In fact, mPs and others charged with oversight of Britain's intelligence agencies have probably learned more from the Guardian than from their own efforts.

As the terms "national security," "social responsibility," and "patriotism" enter the public debate, the government can deflect attention from the creeping tentacles of U.K. and U.S. spy agencies and onto the mechanics of the journalistic processing of whistleblower material.

The Guardian and its former correspondent Glenn Greenwald, who broke many of the Snowden stories, have served the public interest. They may have embarrassed governments and thwarted attempts by securocrats to keep the maximum amount of information secret, but no one has demonstrated that they have acted recklessly or negligently. U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder has said he has no plans to prosecute Greenwald, a U.S. citizen living in Brazil.

British authorities, however, showed their hand in July by using terrorism legislation to detain Greenwald's partner, David Miranda, who was in transit at Heathrow Airport and seize the journalistic materials he was carrying. The use of Schedule 7 of the Terrorism Act 2000 runs the risk of putting investigative journalism on par with terrorist activity. Press groups have brought a legal challenge in the Miranda case, which the court should uphold. And David Anderson QC, the independent reviewer of terrorism legislation, has updated hisadvice to the British government on the use of Schedule 7 after the Miranda case, requiring grounds for suspicion of involvement in terrorism before a person can be held at a border. 

Following Rusbridger, the select committee interviewed Metropolitan Police Assistant Commissioner Cressida Dick, who confirmed journalists' suspicions that the authorities had lifted information from Miranda's files. Dick, the head of Scotland Yard counterterrorism, said it was "possible that some people may have committed offences."

The Miranda material was being examined to see if Official Secrets Act or terrorism offenses had been committed. "We are continuing with that inquiry. We are taking that carefully. There is a lot of difficult material to find our way into. We will go where the evidence takes us," she added.

Many British journalists I've interviewed doubt that in the end members of the Guardian's staff will be hauled into the Old Bailey to face criminal prosecution. But that's not the point. The threats and posturing by political leaders and officials are having an effect. The British press generally has been far less zealous than their American counterparts in covering the implications of the Snowden revelations and the debate over national security and freedoms. Indeed, some of the strongest defense of the Guardian this week has come from U.S. press organizations and journalists, including Carl Bernstein of Watergate fame.

The intimidation of journalists and news organizations covering the fall-out from the Snowden files is troubling for many reasons, not least because of the signal it sends to authoritarian and repressive regimes around the world. If the editor of a national newspaper in a country with a functioning democracy and 300-year-old tradition of a free press can be threatened and bullied, what more does an autocrat need to do except invoke national security and cite the British example?

In accepting CPJ's Burton Benjamin Memorial Award for a lifetime commitment to press freedom a year ago, Rusbridger told attendees in New York's crowded Waldorf-Astoria ballroom: "Tonight is inspiring because it forces us to stop and remember what journalism can do. It asks us to remember colleagues all around the world who are so brave in the pursuit of truth. And to recognize how, increasingly, bravery is required: what a dangerous thing it often is now to be a journalist."

Task 8. Use additional sources of information and make a review of the majority of British press. Make a report.

Task 9.

1) Різниця між табло їдами та широкоформатними газетами дуже велика. Вони виглядають по-різному, вони містять різні новини, вони мають різний стиль написання, і вони прагнуть привернути увагу різних читачів. Однак, конкуренція за читачів дуже жорстка; таблоїди і широкоформатні газети можуть викрадати хитрощі один одного, щоб виграти війну за тираж. 2) Досягненням пана Мердока було розширення тематики бульварної преси від висвітлення скандалів відомих людей до виконання злочинних діянь. Деякі з останніх, наприклад, злом телефонів жертв злочинів та їх сімей, були жахливі. 3) Рекламодавці та групи активістів борються за найбільший вплив на медіа-каналах. 4) Зміст веб-сайту включає питання розсилки новин. 5) Він сказав, що підозрював щось недобре, коли він побачив його некролог в газеті.6) Здавалось, що навіть колонка редакції газети Дейлі Телеграф, майже піддалась масовій тенденції друкувати таку інформацію. 7) Цифрове телебачення є передовою технологією мовлення, яка пропонує найкращу якість зображення і звуку. 8) І якщо говорити з досвіду, я знаю, що написання колонок про розшук людей цє надзвичайно складна річ. 9) Коли конкуренція за читачів стала жорсткою серед цих журналів, романи з продовженням стали ефективною стратегією ринку для симбіотичних відносин між журналами для жінок та популярною фантастикою.