Природні катаклізми та їх наслідки. Минулий простий час.

Ex. 1. Прочитайте та запам’ятайте новий лексичний матеріал:

deforestation— вирубування

disrupted— зруйнований

a disaster [di'za:sta] - катастрофа

a frequency ['fri:kwansi] - частота

a hazard ['haezad] - небезпека

a threat - загроза

to damage ['daemidg] - пошкодження

to occur - виникає

to respond - відповісти

to underflood - подводний

frequent ['fri:kwant] - часто

resistant – стійкий

drought – засуха

typhoon – тайфун

volcano eruption – виверження вулкана

flood – повінь

earthquake – землетрус

famine – голод

Ex. 2. Подивіться на подані нижче картинки та вирішіть, що там сталося:

drought flood tornado

typhoon tsunami famine

volcano eruption earthquake forest fire

Ex. 3. Прослухайте, прочитайте та перекладіть поданий нижче текст:

"Local road was washed away and damaged. The highway of national route 'Kyiv-Chop' was blocked because of mud sliding in the Skole district in the Lviv region. Railroad Lviv-Uzhhorod was blocked because of fall of the tree.

"A private dwelling house was destroyed because of sliding in the Ivano- Frankivsk region. The master of the house, born in 1965, died. 963 houses were underflooded by flood water."

"On July, 24 in the evening 27-year-old resident of the Vyzhnytsya district died in the basement that was flooded as a result of bad weather in Bukovyna."

These lines are from Ukrayinski Novyny report about the natural Disaster that occurred in Western Ukraine in July 2008. As a result of heavy showers the level of water had been raised in the rivers, and dwelling houses, farmlands and agricultural holdings were underflooded. Some crops were destroyed.

Natural disasters have begun to occur in Ukraine with increasing frequency. After dangerous floods in Zakarpattya storms and tornados have also come their way. Information about the number of people killed by lightning is more frequent in different parts of Ukraine. Until recently, we only heard of such disasters occurring on the other side of the Atlantic.

And what are the causes of natural disasters which are becoming more frequent in our country? Not waiting for the scientists' explanations, people say this is our fault. During the last 50 years a great deal of forests in the Carpathians have been cut down. Deforestation¹ has led to changes in local climate. That's why we have so much trouble with floods in this region. The scientists remind us that all elements and systems are interconnected in nature. Irresponsible attitude to it might lead to terrible results.

The conducted research work has confirmed the idea about not only natural but man-made causes of these floods.

What is a natural disaster? The definition is: it is the effect of a natural hazard that affects the environment and leads to financial, environmental and/or human losses. A natural hazard is a threat of a natural occurring event that will have a negative effect on people or the environment. Many natural hazards are interrelated. For example, earthquake can cause tsunami and drought that can lead directly to famine.

The costs of natural disasters — lives lost, homes destroyed, economies disrupted²... But there is reason for hope. By understanding how and where these natural events occur, we can build and live safely on the Earth, and by providing real-time information about floods, earthquakes, and other hazards, we can respond effectively when disaster strikes. We should build stronger, safer communities that are resistant to natural disasters.

Ex. 4. Ще раз перегляньте текст та виберіть правильну відповідь:

1. What natural disaster did occur in Western Ukraine in 2008?

a) drought b) earthquake c) flood

2. What happened to the national route 'Kyiv-Chop' in 2008?

   1. It was underflooded.

   2. It was blocked with mud sliding.

   3. It was ruined by volcano eruption.

3. What natural disasters are becoming more frequent in Ukraine?

a) floods and storms b) floods and earthquakes c) tsunamis and floods

4. What are the causes of frequent floods in Zakarpattya?

   1. heavy showers

   2. natural and man-made causes

   3. deforestation

5. What is a natural disaster?

   1. It is a natural hazard.

   2. It is a weather event.

   3. It is the effect of a natural hazard.

6. What is a natural hazard?

   1. It is a threat of a natural event that might have negative effect.

   2. It is a natural catastrophe.

   3. It is a natural disaster.

7. What is the relationship between natural hazards?

   1. They all result into natural disasters.

   2. They are interrelated, one can lead to another.

   3. They never influence each other.

8. What does 'to respond to natural disasters effectively' mean?

   1. It means we shouldn't pay any attention to difficulties.

   2. It means that we must remember that all elements and systems are interconnected in nature.

It means we should learn more about disasters and build safer communities with real-time information provided.

Ex. 5. Заповніть пропуски поданими нижче словами:

eruption, inform, volcanic, damage, volcano (3), cause

The airport at Quito was closed yesterday because of the damage that... ash could ... to flights. The ash thrown up by the ... Guagua Pichincha could also cause serious ... to agriculture. It might make breathing difficult for people and animals. At one moment, it looked as if the ... might erupt slowly. This slow ... could last for months or even years.

The mayor of Quito said: "We must learn to live next to this .... What else can we do? There is a 10 per cent chance that it will be a long calm eruption. People should wear special masks when they go outside. We will continue to keep an eye on the situation, and we will ... the public of any other measures they should take.

