Ibuprofen

Ibuprofen is a pain reliever and an anti-inflammatory drug. It is available for all age groups. It is not constipating, and there are no adverse gastric side effects.

Many analgesic preparations can be bought without a prescription. Caution is nevertheless necessary. Several analgesics are very often combined in a single tablet or capsule. You may not be aware of the ingredients of your pain-relieving tablets or capsules. It is therefore most important that they should only be taken with the knowledge and approval of your doctor or dentist. This is particularly true if you are taking other medications as well.

Ex.12. Answer the following questions:

1. What is an analgesic? 2. What part do analgesics play in reducing dental pain?

3. What is the main cause of severe dental pain? 4. What is an anti-inflammatory drug? 5. Which are the anti-inflammatory drugs? 6. What are the most commonly used analgesics? 7. Is it safe to take analgesics without dental or medical advice?

Ex.13. Insert the missing prepositions (with, of, for) and translate:

Patients typically associate dental care ______ pain. Pain has both physiological and psychological components, and an experience _____ poorly managed pain related to dental treatment can lead patients to avoid or postpone treatment, as well as make them more difficult to treat and less likely to comply with prescribed regimens. Medications that reduce pain improve clinical outcomes. The development _____ new pain management strategies affords dental clinicians with additional treatment options _____ acute pain management . Preoperative administration of some analgesics, for example, has been shown to reduce the onset ____ postoperative pain. Another approach involves combining analgesics that target both peripheral and central pain pathways to deliver comparable analgesia at lower doses of the component drugs. Combining drugs ______ different time to onset or duration of action also can improve the range ____ analgesic effect. Combining analgesics with differing sites of action, modes of action, onset and duration, in other words, can greatly enhance their capacity to minimize pain, be tolerated better and reduce recovery time.

Ex.14. Insert the missing words given below:

The ______ surgeon is often required to diagnose and treat _____ arising from the teeth, jaws and associated ______. The ______ of most of this pain can often be easily recognized and treated by _____ measures. However, postoperative dental pain resulting from a dental _______ procedure often requires the dental surgeon to recommend or prescribe an _______. Such analgesics can be classified as either peripherally- or centrally-acting.

1. pain b) local c) surgical d) cause e) analgesic f) structures g) dental

Ex.15. Read and translate the following text and divide it into logical parts:

Oral analgesics for acute dental pain

Acute pain is the most common complaint that causes patients to seek help from healthcare professionals. Pain management remains an important consideration in dental care and patient management. Although utilized for acute pain control, analgesics provide significant anti-inflammatory effects. Anti-inflammatory analgesics are available both over-the-counter (OTC) and by prescription. Since analgesics are widely used in dentistry and by patients for other medical indications, the dentist should be knowledgeable in their pharmacology.

Pain, as defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain, is “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage.” Pain is not a single entity; it is part of the entire inflammatory process and one of the clinical signs of inflammation. Pain can be described as (1) acute, (2) chronic and associated with malignant disease, or (3) chronic and not associated with malignant disease. The duration of acute pain is usually hours to days, while chronic pain can last months to years and have associated problems of depression and anxiety.

Oral pain is associated with pulpitis, periodontitis, pericoronitis, abscesses (endodontic/periodontal), trauma, and other conditions including temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and masticatory muscle disorders. Dental procedures also can have pain as a sequela with more invasive procedures increasing this likelihood. Pain is provoked when a variety of inflammatory mediators are released into the tissues. These pain-inducing substances can be produced and released from cell membranes by trauma (eg, mechanical trauma to the soft tissues and bone during periodontal surgery), infection, and allergenic reactions. Therefore, part of the successful management of pain requires blocking or managing the development of inflammation.

The majority of dental pain is an acute response to inflammation. The acute pain associated with dental trauma, infection, or surgery is usually managed pharmacologically. The key to pharmacologically managing pain is to provide a sufficient dose of a particular drug to minimize pain onset and give the patient comfort. The drug should be administered frequently to prevent the pain from becoming severe. The most effective way to maintain analgesia is to administer doses on a regularly scheduled basis for a specified period after the trauma. For example, after periodontal surgery, inflammation and pain usually peak 48 hours later. Thus, postoperative analgesic medication can be administered on a regular schedule, depending on the half-life of the drug (eg, every 4 hours), for 48 hours, then given as necessary.

Notes:

management – лікування

mediator -1) посередник 2) (нейро)медіатор

pericoronitis - перикороніт (запалення м’яких тканин навколо коронки зуба)

sequela – наслідок, остаточне явище, ускладнення хвороби

half-life -1) період напіврозпаду 2) період напіввиведення

Ex. 16. Write out key words of the text “Oral analgesics for acute dental pain”.

Ex. 17. Make up a plan of the text “Oral analgesics for acute dental pain”.

Overview

An analgesic is a pain relieving substance. It does not cure the problem that causes the pain, but reduces the feeling of the pain. Conventional analgesics are classified as opioids and nonopioids Analgesics are used as short term measures to ease pain before, during and after dental treatment Severe dental pain is usually caused by the inflammation of the nerves and blood vessels in and around the tooth. Inflammation is the cause of most dental pain. Anti-inflammatory drugs are effective against such pain. The most commonly used analgesics are: Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Codeine, Ibuprofen.

Lesson 16

Dental Anesthesia