchenko, I. Franko. He translated such works as “Ivan Vyshenskyi”, “Moses”, 51 verses from “З вершин і низин”, "Мій ізмарагд", which were collected into one books under the tittle "A Voice from Ukrainian" and "Ivan Franko: The poet of Western Ukraine" and "Moses and other poems".

Ivan Franko's poetry was translated into English by В. Семенина, А. Гнідь, Р. Татчин, Джон Вір, Андрусишин, Скрипник, Прокопів.

Of great importance is the translation of "Moses" which is the masterpiece of world literature for its psychologism, questions about understanding the essence of human being, interpretation of images and excellent poetic skills. The first translation of Moses was done by Семенин in 1938. Many his translations of lirical works of the poet were printed in "The Ukrainian Weekly" in 30s of 20th century. А. Гнідь translated such poems as "Ivan Vyshensky", "Moses", "the Master's Jests" (панські жарти); Р. Татчин also translated "Ivan Vyshensky", "the Master's Jests".

On the basis of different folk fairy tales Ivan Franko created his “Fox Mykyta” which was included in the list of “best of the best of the world literature” (найкращі з найкращих у світовій літ-рі) aimed at children from 10-12. There are 4 translations of this fairy tale: in prose by B. Melnyk(1978), in poetry it was published in bilingua (білінгва) «Лис Микита. Fox Mykyta»(2000), in poetry by Адам Гнідь, included into «Moses and other poems» (1988), in poetry by B. Kapishka(2002).

72 illustrations done by V. Kurylyk are included into the prosaic translation by Melnyk and the bilingua is illustrated by Едуард Козак (псевдонім ЕКО). In 1941 “Fox Mykyta” was published in Krakow with illustrations done by EKO. A brief introduction “From the translator” was included into prosaic translation be Melnyk.

Vera Rich translated many works of Ivan Franko. Her first translation was “Prologue” to “Moses” published in London “The Ukrainian Review” in 1957. In 1973 her translation of Moses was published in New York along with translations of Kandy. In other issues of this magazine were published «Жіноче серце, чи ти лід студений...» (1961, ч. 3; 1993, ч. 2), «Ідилія» (цикл «Excelsior», 1966, ч. 3), «Великдень! Боже мій великий» (18-ий розділ з поеми «Панські жарти» – 1966, ч. 3), «Тюремні сонети» (І–IX, 1967, ч. 2), «Вічний революціонер» (1968, ч. 1), частину циклу «Веснянки» (1993, ч. 2), цикл «Вольні сонети» («Котляревський», «Чого ти, хлопе…» – 1993, ч. 3), «Я згадую минулеє життя...» (цикл «Спомини» – 1962, ч. 1). Остання опублікована Франкіана Віри Річ – це легенда «Смерть Каїна» («The Ukrainian Review», 1997, No 2). На жаль, у рукописі уже давно лежать: цикл «Поет» («Поєдинок», «Чим пісня жива?», «Рідне село»), значна частина циклу «Excelsior!» («Наймит», «Беркут», «Христос і хрест», «Човен», «Каменярі») та циклу «Веснянки» (ч. 1, 3–15), віршів «Не пора, не пора, не пора...», «Гей, Січ іде...», «Моя любов» (цикл «Україна»).

During all her life, Vera Rich was working on the translation of Moses, improving it all the time. In 2010 she prepared her renewed translation of Moses as bilingua with illustrations done by Є. Безніск but because of her death it was not published.

Then in Anglophone world prosaic works of Ivan Franco appeared. One of the most important prosaic works of the writer is «Захар Беркут» in translation of Т. Бореськa, published in 1944. This book was dedicated to “all true Americans who believe in the principles of founder of their republic” ( «усім справжнім американцям, які дотримуються традицій і вірять у принципи засновників їхньої республіки»). In this book a brief outline of Ukrainian history was given.

The next translation of «Захар Беркут» was done by M. Skrypnyk who translated also When the Animals Could Talk «Коли ще звірі говорили». Джон Вір, А. Біленко, З. Кейван, С. Далвей та О. Коваленко translated also prose of Franko.

The latest achievement of anglophone frankiana is publication of the publishing house «Мовні маяки» («Language Lanterns»). It was founded in 1996 by sisters Рома Франко та Соня Морріс. Both sisters were studying at the universities of Canada. Рома Франко translated works of I. Franko and Соня Морріс was an editor and she corrected all mistakes done in the process of translation. Firstly the publishing house «Language Lanterns» published 6 volumes of female prose. In 2006 4 volumes of Ivan franko’s translations were published.

In the first volume were included «Для домашнього огнища» та «Основи суспільності». The 2^nd, 3^rd and 4^th volumes are trilogy «З бурливих літ».

