1. What is law?

2. What functions does law perform?

3. What disputes does public law concern?

4. What disputes does private law concern?

5. What means should people use to regulate relations with each other?

EXERCISE 6. Read the text carefully and complete the sentences given below.

1. The law should be used only when informal ways of _______ _______ break down.

2. When someone refuses to behave reasonably we can _______ the police or lawyers.

3. The English word ‘law’ refers to _________ upon various forms of behavior.

4. Relations between people are _________ by laws.

5. Laws made by governments are _________ against all citizens within their power.

6. Private law concerns _________ among citizens within a country.

7. The courts administer _________ by hearing cases.

8. People use ________ ________ to regulate their relations with each other.

EXERCISE 7. Using the paragraph reference given in brackets, find words in the text which have a similar meaning to:

• argument, conflict (I)

• meaning, significance (I)

• conduct, actions (II)

• rule, regulation (II)

• particular, specific (II)

• carry out, apply (II)

• function, use (III)

• fairness, rightness, legitimacy (III)

• lawsuit, action (III)

• demand, request ( III)

• prevent, stop ( III)

• way, instrument, mechanism ( IV)

• legal, valid, rightful (IV)

• authority, state (IV)

EXERCISE 8. Put the words into the right order (subject-verb-object) to make up sentences.

1. private law, citizens, with, concerned, disputes, within, is, a country, among.

2. customs, social and moral, are, of, informal rules, behavior.

3. one, in , the divorce, disputed, of, court, the parties.

4. the decisions, the government, can, challenged, by, citizens, be, of, ordinary.

5. there, that, are, making, and, some, enforcing, laws, have, in, motives, governments.

EXERCISE 9. Make up sentences using the following words and word combinations:

settle disputes, law, justice, consult a lawyer, behave reasonably, relations between people, legal means, regulate, enforce , implement justice, administer justice, just agreement, court of law.

EXERCISE 10. Using the paragraph reference given in brackets, find in the text the English equivalents for these Russian legal terms and expressions.

• право, закон (I)

• разрешать спор, конфликт (I)

• юрист, адвокат, юрисконсульт (I)

• вести себя разумно (I)

• юридическое значение (I)

• регулироваться законами (II)

• применять законы ко всем гражданам (II)

• осуществление правосудия (III)

• отправлять правосудие (III)

• сдерживать социальную дискриминацию (III)

• благосостояние, социальное обеспечение (III)

• законные средства (IV)

• оспаривать решение (IV)

• справедливое, обоснованное соглашение (IV)

EXERCISE 11. Translate the text WHAT IS LAW? into Russian.

 Asking Questions

When asking for information, we use four basic types of questions. Each type of question has the certain sentence structure. The question structure reflects different assumptions that a person asking for information had made before he started asking questions. For example, these different structures allow lawyers to research the problem and collect the information they need to succeed in a legal contest and hence help a client.

Type	Example	Structure (word order)	Answer	Meaning (what the person asking the question supposes)
YES/NO	Did your neighbor play loud music last night?	AV*– subject- verb	Yes, my neighbor played loud music last night. No, my neighbor did not play loud music last night.	Your neighbor played loud music last night.
WH-*	What time did your neighbor play loud music?	WH- AV –subject- verb	My neighbor played loud music at 2 a.m.	Your neighbor played loud music at specific time.
NEGATIVE	Didn’t your neighbor play loud music last night?	AVn’t -subject -verb	Yes, my neighbor played loud music last night. No, my neighbor did not play loud music last night.		Your neighbor played loud music last night, but gives you a chance to disagree.
TAG	Your neighbor played loud music last night, didn’t he?	subject – (AV) verb - , AVn’t - subject	Yes, my neighbor played loud music last night. No, my neighbor did not play loud music last night.		Your neighbor played loud music, and expects you to agree with him.

*AV - auxiliary verb or modal verb (be, have, do, will, shall, would, should, can, may, must)

*WH - what, where, when, why, which, who, + how

EXERCISE 12. Read the text given below. Make up questions that may lead to further classroom discussion. Ask your questions to your classmates.

LAW AND RELIGION

Law has much in common with religion. Like religion, law is a means of regulating human conduct. It defines a society’s vision of “good” and “evil”. Indeed, laws enacted by government often reflect moral, religious values. For example, the US states have regularly passed laws protecting marriage and regulating other forms of sexual conduct. In early US history, some states severely punished sexual activity outside marriage. In 1785 Massachusetts law allowed public whipping of a man or woman found guilty of adultery and death for homosexual intercourse. Many states continue to make adultery an offence. In Idaho, a person can still be imprisoned for up to three years for adultery.

EXERCISE 13. Translate the given passage into English.

Право – это совокупность норм, охраняемых силой государства. С помощью права государство регулирует наиболее важные общественные отношения. Норм права очень много. Например, нормы, регулирующие отношения между гражданами,составляют гражданское или частное право. Отношения между государством и гражданином относятся к сфере публичного права.

В современном обществе существует много методов формального и неформального социального контроля. К неформальным механизмам социального контроля можно отнести моральные и нравственные устои, религиозные убеждения, общественные традиции и обычаи. Право является одной из форм формального социального контроля. В развитых политически организованных обществах различные законы регулируют отношения между гражданами, между гражданами и государством, а также отношения между различными странами.