Ex.6. Прочитайте та запам’ятайте правила вживання та утворення PAST INDEFINITE (SIMPLE) TENSE

					?
	I						I
	you						you
	we						we
	they	opened				Did	they	go?
	he	went (друга форма дієслова)					he	open?
	she						she
	it						it
	I
	you
	we
	they	did not	go?
	he	(didn't)	open?
	she
	it

PAST INDEFINITE вживається:

1) для вираження дії, яка відбулася або відбувалася в минулому. Past Simple перекладається українською мо­вою минулим часом дієслова як доконаного, так і недоконаного виду. Для Past Simple характерним є вживання таких слів: yesterday — вчора, last week (month, year) — минулого тижня (місяця, року), an hour ago — годину тому, at 7 o'clock — о 7 годині, the other day — днями, on Monday — у понеділок, іп 1945 — у 1945 році, during the war — протягом війни (під час війни) і т. д.

I studied at school last year. Я навчався в школі минулого року. I saw him yesterday. Я бачив його вчора.

2) для вираження ряду послідовних дій у минулому:

I got up, washed, dressed and had breakfast. Я підвівся (прокинувся), одягнувся, умився та поснідав.

3) для вираження звичайної повторювальної мину­лої дії:

We went to the seaside every year. Ми їздили на морське узбережжя щороку.

Ex.7. Поставте подані нижче дієслова в Past Indefinite:

to seem, to be, to jump, to predict, to cast, to blow, to get, to dress, to drop, to clear up, to freeze, to go, to hear, to expect, to come, to have, to look, to change, to find, to know, to cry, to swim, to ask, to leave.

Ex.8. Поставте подані нижче речення в запитальній та заперечній формі:

1. The boys played football in the afternoon. 2. She caught a cold last Monday. 3. I hoped my little brother to draw a horse. 4. His parents get up very early. 5. Those boys were quit at the lesson. 6. Granny baked apple pies last Wednesday. 7. They listen to the news every evening. 8. Mother turned off the gas. 9. We wrote a dictation two days ago. 10. We usually spend our holidays in the country.

Ex.9. Дайте відповіді на подані нижче запитання:

1. What was the weather yesterday? 2. What was the temperature of air yesterday? 3. What is the weather forecast for today? 4. What kind of weather do you like? 5. What is the most common weather in your region in summer (winter, spring, autumn)?

Домашнє завдання:

Ex.1 . Вивчити новий лексичний матеріал.

Ex.6. Вивчити правила вживання та утворення Past Indefinite.

Ex.10. Розкрийте дужки, уживаючи подані в них дієслова в Past Indefinite:

Our first lesson (to be) English. Our teacher (to ask) us a lot of really interesting questions. We (to be) ready for the lesson perfectly. So, we (to answer) all the questions with pleasure. There (to be) no mistakes in our answer.

Ex. 11. Заповніть пропуски поданими нижче словами:

reduce, causes, occur, fires, natural, destroy, accident, guard

FOREST FIRES

This summer there will probably be a lot of forest... as always during the hot weather. These fires will not only ... thousands of trees but could destroy homes as well. What are the ... of forest fires?

Some fires will simply be the result of ... causes, particularly in hot, dry weather. But this can't explain why fires ... at other times, when the weather is not so hot. For example, when a fire starts in several different places at the same time, it can't be an ...; it must be because someone started it.

We can ... the number of fires by employing more people to ... the forests, but this can't be something the government can't afford.

Питання дня самоконтролю:

1. Які природні катаклізми ви знаєте?

2. Як утворюється Past Indefinite?

3. Коли вживається Past Indefinite?

Unit 24. Минулий простий час. Типи питань.

Ex.1. Розкрийте дужки вживаючи дієслова в Past Indefinite:

1. Mary (not to live) near the station.

2. She (to learn) English.

3. It was raining cats and dogs in the morning but soon the weather (to improve).

4. You (to take) your dog for a walk?

5. I (to like) music.

6. Last summer we (to have) plenty of sun­ny days.

7. She always (to invite) her friends to her birthday party.

8. My brother (to be) a school-boy. He (to go) to school.

9. I (to visit) my friend every week.

10. He (to drink) coffee every morning.

11. Michael (to do) his lessons every day.

12. Her brother (to study) in London?

Ex.2. Поставте подані нижче речення в запитальній та заперечній формі:

1. Rita cleaned her room two days ago.

2. Mary lost her new computer disk.

3. My friend lives in London.

4. The clock struck five.

5. My elder brother visited our grandparents last night.

6. Her uncle speaks French badly

7. They worked in the garden last Sunday.

8. The pupils answered at once.

9. It often snows in winter.

10. The girl caught cold.

11. His uncle went to London last week.

12. He is my best friend.

Ex.3. Поставте подані нижче речення в Past Indefinite (не забувайте змінювати обставини часу: yesterday, last week, last winter, last autumn, the day before yesterday):

1. The weather is changeable today. 2. I am wet to the skin because it is raining cats and dogs. 3. There is a strong wind today. 4. The roads are icy in winter. 5. The weather is warm and humid this autumn and we go to the forest to pick mushrooms. 6. There are many puddles in the streets after the rain.