As М. Тарнавська said Рома Франко successfully used spoken language and sometimes gave word-for-word explanation of some Ukrainian expressions, which are hardly translatable. Sometimes she omitted some limes, for example she did not reproduce names of Lviv streets.

The translation of Ivan Franko’s is included also in the volume of male prose. Such short stories were included as: «На вершку (Кілька хвиль з життя людей «нічого не заробивших»)», «Із записок недужого» (збірка «Гірка чаша пристрасті», 2004); «Батьківщина», «Сойчине крило», «Вільгельм Тель» (збірка «Загадки серця», 2004); «Микитичів дуб», «Цигани», «Мавка» (збірка «З днів минулих», 2008). «Як русин товкся по тім світі», «Як Юра Шикманюк брів Черемошем», «Терен у нозі» (збірка «Сільськими стежинами», 2008).

In the 50^th of XXcen. different scientific works dedicated to Ivan Franko appeared. In 1977 А. Вільчер write his doctoral thesis under the title «Іван Франко і Біблія: Дослідження поезій, написаних до поеми «Мойсей». All works that are dedicated to Bible Вільчер devided into 3 groups: those in which biblical images are used in order to state his ideas, works in which there were biblical images, and those in which poet gives his interpretation of biblical themes and images.

In such English encyclopaedias as «The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet Literatures» (1977, т. 8. автор – Ярослав Розумний) та «Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century» (1981–1984, т. 2; автор – Л. Рудницький) I. Franko’s profound works are included.

18. Anglophone Shevchenkiana of the 19^th century.

Shevchenko studies of the Anglophone world is part of Anglophone Ukrainian studies, a relatively new branch of research. Political emigrants from Ukraine and Russia (Драгоманів, Герцен, Огарьов, Кравчинський) were the first to introduce Shevchenko to an Anglophone reader.

In the United States of America the first free translation in prose of some lines from The Caucasus appeared on March 1, 1868 in The Alaska Herald, a journal of the Russian revolutionary émigrés, published by A. Honcharenko, who wrote Shevchenko's obituary for Herzen's Kolokol (The Bell) in London.

A summary of an article on Shevchenko by E. Durand in the Paris Revue des Deux Mondes for 1876 was published that same year in the New York The Galaxy (Vol.22) by John Stevens under the name “Chevtchenko – the national poet of Little Russia”. The article was extremely informative, it contained some brief information about Ukraine and the Ukrainian languge. He gave accurate information about life and work of Shevchenko, mentioning that he deserves world recognition. A still more extensive article “A South Russian Poet” was published on the materials from the Durand’s article in the London journal All the Year Round, which was edited by Charles Dickens (1877). In this anonymous article Shevchenko is shown as a national hero, an honorable representative of the Ukrainian nation. The popularity of Kobzar is described. Still, the reader can feel the lack of author’s knowledge about Shevchenko’s work.

The British Slavist W. R. Morfill (1834-1909) did much to popularize Shevchenko. In 1880 in the article “The peasant-poets of Russia” he informed the English-reading public through an article in The Westminister Review (London) of the publication of the Kobzar in two volumes in Prague. Here for the first time the author provides the translation in prose of the first 8 lines of the Testament (1897 – first rhymed translation of the first 8 lines of the Testament was provided by Marchant – Марчант. Marchant also translated some other poems of Shevchenko, but he translated not from the original, but from Russian translations). Morfill read Shevchenko and works about him in the Russian, Ukrainian and German languages, himself visited both Eastern and Western Ukraine, and wrote an extensive article about him, entitled A Cossack Poet in Macmillian's Magazine (1886), including a prose translation of two of Shevchenko's poems - “Here three Broad Ways Cross” and “I am Solitary”(eight lines). He provided non-rhymed translation of “Cherry Orchad by the Garden”. This article is far deeper than the previous one, and it provides more information about Shevchenko as a fighter against the tsarism. The author claims that Shevchenko is very difficult to translate. In 1887 Morfill provided information about Ukraine and the Ukrainian language in the 9^th volume of Encyclopaedia Britannica. And in 1903, in a review of an anthology of Ukrainian literature “Vik” (“A Century”), printed in The Athenaeum (London), he dealt at length with the Kobzar, including a poetic translation of sections of My Testament. With the course of time, Morfill’s views on Shevchenko’s work deepened, but he didn’t manage to realise the revolutionary spirit of Shevchenko’s poetry, he didn’t realise the meaning of the Ukrainian poet as an advanced thinker of his time.

In 1883 the German linguist Abel read lectures at Oxford University on comparative lexicography of the Ukrainian and Russian languages, where he generally spoke about Shevchenko’s heritage as the most significant feature of the Ukrainian literature.