№ 9 Organizational and methodical aspects of teaching biochemical section of the all-round discipline "medico-biological peculiarities of the chosen sport"

This part of functional biochemistry is an applied one and it pursues the object of detailed study of metabolism under physical loads, its peculiarities with taking up the chosen sport as well as the dependence of metabolism changes on various conditions (competitions, pre-start period, climatic and geographic factors) and practical mastering of data which show how a great number of applied tasks of physical culture and sports (selection and admittance to classes, load endurance evaluation of physical working capacity and ways of its energy provision, and so on)can be successfully solved with the help of biochemical methods. On going through this course a graduate has to be able to do: - to discuss the results of the determination of the most informative and suitable in the main for express-method biochemical changes at performing training and competitive exercises in conformity with the sporting specialty as well as to establish the sportive working capacity level, efficiency of using special means and methods of training at selecting charges going in for this or that kind of sports, etc; - to use the knowledge of biochemical component factors which limit the sporting working capacity for selecting the most effective means and methods of training, the age peculiarities at which biochemical processes proceed being taken into consideration; - to make use of the knowledge of peculiarities of biochemical processes at rest after physical loads at a given sport, to be able to use the most wide-spread biochemical methods of evaluating the regeneration and to make up the conclusion with pedagogical aspects on the basis of the data received; - to make use of biochemical processes at adapting to muscle activity during the process of systematic trainings to more rational composition of mezo- and micro- cycles in training; - to use the knowledge of biochemistry of nourishment for qualified control of making up the food ration of these going in for sports, age, nature of training and competitive work and necessity for ensuring the high speed of regeneration process being taken into account; - to make use of biologically active substances for direct influence on metabolism, increase of training effect, working capacity of an athlete going in for chosen sport; - to organize the examination with the help of biochemical methods, to set a biochemist a task on the examination being conducted, to make use of the results of the analyses to make corrections in the training process of the given sport.

№ 10 Post starting technique

Originally in many countries of the world the start was performed in the water pushing off the swimming pool wall. It was only in 1936 that the swimmers of all strokes but the back one commenced to perform jump start by the starting post Us height at the water level is 0.5m - 0.75m. At the preliminary command athletes take their motionless fixed position at the post the most important element of the starting technique. It should be convenient for athletes and must not cause changes of muscular tension. Various initial positions of athletes at the start are practiced in competitive swimming, the difference being in the degree of body and legs bending as well as in the position of the arms.

Rational versions of the start for see the following positions of the bodies of the swimmers: feet are placed in the width of the pelvis, the toes slightly hold the tore- part of the post; the body is bent forward and slightly down, the angle between thighs the and body making up 30 – 60 and the angle between the crus and the thigh making up 110-150. In this position knees of the swimmer find themselves above the toes, while me shoulder girdle is placed both in front of the feet and above them. The body weight is likely to be transferred to the front part of the feet, the swimmer being ready to quickly unbalance his body. The arms position at the initial stage may vary. More often they are stretched forward down, more seldom they are taken backward. Lately, arms hold of the post at the initial position has widely spread. In this case the swimmer bends forward down and holds the front part of the post with hands. The degree of bending legs in knee and hip joints as well as arms in elbow joints is peculiar for every swimmer. As soon as the starting command is heard an athlete commences the start. His actions may be divided into 6 phases: The first phase: hidden period of the starting reaction (before the first movements of the swimmer) lasts 0. 15 sec - O.20 sec. The second phase: swinging with squat (before unbending legs in knee joints). The task of the athlete is to put the body into the more favorable position for pushing away as soon as possible. The third phase: pushing away with the arms swinging (till the take off of the feet from the starting post). This is the main working phase of the starting dive. The total time duration of the 2nd and the 3rd phases equals to 0.45 sec - 1 sec. The 4th phase: flight (till the athlete touches water) is performed along smooth and gliding down trajectories. The 5r phase: entry to water (till the full immersion into the water of the swimmer's body). It is the hands that enter the water first, and then comes the head and the streamline body. The 6th phase: gliding under water and the beginning of the swimming movements (till the head of the swimmer comes out of the water). The main tasks are: to glide forward at the highest possible speed keeping a streamline form of the body and takeout the body to the surface so that swimming should continue without losing the speed.

11