Ex.4.Уважно прочитай відповіді й заповни пропуски в запитаннях поданими словами:

What, why, where, when, who, whose, how, what, how many

1. … did you play football with? I played football with my classmates.

2. … did you talk about? We talked about that new film and pop music.

3. … crazy dog woke me up so early? Our neighbour’s dog woke you up.

4. … times did I ask you not to talk to strangers? As far as I remember, you asked me twice.

5. … pupils got excellent marks for the compositions. As far as I know, five pupils got excellent marks.

6. … did they go at the weekend? They went to the computer club.

7. … did he get angry? He got angry because they took his book without his permission.

8. … did he do after classes? He went to the school library.

Ex 5. Вивчіть граматичне правило:

За характером запитання і потрібної на нього відповіді в англійській мові розрізняють 4 типи питальних речень: загальні питання, спеціальні питання, альтернативні питання та розділові питання.

Загальні питання - це такі питання, на які можна відповісти словами ТАК або НІ. Вони починаються з допоміжного або модального дієслова, після якого стоїть підмет, а потім основне дієслово.

Are you coming tonight? Can I help you? Do you know English?

Спеціальні питання - це запитання до окремих членів речення. Вони починаються питальними словами, після яких ставляться допоміжні дієслова, підмет та присудок, потім усі інші члени речення.

Where do you live?

What did you do this afternoon?

У спеціальних питаннях, що відносяться до підмета або його означення, порядок слів як у розповідному реченні. Якщо питальне слово є підметом, то після нього стоїть присудок:

Who goes to the cinema?

Якщо питальне слово є означенням до підмета, після нього безпосередньо ставиться підмет, а потім присудок:

Whose children are playing in the yard?

Aльтернативні питання – це запитання вибору. Вони складаються з двох частин, з’єднаних сполучником or. Ці запитання можуть мати структуру як загальних, так і спеціальних питань. Вони вимагають повної відповіді.

Is he a doctor or an engineer?

Розділові питання – складаються з двох частин.

Перша частина – розповідне речення в стверджувальній або заперечній формі, друга – коротке загальне питання, що складається з підмета, вираженого особовим займенником, та допоміжного або модального дієслова. Якщо Перша частина речення в стверджувальній формі, то в другій частині вживається заперечна форма і навпаки.

I did not say that, did I?

You want some money, don’t you?

Ex .6. Поставте до кожного речення всі типи питань:

1. The climate of the country is moderate.

2. The rivers and lakes freeze in winter.

3. The warm sunny spring days come at the end of March.

4. The snow and ice melted very early that spring.

5. It snowed at the end of October.

Домашнє завдання:

Ex 5. Вивчіть граматичне правило

Ex.7. Заповни пропуски в діалозі підходящими словами (деякі використовуються неодноразово):

was, did, go, play, won, do, went, didn’t

Max: Hi, Rita.

Rita: Hi. Max.

Max: What … you … yesterday? Did you …shopping?

Rita: No, I … . We … to the sports club.

Max: Whom … you … to the sports club with?

Rita: I went there with Kate.

Max: … you … tennis?

Rita: Yes, we did.

Max: Who … the game?

Rita: Kate won easily. She … great.

Max: … she? Really?

Rita: Yes, she… .

Ex. 8. Вивчити неправильні дієслова.

Infinitive Be Become Begin Bring Build Buy Come Cost Cut Do Drink Eat Fall Feel Find Get Give Go Grow Have Hear Keep Know Let Lose Make Pay Put Read Say See Show Sit Stand Take Think Understand write

Переклад Бути Ставати Починати Приносити Будувати Купувати Приходити Коштувати Різати Робити Пити Їсти Падати Відчувати Знаходити Одержувати Давати Йти Рости Мати Чути Тримати Знати Дозволяти Губити Робити Платити Класти Читати Говорити Бачити Показувати Сідати Стояти Брати Думати Розуміти писати

Past indefinite Was, were Became Began Brought Built Bought Came Cost Cut Did Drank Ate Fell Felt Found Got Gave Went Grew Had Heard Kept Knew Let Lost Made Paid Put Read Said Saw Showed Sat Stood Took Thought Understood wrote

Past participle Been Become Begun Brought Built Bought Come Cost Cut Done Drunk Eaten Fallen Felt Found Got Given Gone Grown Had Heard Kept Known Let Lost Made Paid Put Read Said Seen Shown Sat Stood Taken Thought Understood written

Питання дня самоконтролю:

4. Як утворюється Past Indefinite?

5. Коли вживається Past Indefinite?

6. Які типи питань ви знаєте?